Vocabulary nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm keeb kwm. Lub lexical system ntawm niaj hnub Lavxias teb sab lus. lo lus tshiab

Lavxias teb sab lus, zoo li lwm yam, nws muaj nws lexical system uas tau hloov zuj zuj tshaj tsis yog centuries, thiab txawm millennia. paub cov ntsiab lus muaj pes tsawg leeg muaj ib tug txawv keeb kwm. Nws yog cais thiab haiv neeg Lavxias teb sab thiab borrowed lus. Vocabulary thiab grammatical keeb kwm ntawm lus qhia nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv, raws li zoo raws li lub philological kws qhia ntawv.

tswv yim

Lavxias teb sab lus muaj ib tug nplua nuj lexical system, tus tsim ntawm cov uas pib nyob rau hauv lub Neolithic thiab tseem niaj hnub no. Ib txhia lus zoo los ntawm cov lus ntawm lub active paub cov ntsiab lus, ua archaisms, thaum lwm tus neeg txeem mus rau hauv peb kev hais lus, ua ib feem ntawm nws.

Nyob rau hauv lub lexicon ntawm cov lus system nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm lub keeb kwm yog muab faib mus rau hauv borrowed thiab haiv neeg Lavxias teb sab. Primordially Lavxias teb sab paub cov ntsiab lus yog hais txog 90% ntawm lub lexical qauv. Tus so belongs rau qiv. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, txhua txhua xyoo peb phau ntawv txhais lus tshiab nrog lo lus tshiab thiab tswv yim uas tshwm sim raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm scientific thiab cov kev kawm.

Primordially Lavxias teb sab paub cov ntsiab lus

Lub ntsiab reservoir yog primordially Lavxias teb sab lus. Nyob rau hauv pab pawg neeg no yog cov nram qab no pab pawg correlated nrog cov theem ntawm txoj kev loj hlob, tsis tsuas cov lus tab sis kuj ntawm cov neeg:

1. Indo-European lexicon.
2. Common Slavic.
3. Laus Lavxias teb sab.
4. Ua tau Lavxias teb sab.

Tsim tawm nyob rau hauv cov sij hawm ua lub hauv paus ntawm cov lus, lub caj qaum ntawm peb cov ntsiab lus. Nws yog nws thiab yuav tsum tau ua ntej lawm.

Indo-European lub sij hawm

Primordially Lavxias teb sab paub cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm cov keeb kwm cov hnub rov qab mus rau lub sij hawm Neolithic. Tsiag ntawv los ntawm xub ntiag ntawm ib lub sij hawm, tag nrho cov Proto - Indo, uas functioned ze li ntawm II Millennium BC. Los ntawm cov lus ntawm no pab pawg neeg no yog cov npe ntawm cov tsiaj, lub tswvyim rau xa mus rau kinship, khoom noj khoom haus. Piv txwv li: niam, tus ntxhais, twm, nyuj, nqaij thiab lwm tus neeg. Lawv tag nrho cov muaj ib tug tsiaj ntawv correspondences nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus. Piv txwv li, lo lus niam muaj ib tug zoo li suab nyob rau hauv lus Askiv (niam), thiab German (mutter).

Common Slavic theem

Common Slavic paub cov ntsiab lus tau arisen ib ncig ntawm lub VI xyoo pua BC. Nws yog pub los ntawm qhov sib txawv pab pawg neeg nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm lub Balkans, Central thiab Eastern Europe.

Lub lexicon ntawm lub sij hawm yog hais txog mus rau lub lexical-semantic pawg, uas yog siv los xa mus rau qhov chaw ntawm lub cev cov npe, tsiaj txhu, tej yam ntuj tso phenomena, lub sij hawm, cov nroj tsuag thiab paj, cov npe ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov vaj tse, cov cuab yeej. Cov feem ntau cov tawm cov piv txwv ntawm cov lo lus, fwm los ntawm lub sij hawm no: ntoo qhib, linden, spruce hav zoov, ntoo, nplooj, millet, barley, tawv, hlau, lub tsev, lawj, ru tsev, nqaij qaib, gus, kvass, jelly. Plast qhov no yog xam qhovkev nyob rau hauv cov lus feem ntau Slavic neeg.

Laus lub sij hawm

Laus Lavxias teb sab (los yog sab hnub tuaj Slavic) paub cov ntsiab lus nkag mus hauv peb lexicon nyob rau hauv lub Slavic kev sib hais haum lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws uas niaj hnub Teb chaws Europe, txog XI-IX centuries. Qhov no kuj yog lub sij hawm ntawm tsim ntawm lub tsim ntawm lub xeev ntawm Kievan Rus, piv txwv li, IX-XIV caug xyoo. Yuav muaj lus xws li zoo, nquab, tus txiv ntxawm, lace, finch, protein, forty, cuaj caum hnub no.

Cov lus no kuj tsiag ntawv los ntawm xub ntiag ntawm tsiaj ntawv ua pib dua, Koj yog ib tug, ua ntej vz-. Piv txwv li: lub platoon, mus khob, mus finish, txais.

Nrhiav cov lo lus tsim nyob rau hauv no lub sij hawm, nws yog ua tau xwb nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab, Ukrainian thiab Belarusian lus.

Thaum lub sij hawm tsim Lavxias teb sab haiv neeg

Los ntawm cov XIV xyoo pua nyob rau hauv lub Lavxias teb sab lus yog pib los mam ib tug tshiab qauv sau ntawv lus. Cov lus yuav tshwm sim tom qab lub cev qhuav dej ntawm cov laus Slavonic lus Lavxias teb sab, Ukrainian thiab Belarusian lus. Yuav kom ua tau Lavxias teb sab lus yog xws li grumble, wallpaper, cov khoom ua si qhwv, kev.

Qhov no muaj xws li tag nrho cov npe tsim nrog lus -schik, -ovschik, -telstvo, -W (a). Piv txwv li: lub tua hluav taws, neeg sab nrauv, lub teb chaws, checkered. Qhov no muaj xws li adverbs thiab cov neeg pluag, nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj zeeg, verbs txaj muag, crashing txhawj.

Paub cov nta, koj yuav tau yooj yim xam cov lus tsim nyob rau ntawm no theem ntawm kev loj hlob.

Qhov no lub sij hawm yog kawg nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm lub ntsiab txheej ua tau Lavxias teb sab tokens.

loanwords

Txij ancient sij hawm, lub Lavxias teb sab neeg tsim tsis tau tsuas yog lag luam thiab kev cai ties, tab sis kuj nom tswv thiab cov tub rog. Tag nrho cov no tau coj mus rau cov lus qiv. Ib zaug hauv lub Lavxias teb sab lo lus nyob rau hauv lub lexical system hloov nyob rau hauv nws cov cawv thiab los ua ib feem ntawm nws cov ntsiab lus. Loanwords heev enriched lub Lavxias teb sab lus, coj nws ib tug ntau ntawm tshiab.

Ib txhia lus tau borrowed nkaus, raws li ib co tau hloov zuj zuj - Ameslikas tau txais Lavxias teb sab lus los yog tsiaj ntawv ua pib, uas nws thiaj li coj mus rau tsim ntawm ib tug tshiab, uas tau lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm cov Lavxias teb sab lus. Piv txwv li, lo lus "computer" nkag mus hauv peb lexicon lawm, tab sis lo lus "nuclear tus paub txog" yog xav kom muaj haiv neeg Lavxias teb sab, vim nws twb tsim los ntawm cov borrowed lo lus "atom" ntawm haiv neeg Lavxias teb sab lus-tsim qauv.

Faib qiv los ntawm Slavic thiab Turkish, Latin, Greek, German thiab Romance lus, uas muaj xws li Lus Askiv, German, Italian, Mev, Dutch.

staroslavyanizmy

Tom qab tus me nyuam ntawm cov ntseeg Vajtswv nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm X xyoo pua nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab lus muaj tuaj ib tug ntau ntawm lo lus. Nws twb kev cob cog rua nrog lub rov tshwm sim nyob rau hauv Russia ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj Slavonic phau ntawv. Laus lub Koom Txoos Slavonic los yog Laus Bulgarian, lub Koom Txoos Slavonic, cov lus siv los ntawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm Slavic lub teb chaws raws li ib tug txawj sau ntawv, uas yog siv rau tus neeg txhais lus ntawm cov Greek lub tsev teev ntuj phau ntawv.

Los ntawm nws Lavxias teb sab lus tuaj tej nqe lus, cov lus rau paub daws teeb lub tswv yim. Cov muaj xws li cov pov thawj, tus ntoo khaub lig, lub hwj chim, kev phem, kev sib raug zoo thiab ntau lwm tus neeg. Chiv, cov ntaub ntawv lus yog tsuas yog siv nyob rau hauv kev sau ntawv, cov phau ntawv hais lus, tab sis penetrated rau hauv lub qhov ncauj lub sij hawm.

Lub tsev teev ntuj Slavonic lexicon nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm cov keeb kwm muaj cov nram qab nta:

1. Lub thiaj li hu ua nepolnoglasie lub hauv paus lus. Piv txwv li: lub rooj vag los yog yuav. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, muaj kev xaiv polnoglasnymi rooj vag thiab tag nrho.
2. Lub ua ke ntawm cov kev tsheb nqaj hlau nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus lus. Ib tug piv txwv yog ib lo lus kev.
3. Cov muaj nyob rau hauv cov lus tsiaj ntawv u, piv txwv li nyob rau hauv lo lus teeb.
4. Cim e nyob rau hauv thaum pib ntawm lo lus thiab ua ntej ib qho nyuaj consonants: ib.
5. La suab, lub paj thiab pib ntawm ib lo lus. Piv txwv li: lub Rook sib npaug zos.
6. Lub xub ntiag ntawm LEEJ TWG-sab saum toj thawv, chrez-. Piv txwv li: them, ntev li ntawm.
7. Lus -stvi-, -usch-, -yusch-, -asch-, -yasch-: txo, hlawv, melting.
Qhov ntawm tus thawj lo lus Vajtswv-benign, malignant, greho-, dushe-, zoo-nyob: Vajtswv-fearing, zlonravie koob hmoov.

Cov lus no yog hnub no siv nyob rau hauv lub Lavxias teb sab lus. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, ob peb cov neeg xav tias hais tias ua tau hu ua lub token tsis muaj ib haiv neeg Lavxias teb sab thiab txawv teb chaws hauv paus hniav. Heev feem ntau lawv yuav tsum tau nyob rau hauv cov biblical ntawv, tej hauj lwm ntawm classics ntawm Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv.

Polish tokens

Thaum xav txog cov nqe lus nug, yog dab tsi cov lus nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm cov keeb kwm, peb yuav tsis nco qab txog txais los ntawm lub Polish hom lus, uas pib nyob rau hauv lub XVII-XVIII centuries. Ntawm West Slavic lus peb tau penetrated rau hauv peb cov lus xws li tsev neeg cov khoom, daub, luav, periwinkle, jam. Nws yog ib nqi sau cia hais tias lawv restock, tsis tsuas Lavxias teb sab, tiam sis kuj Ukrainian hom lus, Belarusian.

greek qiv

Ib tug tseem ceeb lub cev ntawm Greek loanwords. Txeem mus rau hauv peb cov lus, nws pib nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm tag nrho cov-Slavic kev sib sau. Qhov tseem qub lexical "khoom plig" yog lo lus xws li Chamber of Commerce, txaj boiler.

Nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm IX rau XI xyoo pua cov lus tau borrowed: anathema, tim tswv, kev ua lej, teeb, keeb kwm, philosophy, phau, sauna, teeb. Nyob rau hauv lub tom qab lub sij hawm borrowed cov lus hais txog rau cov lus ntawm cov kawm Askiv thiab sciences: comedy, anapaest, logic, analogy, thiab ntau lwm yam tswv yim uas ruaj khov nyob rau hauv lub terminological apparatus ntawm feem ntau ntawm cov niaj hnub science.

Nws yog ib nqi sau cia hais tias vim qhov tus ntawm Greek thiab Byzantine cov lo lus thiab phraseology ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus zoo heev enriched. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws tej yam rau lawv tus kheej muaj tsis tau tsuas yog ib tug science, raws li Philology, tab sis kuj kawm txog zauv, physics, Science News for KIDS, thiab kos duab.

Latin

Nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm lub XVI mus VXIII xyoo pua nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab lus muaj Latin lo lus uas enriched lub lexical nyiaj nyob rau hauv lub tshav pob ntawm kev, technical, kev sib raug zoo thiab kev nom kev tswv cov lus. Lawv muaj xws li mas los ntawm Ukrainian thiab Polish. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog muaj zog no pab mus rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev kawm ntawv thiab science, raws li zoo raws li keeb kwm thiab kev cai kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov teb chaws.

Los ntawm cov Latin lus tuaj rau peb twb paub zoo tswv yim xws li cov hnub so, ntawv sau, cov thawj coj, cov neeg tuaj saib, tsev kawm ntawv, cov txheej txheem, cov pej xeem, lub kiv puag ncig, thiab lwm tus neeg.

Turkic lus

Nws tau ntev lawm peb paths hla nrog tus Tatars, lub Turks. Ntawm Turkic lus nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab txeem lus xws li pearls, hlaws dai, caravan, nyiaj ua lag luam, dib liab, tsho khuam da dej, pos huab, ris, suits nees npe: roan, bay, buckskin.

Advantageously qiv tshwm sim los ntawm Tatar. Vim coj mus muag, kev cai thiab cov tub rog ties uas tau muaj nyob nruab nrab ntawm peb haiv neeg lawm ntau centuries.

Scandinavian

Heev me ntsis qiv ntawm cov Scandinavian lus - Swedish, Norwegian. Nkag mus hauv lub ua ntej lawm lub sij hawm vim hais tias ntawm cov lag luam tawm kev sib raug zoo uas muaj nyob nruab nrab ntawm peb haiv neeg txawm nyob rau hauv pre-Christian lub sij hawm.

Cov feem ntau cov tawm lus penetrated rau hauv Lavxias teb sab lexical system: cov npe, Igor thiab Oleg, khoom npe - herring, pud, tus nqe tauj, lub mast, ib nyas.

Western European lus

Lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm cov lus uas niaj hnub Lavxias teb sab lus, nws txoj kev loj hlob yog zoo txuas nrog ib tug xov tooj ntawm European lus. Tom qab lub kho ntawm Peter kuv, nyob rau hauv lub XVII-XVIII centuries, nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab lus muaj xws li tokens ntawm Western European lus.

Lub German tuaj mus rau hauv peb cov lus ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov lo lus rau cov tub rog, coj mus muag thiab cov neeg siv cov lo lus, science thiab art: ib tug cog ceeb toom, cov neeg ua hauj, lub corporal, khi, easel, resort toj roob hauv pes.

Dutch "sib" nrog lub Lavxias teb sab nautical cov nqe lus: dockyard, chaw nres nkoj, pilot, rog, neeg tsav nkoj. Tubrog nkoj thiab cov nqe lus kuj yog los ntawm lus Askiv: Midshipman, Brig.

Peb nkag mus hauv los ntawm cov lus Askiv mus rau hauv peb lub cev thiab lexical lus xws li boycott, qhov, ncaws pob, kev ua si nawv, suaj kaum, khoom qab zib, pudding.

Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XX thiab muaj xws li cov lus ntawm cov kev ntaus pob ncaws pob thiab, nyiaj txiag thiab coj mus muag spheres, kos duab. Tshiab cov lus, thaum ntxiv rau peb lexical system: ib lub computer, ib tug ntaub ntawv, byte, dhau sijhawm lawm, brokerage, leasing, tham qhia tau hais tias, thriller, briefing impeachment.

Nyob rau hauv XVIII-XIX centuries nyob rau hauv lub Lavxias teb sab lus kuj txeem tau cov lus ntawm cov lus Fab Kis - saws tes, khaub ncaws, lub tsho, tsho tiv no, broth, nqaij qaib, chav dej, battalion garrison, actor, ua si, tus thawj coj.

Ntawm Italis thiab lus Spanish tuaj txog nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab cov suab paj nruas hauv cov nqe lus, cov nqe lus ntawm lub realm ntawm cov kos duab: Aria tenor lub suab qw Nkauj, Sonata, carnival, gondola serenade, guitar.

Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv yog tseem nquag khiav hauj lwm nyob rau hauv peb lexical system, thiab txog qhov twg thiab yuav ua li cas lawv tau tuaj, peb yuav kawm tau los ntawm cov phau ntawv txhais lus.

neologisms

Thaum lub tam sim no theem ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus lexical system tshiab nrog lo lus tshiab. Lawv yog ib feem ntawm cov lus los ntawm cov emergence ntawm tshiab cov tswv yim thiab phenomena. Thaum qhov kev kawm ntawm cov kev tshwm sim los yog tej yam tshwm sim thiab tej lo lus tshiab rau xaiv lawv. Lawv tsis sai li sai tau sau nyob rau hauv lub active cov ntsiab lus.

Rau ib tug thaum, lo lus yog xav tau ib neologism, ces ua heev heev thiab khov kho kos rau hauv cov lus. Yav tas los cov lus, neologisms tau ib tug pioneer tug tswv cuab ntawm lub Komsomol, lub astronaut, Khrushchev thiab lwm tus neeg. Tam sim no, tsis muaj ib tug yuav xav tias lawv neologisms.

dictionaries

Mus xyuas uas paub cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm keeb kwm yog siv nyob rau hauv ib tug cov ntaub ntawv, koj yuav tig mus rau etymological dictionaries. Lawv kom meej lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm cov lo lus, nws pib etymology. Koj siv tau cov tsev kawm ntawv thiab ib nyuag etymological dictionaries , edited los ntawm H. Shang, "Lavxias teb sab etymological phau ntawv txhais lus" A. E. Anikina los yog "etymological phau ntawv txhais lus» P. A. Krylova, thiab lwm tus neeg.

Kawm kom paub cov ntsiab lus ntawm txawv teb chaws lo lus uas tuaj rau peb los ntawm lwm hom lus, nws yog ua tau, siv lub zoo "phau ntawv txhais lus ntawm Txawv Teb Chaws lus" edited Ozhegova.

Kawm nyob rau lub tsev kawm ntawv

Vocabulary nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm lub keeb kwm thiab kev siv yog feem ntau kawm nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv chav kawm ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus nyob rau hauv lub seem "Lexicology thiab phraseology." Feem ntau cov xim no lub npe them nyiaj nyob rau hauv 5-6 th qib, raws li zoo raws li lub 10. Cov menyuam kawm ntawv kawm cov keeb kwm ntawm cov lo lus thiab collocations, lawv cov ntsiab lus, kawm kom paub qhov txawv nruab nrab ntawm lawv, ua hauj lwm nrog ntau dictionaries.

Nyob rau hauv tej rooj plaub, cov xib fwb yuav siv tag nrho cov uas tuamyeem kawm, yam kev ua mob siab rau txoj kev tshawb no ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm lo lus.

Yuav ua li cas cov ntaub ntawv yuav siv tau nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no ntawm lub npe "Lexis nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm cov keeb kwm"? Rooj nrog lub kev faib thiab cov piv txwv ntawm cov ntawv nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, uas muaj Lavxias teb sab lus borrowed lus, thiab dictionaries.

Kawm nyob rau lub tsev kawm ntawv

Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv kom meej kawm cov lus los ntawm tus taw tes ntawm view ntawm lub keeb kwm ntawm lub University, cov kws qhia ntawv ntawm Philology. Cov kev kawm yog muab ib tug ob peb zaj lus qhia hauv chav kawm "Lexicology thiab phraseology ntawm niaj hnub Lavxias teb sab lus." Thaum lub cob qhia, cov tub ntxhais kawm lauj ib tug ntau yam ntawm cov ntawv, nrhiav ib tug ib txwm Lavxias teb sab thiab borrowed lus nyob rau hauv lawv, cais lawv, ua hauj lwm nrog dictionaries. Txhais thiab stylistic possibilities borrowed, obsolete lus.

Thaum lectures thiab seminars paub meej lub faib ntawm cov lo lus nyob rau hauv keeb kwm, kev siv thiab kev lag luam los ntawm cov niaj hnub Lavxias teb sab lus. Qhov no mus kom ze tso cai xav me nyuam kawm ntawv kom txawj kev paub ntawm cov feem ntau heev npaj los ntawm txoj kev tshawb no kawm.

tshawb pom

Tej lo lus nyob rau hauv lub lexical system nws muaj nws tus kheej keeb kwm thiab nws cov hauv paus. Ib txhia lus tau ntev tau kev khiav hauj lwm nyob rau hauv peb cov lus, vim lub sij hawm thaum ua ib, ib tug Indo-European lus, lwm tus neeg tau tuaj mus rau peb nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm txawv lub sij hawm ntawm lub Slavic thiab European yam lus, thiab tseem lwm tus muaj arisen thaum lub sij hawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov niaj hnub siv technology.

To taub cov keeb kwm ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm tej lo lus yuav pab kom peb tsis tsuas mus rau to taub lawv no: lub ntsiab lus, tab sis kuj lw txoj kev loj hlob ntawm peb lub teb chaws kab lis kev cai ntawm ib lub sij hawm los yog rau lwm tus.