Feudal castles. Keeb kwm ntawm lub Nrab Hnub nyoog

Feudal castles tseem nyiam admiring glances. Hard los mus ntseeg tau hais tias nyob rau hauv no lub sij hawm ntawm xav tsis thoob cov nroj tsuag yog lub neej: neeg Workers lub neej, tu me nyuam, kev noj kev saib xyuas ntawm nws kev kawm. Muaj ntau lub castles ntawm lub feudal lords ntawm cov Nrab Hnub nyoog kev tiv thaiv los ntawm lub xeev nyob rau hauv uas muaj, vim hais tias ntawm lawv cov kev siv thiab architecture yog cim. Txawm li cas los, tag nrho cov ntawm cov lug muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov nta rau hauv ntau, vim hais tias lawv zog zoo sib xws thiab los ntawm txoj kev ua neej thiab qhov xwm ntawm tus feudal lub xeev.

Lords: lawv yog leej twg

Ua ntej peb yuav tham txog yuav ua li cas lub tsev fuabtais ntsia zoo li ib tug feudal tus tswv, peb xav tias nws yog rau cov chav kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv medieval zej zog. European lub xeev twb ces monarchies, tab sis tus huab tais, sawv ntawm lub apex ntawm lub hwj chim, me ntsis yog txiav txim siab. Hwj chim feeb meej nyob rau hauv lub ob txhais tes ntawm thiaj li hu ua cov laus - lawv leej twg yog tus feudal lords. Thiab nyob rau hauv no system kuj muaj ib tug hierarchy, qhov thiaj li hu ua feudal ntaiv. Nyob rau nws sab theem twb knights. Lub feudal lords, yog ib kauj ruam saum toj no, hu ua vassals, thiab vassal kev sib raug zoo - Señor kawg khaws cia thiaj tau tuaj rau lub nyob ze stairs theem.

Txhua tus tswv tau nws tus kheej lub teb chaws, nyob rau hauv uas yog tus feudal tsev fuabtais, muab qhia tawm uas peb yuav nthuav hauv qab no. subordinate (vassals) thiab cov tswv teb kuj nyob ntawm no. Yog li, nws yog ib tug zoo ntawm lub xeev nyob rau hauv ib lub xeev. Uas yog vim li cas nyob rau hauv medieval teb chaws Europe, ib qhov teeb meem hu ua feudal fragmentation, uas yog heev tsis muaj zog txaus lub teb chaws.

Cov kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov feudal lords tsis tau yeej ib txwm tau phooj ywg zoo, yog tsis yooj yim dua ua yeebncuab nruab nrab ntawm lawv, npaj siab los yeej ib cheeb tsam. Muaj ib tug feudal tswv yuav tsum tau muab zoo-fortified thiab kev tiv thaiv los nres. Ua tau nws zog los sib tham nyob rau hauv lub tom ntej no seem.

Ntsiab xauv muaj nuj nqi

Tus heev txhais ntawm ib tug "xauv" yog hais txog ib tug architectural qauv, uas combines cov economic thiab tiv thaiv kev pab raws qib.

Nyob rau qhov no hauv paus, lub feudal tsev fuabtais nyob rau hauv cov Nrab Hnub nyoog, cov nram qab zog:

1. tub rog. Cov kev siv tsis yog cia li yuav tsum tiv thaiv lub inhabitants (los ntawm tus tswv thiab nws tsev neeg), tab sis kuj cov tub qhe, lug txhawb cov miv, vassals. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, qhov no yog qhov twg lub tsev hauv paus ntawm cov tub rog ua hauj lwm.

2. Administrative. feudal castles yog ib tug zoo ntawm chaw, los ntawm qhov uas lub teb chaws cov kev tswj.

3. Nom tswv. Public teeb meem kuj tau solved nyob rau hauv lub realm ntawm lub tswv, li no cov managers tau muab ntawv nyob rau hauv lub teb.

4. Kev cai. Cov huab cua nyob rau hauv lub tsev fuabtais, cia kawm tau ib lub tswv yim ntawm qhov tseeb zam tiam sis - yuav nws khaub ncaws, style of art los yog suab paj nruag. Nyob rau hauv no hais txog, cov vassals yeej ib txwm raug coj los ntawm nws tus tswv.

5. ua lag ua luam. Lub tsev fuabtais yog qhov chaw rau cov tswv teb thiab artisans. Qhov no muaj kev txhawj xeeb kev tswj teeb meem, thiab cov lag luam tawm.

Tsis ncaj ncees lawm yuav muab piv rau feudal tsev fuabtais, uas yog piav nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm, thiab lub dag lub zog. Muaj yuav tsum muaj sib txawv nruab nrab ntawm lawv. Fortresses tau tsim los tiv thaiv tsis tau tsuas yog ib ncig ntawm lub party, tiam sis tag nrho cov neeg uas nyob tsis muaj kev zam, thaum lub tsev fuabtais yog ib tug fortification tsuas yog rau cov feudal tus tswv, nyob rau hauv nws, nws tsev neeg, thiab feem ntau cov khub vassals.

Fortress - ib tug strengthening ntawm ib daim teb, thiab lub tsev fuabtais - ib tug tiv thaiv cov qauv nrog tsim infrastructure, qhov twg txhua lub caij muaj ib txog kev ua.

Prototypes feudal castles

Tus thawj qauv no zoo nyob rau hauv Assyria, ces qhov no kev lig kev cai borrowed Ancient Rome. Zoo, tom qab lub feudal lords ntawm cov teb chaws Europe - mas cov UK, Fabkis thiab Spain - pib los lawv muaj lawv castles. Feem ntau koj yuav pom cov vaj tse thiab nyob rau hauv Palestine, vim hais tias ces, nyob rau hauv lub XII xyoo pua, nyob rau hauv lub midst ntawm lub Crusades tau, ntsig txog, lub reclaimed av yog tsim nyog los khaws thiab tiv thaiv los ntawm qhov kev siv ntawm chaw tshwj xeeb.

zamkostroitelstva nyiam disappears nrog lub feudal fragmentation, thaum European tsoom fwv yog centralized. Tseeb, tam sim no koj muaj peev xwm tsis ntshai kev tawm tsam cov neeg nyob ze encroached rau lwm tus neeg.

Kev, cov kev tiv thaiv functionality yog maj hloov aesthetic tivthaiv.

tsos

Ua ntej lauj ntxwv hais, kuv xav txog tej yam ntsia zoo li nyob rau hauv Feem ntau cov feudal tsev fuabtais nyob rau hauv cov Nrab Hnub nyoog. Thawj qhov uas catches koj lub qhov muag - ib tug moat encircling tag nrho cov cheeb tsam, nyob rau hauv uas sawv ib tug monumental qauv. Tom ntej no muaj ib lub phab ntsa nrog me me turrets rau ua cov yeeb ncuab.

Lub tsev fuabtais coj tsuas yog ib qho kev nkag - ib tug drawbridge, ces - hlau tuav. Tag nrho lwm cov tuam tsev towered ntsiab ntauwd los yog qhov av kaw neeg. Nyob rau hauv lub vaj qab lub hom phiaj thiab qhov tsim nyog infrastructure: khw, ib tug smithy thiab ib tug zeb.

Nws yuav tsum tau hais tias qhov chaw rau hauv lub tsev raug xaiv zoo zoo, nws twb mus yuav ib tug toj, toj los yog roob. Zoo, yog koj muaj kev tswj kom xaiv lub teb chaws uas tsawg kawg yog ib sab adjoined ntuj lub cev ntawm cov dej - dej los yog pas dej. Muaj coob tus tau sau tseg yuav ua li cas zoo xws li cov zes noog of prey thiab xauv (yees duab hauv qab no rau ib qho piv txwv) - thiab ob yog paub rau lawv inaccessibility.

Hill xauv

Cia peb kawm cov yam ntxwv ntsiab ntawm cov vaj tse nyob rau hauv ntau yam. Hill xauv yog ib tug toj tseeb daim ntawv no. Raws li ib tug txoj cai, qhov chaw yog ib tug square. Lub qhov siab ntawm lub roob yog ib tug nruab nrab ntawm tsib mus rau kaum meters, thiab lug tau saum toj no cim no.

Kev mloog tau muab rau cov tsiaj, siv tau los ua ib lub hauv paus rau lub tsev fuabtais. Feem ntau, cov av nplaum siv, nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm mus peat, limestone pob zeb. Lawv coj cov khoom tawm ntawm lub qhov taub, uas twb khawb ib ncig ntawm lub toj rau zoo dua tiv thaiv.

Twb nrov flooring rau hillsides ua los ntawm sticks tog twg los ntawm lub laug cam. Nws kuj tsis muaj tsev nyob ib staircase.

moat

Yog li ntawd rau ib co sij hawm qeeb tus ua ntej ntawm ib tug tej zaum tus yeeb ncuab, thiab kuj ua rau thauj nyuaj siege phom, xav tau ib tug sib sib zog nqus moat encircling lub toj uas castles. Duab qhia tau hais tias yuav ua li cas lub system functioned.

Tas yuav tsum sau tus moat nrog dej - nws yog guaranteed hais tias tus yeeb ncuab yuav tsis ua ib qhov av nyob rau hauv lub tsev fuabtais chaw. Dej yog feem ntau nkag los ntawm ib tug tej yam ntuj tso lub cev ntawm cov dej nyob ze. Moat yuav tsum tau muab tsis tu ncua ntxuav ntawm hmoov av, txwv tsis pub nws shoaling thiab yuav tsis siab ua nws tiv thaiv muaj nuj nqi.

Raws li yog tsis yooj yim dua, thaum lub hauv qab ntawm lub cav ntoo los yog mounted pins uas tiv thaiv lub hla kev. Rau tus tswv ntawm lub tsev fuabtais, nws tsev neeg, nws kev kawm thiab cov neeg tuaj xyuas tau muab drawbridge, uas coj ncaj qha mus rau lub qhov rooj.

rooj vag

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd rau nws cov ncaj zog ua rooj vag thiab ob peb lwm leej lwm tus. feudal castles muaj ib tug heev ruaj ntseg nkag uas thaum lub sij hawm lub siege tsis yog li ntawd ib qho yooj yim mus lob.

Rooj vag muab tshwj xeeb ponderous lattice daim ntawv muaj ib tug ntoo ncej nrog tuab hlau tuav. By tseem ceeb, nws poob rau lawj yeeb ncuab.

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lub zov sawv ntawm lub qhov rooj, nyob rau ob sab ntawm lub qhov rooj nyob rau hauv lub phab ntsa ntawm lub fortress yog hais ob yees rau ib tug zoo dua saib (tus nkag cheeb tsam yog cov thiaj li hu ua "dig muag tsam". Nws tsis muaj tsev nyob tsis tau tsuas yog saib, tab sis kuj yog ib tug luag hauj lwm archers.

Tej zaum cov feem ntau lam tau lam ua ib feem ntawm lub rooj vag yog lub rooj vag - ib qho mob ceev yuav tsum tau rau txoj kev tiv thaiv tshwm sim nyob rau hauv qhov tsaus ntuj nti, vim hais tias cov kev nkag mus rau hauv lub tsev fuabtais raug kaw rau hauv lub hmo ntuj. Yog li, nws yog ua tau kom khiav ntawm txhua leej txhua tus uas mus ntsib cov cheeb tsam ntawm "inopportune" lub sij hawm.

loog

Muaj kev tswj ntawm tus tiv thaiv nyob rau kev nkag, cov qhua nkag mus rau hauv lub loog puab, qhov chaw uas koj yuav saib tau lub neej tiag tiag nyob rau hauv lub tsev fuabtais tswv. Ntawm no yog tag nrho cov ntsiab ua liaj ua teb vaj tse thiab ua hauj lwm yog nyob rau hauv tag nrho viav vias: kawm tub rog, blacksmiths ntaus riam phom, craftsmen ua qhov tsim nyog tsev neeg khoom, cov tub qhe nqa tawm lawv txoj hauj lwm. Muaj yog tseem yog ib tug zoo nrog cov dej haus.

Lub cheeb tsam ntawm lub tshav puam yog tsis loj, uas tso cai rau koj mus saib xyuas txhua yam uas tshwm sim nyob rau cov cuab yeej tswv.

donjon

Lub caij uas ib txwm catches lub qhov muag thaum koj saib cov tsev fuabtais - lub kom. Qhov no yog qhov siab tshaj ntauwd, lub plawv ntawm tej tsev tus tswv. Nws twb nyob rau hauv lub feem ntau tsis cuag qhov chaw, thiab lub thickness ntawm cov phab ntsa yog xws li hais tias puas cov qauv no yog qhov nyuaj heev. Qhov no ntauwd muab lub peev xwm los mus saib xyuas ncig thiab tau txais kev pab raws li lub xeem qhov chaw nkaum. Thaum cov yeeb ncuab tsoo los ntawm tus tiv thaiv kab, cov pejxeem coj qhov chaw nkaum nyob rau hauv lub tsev fuabtais qhov taub thiab tiv thaiv ib tug ntev siege. Txawm li cas los, lub kom yog tsis tsuas defensive tej hauj lwm: nyob ntawm no, nyob rau theem siab tshaj plaws, ib tug feudal tswv nyob thiab nws tsev neeg. Hauv qab no - cov tub qhe thiab cov tub rog. Feem ntau tsis pub dhau cov qauv no muaj yog ib tug zoo.

Lub hauv qab pem teb - ib tug loj loj nrog qhov twg lub lush tsiab peb caug coj qhov chaw. Rau tsob ntoo rooj, uas twb crammed nrog tag nrho cov xaiv ntawm cov tais diav, kuv zaum tub cheev xwm tswv nws tus kheej.

Nthuav nrog architecture: nruab nrab ntawm cov phab ntsa hauv lub kauv staircase, uas yuav tsiv mus nyob ntawm theem tau muab zais. Txhua lub tsev rau yuav ywj siab ntawm lub ntej thiab nram qab no. Qhov no qhia ntxiv kev ruaj ntseg.

Lub qhov taub cia stockpiles ntawm riam phom, khoom noj khoom haus thiab haus dej haus nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm siege. Cov khoom raug khaws cia nyob rau hauv lub siab tshaj plaws hauv pem teb, mus rau lub feudal tsev neeg tau muab thiab tsis tshaib plab.

Tam sim no xav txog ib lo lus nug: yuav ua li cas lub feudal castles twb nyob taus? Tu siab, qhov no zoo tau raug kev txom nyem. Xav txog zaj dab neeg txog lub feudal tsev fuabtais, hnov los ntawm ob daim di ncauj ntawm ib tug tim khawv (ib tug traveler uas tau mus xyuas ib tug ntawm cov dostoprmechatelnostey), peb yuav xaus hais tias nws yog txias heev. Tsis muaj teeb meem li cas ua cov tub qhe kom ua cua sov rau hauv lub chav - tsis ua hauj lwm, twb dhau lawm lossis loj Vaj. Tsis tas li ntawd sau tseg hauv lub qhaj ntawv ntawm ib tug txias zais tsev thiab monotonous raws li nws twb "tws" cov chav.

phab ntsa

Yuav luag lub tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ib feem ntawm lub tsev fuabtais, uas los ntawm ib tug medieval feudal tswv, yog ib tug fortress phab ntsa. Nws twb ncig los ntawm ib lub toj uas sawv lub tsev loj. Los ntawm cov phab ntsa hauv lub tshwj xeeb uas yuav tsum tau: impressive qhov siab (mus rau lub stairs yog tsis txaus rau cov siege) thiab lub dag lub zog, vim hais tias tus quab yuam yog feem ntau siv tsis tsuas yog tib neeg cov kev pab, tab sis kuj tshwj xeeb pab kiag li lawm. Qhov nruab nrab tsis muaj xws sib 12 m nyob rau hauv qhov siab thiab 3 m nyob rau hauv thickness. Impressive, tsis yog nws?

Crowned lub phab ntsa nyob rau hauv txhua lub ces kaum watchtowers, qhov twg tiv thaiv nyob rau luag hauj lwm, thiab archers. Nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm lub tsev fuabtais Choj kuj muaj ib tug tshwj xeeb qhov chaw nyob rau ntawm cov phab ntsa rau lub besieged yuav zoo muaj kev cuam tshuam nres hitters.

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nyob ib ncig ntawm lub perimeter ntawm lub phab ntsa, nyob rau hauv heev sab saum toj ntawm nws, nyob gallery rau tus tiv thaiv ntawm cov tub rog.

Chiv Keeb nyob rau hauv lub tsev fuabtais

Yuav ua li cas yog lub neej raws li ib tug medieval fuabtais? Qhov thib ob tus neeg tom qab lub feudal tswv yog tus neeg saib xyuas, uas khaws cia ib tug cov ntaub ntawv ntawm tus tswv ntawm subservient peasants thiab artisans uas ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub qub txeeg qub tes. Tus neeg no coj mus rau hauv tus account ntau npaum li cas cov khoom tau tsim thiab coj li cas nqi them tuav kom hniav khov rau kev siv ntawm lub teb chaws. Feem ntau nws ua hauj lwm raws li ib tug neeg saib xyuas nyob rau hauv ib tug khub nrog ib tug neeg. Tej zaum lawv muab ib tug nyias muaj nyias ib chav tsev nyob rau hauv lub tsev fuabtais.

State neeg ua hauj lwm muaj tam sim ntawd cov tub qhe pab party thiab hostess, muaj kuj yog ib tug ua noj-povaryata pab, fireman - tus txiv neej lub luag hauj lwm rau lub cua sov ntawm lub chav tsev, kws ntaus hlau thiab saddler. Tus nab npawb ntawm cov tub qhe yog ncaj qha proportional rau lub tsev fuabtais thiab cov txheej xwm ntawm lub feudal tswv.

Ib tug loj chav tsev yooj yim rau thaum tshav kub kub. Pob zeb phab ntsa txias npaum li cas thaum hmo ntuj, nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lawv xav nqus dej. Yog li ntawd, cov chav twb yeej ib txwm phuam thiab txias. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, fireman sim lawv zoo tshaj plaws kom muaj tshav kub, tab sis tsis yeej ib txwm ua tau zoo. Tshwj xeeb yog muaj nplua nwj lords yuav them taus kom tiav cov phab ntsa hauv cov ntoo los yog ntaub pua plag, tapestries. Yuav kom ntau li ntau thaum tshav kub kub li sai tau, lub qhov rais ua me ntsis.

Siv rau cua sov limestone kiln, uas nyob rau hauv lub chav ua noj, nyob qhov twg lub tshav kub cuag lub nyob ze chav tsev. Nrog rau cov invention ib lub sij hawm los ua cua sov kav, thiab lwm yam xauv chav tsev. Tshwj xeeb kev nplij siab lords tsim ib tug tiled cub. Tshwj xeeb khoom (calcined av nplaum) pub kom sov loj loj thiab zoo khaws thaum tshav kub kub.

Yuav ua li cas mus noj nyob rau hauv lub tsev fuabtais

Interestingly noj cov zaub mov tsev fuabtais inhabitants. Ntawm no kev tsis sib npaug twb tsis siv zoo tshaj plaws. Feem ntau ntawm cov ntawv qhia zaub mov kuj tais nqaij. Thiab nws tau xaiv nyuj thiab nqaij npuas.

Tsis muaj tsawg ib qho tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv lub feudal rooj koom nyob rau hauv ua liaj ua teb cov khoom: mov ci, wine, npias, cereal. Tus qauv yog raws li nram no: nobler tshaj lub feudal tswv - lub sib zog hauv lub khob cij rau hauv nws lub rooj. Nws yog tsis muaj daim card tias nws nyob ntawm lub zoo ntawm hmoov. Feem Pua ntawm grain khoom yog lub siab tshaj plaws, thiab nqaij, ntses, txiv hmab txiv ntoo, berries thiab zaub yog tsuas yog ib lub qab ntxiag tas li ntawd.

Tshwj xeeb ua noj ua haus honors nyob rau hauv cov Nrab Hnub nyoog yog tus tshaj siv txuj lom. Thiab ntawm no kuv paub muaj nyiaj ib yam dab tsi ntau tshaj li qhov peasantry. Piv txwv li, lub Far East african los yog txuj lom, uas tus nqi (me me capacitance) tsis inferior nyuj.