Tsim, Secondary kev kawm ntawv thiab cov tsev kawm ntawv
Tsis-membrane organelles ntawm hlwb: hom, qauv, muaj nuj nqi
Tsiaj hlwb, nroj tsuag thiab fungi muaj peb lub ntsiab qhov chaw: cov ntshav membrane, nucleus thiab cytoplasm. Cov kab mob txawv los ntawm lawv vim hais tias nws tsis muaj ib tug nucleus, tab sis lawv kuj muaj ib tug membrane thiab cytoplasm.
Yuav ua li cas puas muaj tus cytoplasm?
Qhov no yog ib tug nrog ib feem ntawm lub cell nyob rau hauv uas yuav ua tau distinguished hyaloplasm (kua nruab nrab), thiab organelles (organelle). Inclusions - ib tug uas tsis yog-qhov tsim nyob rau hauv ib lub cell, uas yeej sawv cev rau tus mob los yog muaju hloov cov as-ham. Organelles - ib tug mus tas qauv. Raws li lub cev lub ntsiab haumxeeb units yog lub cev, thiaj li nyob rau hauv ib lub tawb tag nrho cov loj zog yog ua los ntawm organelles.
Membrane thiab uas tsis yog-daim nyias nyias organelles ntawm hlwb
Tus thawj muab faib mus rau hauv odnomembrannye thiab dvumembrannye. Tsuas yog tus ob - nws yog mitochondria thiab chloroplasts. Los ntawm odnomembrannym xws li lysosomes, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum (endoplasmic reticulum), vacuoles. Hais txog uas tsis yog-daim nyias nyias organelles, peb mam li tham nyob rau hauv ntau yam nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm.
Tsis-membrane organelles ntawm lub cell qauv
Cov no muaj xws ribosomes, lub cell chaw thiab lub cytoskeleton tsim microtubules thiab microfilaments. Tsis tas li ntawd nyob rau hauv pab pawg neeg no yuav muab suav hais tias organelles zog muaj los ntawm ib-celled kab mob, raws li tau zoo raws li tus txiv neej nrog txiv neej pw lub hlwb ntawm cov tsiaj. Cia saib qhov kev txiav txim ntawm uas tsis yog-daim nyias nyias organelles ntawm hlwb, lawv cov qauv thiab muaj nuj nqi.
Yuav ua li cas yog ib tug ribosome?
Qhov no tsis yog-daim nyias nyias organelles ntawm hlwb, uas muaj xws li ribonucleoproteins. Lawv cov qauv muaj xws li ob qhov chaw (subunits). Ib tug ntawm lawv yog ib tug me me ib - lub loj loj. Thaum so, lawv yog cais. Lawv muaj kev cob cog thaum lub ribosome pib ua num.
Raws li qhov uas tsis yog-daim nyias nyias organelles ntawm hlwb rau cov protein ntau synthesis. Namely, rau tus neeg txhais lus txheej txheem - pub ntxiv tshaj amino acids nyob rau hauv lub polypeptide saw nyob rau hauv ib tug txiav txim, cov ntsiab lus ntawm uas yog theej los ntawm DNA rau mRNA thiab kaw.
Loj ribosomes yog nees nkaum nanometers. Lub xov tooj ntawm no organelles nyob rau hauv lub cell yuav mus txog li rau ob peb kaum tawm txhiab tus tej daim.
Nyob rau hauv eukaryotes, ribosomes yog nyob rau hauv hyaloplasm, thiab nyob rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub ntxhib endoplasmic reticulum. Lawv yog cov tseem tam sim no nyob rau hauv dvumembrannyh organelles: lub mitochondria thiab chloroplasts.
cytocentrum
Qhov no organelle yog muaj li ntawm cov centrosome, uas yog surrounded los ntawm tsentrosferoy. Centrosome muaj xws li ob centrioles - npliag hauv lub tog raj kheej muaj li ntawm microtubules. Tsentrosfera muaj extending los ntawm qhov chaw radially cellular microtubules. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog tsim los ntawm intermediate filaments thiab microfibrils.
Cell chaw ua zog xws li lub tsim ntawm mitotic ntxaiv. Nws kuj yog tus center ntawm lub koom haum ntawm microtubules.
Nrog kev xav txog cov tshuaj qauv ntawm no organelle, qhov yooj yim tshuaj yog ib tug protein tubulin.
Qhov no organelle yog nyob rau hauv lub geometric chaw ntawm lub cell, li ntawd, nws muaj lub npe.
Microfilaments thiab microtubules
Tus thawj yog ib tug filament ntawm protein actin. Lawv txoj kab uas hla yog 6 nm.
Cov kab uas hla yog 24 nanometer microtubules. Lawv phab ntsa yog ua ntawm protein tubulin.
Cov uas tsis yog-daim nyias nyias cell organelles tsim cytoskeleton, uas yuav pab kom muaj ib tug tsis tu ncua lawm.
Lwm microtubule muaj nuj nqi - thauj, rau nws yuav txav mus organelles thiab tshuaj nyob rau hauv lub cell.
organelles zog
Lawv yog cov ntawm ob hom: cilia thiab flagella.
Tus thawj kom muaj ib leeg-celled kab mob xws li ciliates nkawm khau.
Flagella muaj Chlamydomonas, raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj phev.
Zog ntawm organelles muaj contractile proteins.
xaus
Raws li ib tug xaus tshab.
| organelle | Qhov chaw nyob rau hauv ib lub tawb | qauv | zog |
| ribosomes | Hyaloplasm dawb do ua luam dej nyob rau hauv, thiab tseem nyob rau sab sab phab ntsa ntawm lub ntxhib endoplasmic reticulum | Lawv muaj xws li me me thiab loj qhov chaw. Tshuaj nyob tus yeees - ribonucleoprotein. | protein synthesis |
| cytocentrum | Cov duab qhov chaw ntawm lub cell | Ob tug centrioles (thooj voos kheej kheej ntawm microtubules) thiab tsentrosfera - radially extending microtubules. | Mitotic ntxaiv tsim, koom haum ntawm microtubules |
| microfilaments | Nyob rau hauv lub cytoplasm ntawm hlwb | Nyias filaments ntawm actin contractile protein | Tsim them nyiaj yug, tej zaum - software zog (piv txwv li, nyob rau amoebae) |
| microtubules | Nyob rau hauv lub cytoplasm, | Hollow hlab tubulin | Tsim them nyiaj yug, cell thauj ntsiab |
| Cilia thiab flagella | Los ntawm cov sab nraum ntawm cov ntshav membrane | Tsim ntawm cov nqaijrog | Tsiv unicellular kab mob nyob rau hauv qhov chaw |
Yog li ntawd peb ntsia tag nrho cov uas tsis yog-daim nyias nyias organelles ntawm cov nroj tsuag, tsiaj txhu, fungi thiab cov kab mob, lawv cov qauv thiab muaj nuj nqi.
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