Nyiaj hnub nyoog paj huam: paj huam, paj huam, kev qhia thiab nta

Nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm lub XIX xyoo pua, uas tau ua ib tug lub sij hawm ntawm extraordinary sawv ntawm lub teb chaws kab lis kev cai thiab zoo kawg li ua tau nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov teb ntawm cov kos duab, tuaj complex, tag nrho ntawm txaus ntshai tej xwm txheej thiab xa cov ntsiab lus ntawm XX caug xyoo. Tus Golden muaj hnub nyoog ntawm kev sib raug thiab artistic lub neej twb hloov los ntawm lub thiaj-hu ua nyiaj, muab yug mus rau lub ceev ceev txoj kev loj hlob ntawm Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv, paj huam thiab prose nyob rau hauv lub tshiab kaj currents, thiab tom qab tau los ua tus starting taw tes rau ntawm nws lub caij nplooj zeeg. Nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm peb yuav tsom ntsoov rau cov paj huam ntawm lub nyiaj hnub nyoog, xav txog nws txawv nta, yuav tham txog lub ntsiab lus cob qhia, xws li symbolism, futurism thiab Acmeism, txhua tus uas muaj ib tug tshwj xeeb suab paj nruag ntawm cov nqe lus thiab tiag tiag li qhia ntawm tus cwj pwm txawv thiab kev xav ntawm lub lyrical hero.

Nyiaj hnub nyoog cov paj huam. Tseem ceeb heev lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai thiab kos duab

Nws yog ntseeg hais tias thaum pib ntawm lub nyiaj hnub nyoog ntawm Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv lees paub rau 80-90 xyoo. XIX caug xyoo. Thaum lub sij hawm no, muaj cov hauj lwm ntawm ntau ntau paj huam: V. Bryusov, K. Ryleeva, K. Balmont, I. Ann - thiab sau ntawv L. N. Tolstogo, F. M. Dostoevskogo, Saltykov-Shchedrin. Lub teb chaws yog yuav los ntawm ib qho nyuaj lub sij hawm. Thaum lub sij hawm lub reign ntawm Alexander kuv, thaum xub thawj yog ib tug muaj zog patriotic fervor thaum lub sij hawm ua tsov ua rog ntawm 1812, thiab ces, vim lub ceev hloov nyob rau hauv lub yav tas los mas txoj cai ntawm tus huab tais, cov haiv neeg yog muaj ib tug mob disillusionment thiab hnyav ncaj ncees losses. Nws heyday paj huam ntawm lub nyiaj hnub nyoog mus txog rau lub 1915 Social lub neej thiab kev nom kev tswv teeb meem no yog yus muaj los ntawm ib tug sib sib zog nqus ntsoog, turbulent, boiling cua. Loj hlob loj tawm tsam, politicization ntawm lub neej thiab nyob rau tib lub sij hawm ntxiv dag zog rau koj tus kheej yog leejtwg tiag. Lub tuam txhab ua khiav sim mus nrhiav ib tug tshiab zoo tagnrho ntawm lub hwj chim thiab kev sib raug zoo system. Thiab paj huam thiab sau ntawv tau khaws cia PACE nrog lub sij hawm, tsim tshiab kos duab cov ntaub ntawv thiab muab bold tswv yim. Tib neeg tus cwj pwm pib yuav tsum tau ras raws li ib tug kev sib sau ntawm ntau pib: ntuj thiab kev, lom thiab kev ncaj ncees. Thaum lub sij hawm Lub ob hlis ntuj, lub kaum hli ntuj kiv puag ncig thiab lub Civil tsov ua rog ntawm cov nyiaj muaj hnub nyoog paj huam ntsoog. Nws BLOK "Nyob rau Poet" (11 Lub ob hlis ntuj 1921), xa mus rau lawv nyob rau hauv lub tsev ntawm Writers ntawm lub rooj sib tham nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm 84 hnub tseem ceeb ntawm txoj kev tuag ntawm Pushkin, ua lub kawg chord ntawm lub nyiaj muaj hnub nyoog.

ntaub ntawv yam ntxwv ntawm XIX - thaum ntxov XX centuries.

Cia peb xav txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov paj huam ntawm lub nyiaj muaj hnub nyoog. Firstly, yog ib lub yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub sij hawm yog ntawm kuj zoo kawg paj laum rau tus nyob mus ib txhis ntxhais: cov kev tshawb fawb cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub neej ntawm cov neeg thiab cov tib neeg raws li ib tug tag nrho, cov kev txhiaj txhais ntawm lub teb chaws ua cim, lub keeb kwm ntawm lub teb chaws, cuam tshuam ntawm secular thiab sab ntsuj plig, tus sis ntawm tus txiv neej thiab cov xwm. References nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub XIX caug xyoo. Nws yog ua ntau philosophical: tus sau phau ntawv qhia lub ntsiab ntawm kev tsov kev rog, kiv puag ncig, kheej tib neeg qee uas tau poob vim qhov kev tshwm sim ntawm kev kaj siab thiab puab sib raug zoo. Nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm neeg sau ntawv thiab paj huam los yug ib tug tshiab, bold, txawv txawv, muaj zog thiab feem ntau unpredictable cim, ib qho nyuaj rau kov yeej tag nrho cov kev nyuaj siab thiab privations. Feem ntau ntawm cov chaw ua hauj lwm mloog yog them rau yuav ua li cas qhov kev kawm los ntawm cov plaub ntawm nws lub siab perceives lub tragic kev xwm txheej. Secondly, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov paj huam thiab prose los ua ib tug mob siab heev nrhiav rau thawj daim duab cov ntaub ntawv thiab txhais tau tias ntawm kev qhia tawm ntawm txoj kev xav thiab cwj pwm txawv. Nqe vaj lug kub rau daim ntawv thiab zaj lus sib dhos ua si ib tug tshwj xeeb tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm. Muaj ntau sau phau ntawv muaj renounced lub classical mov ntawv nyeem thiab txua tshiab, xws li Vladimir Mayakovsky tsim nws nto moo "ntaiv." Feem ntau tus sau phau ntawv mus cuag ib tug tshwj xeeb cov nyhuv siv ib tug hais lus thiab cov lus txawv txav, fragmentation, thiab txawm alogisms pub spelling kom raug.

Peb, cov nyiaj muaj hnub nyoog ntawm Lavxias teb sab paj huam paj huam dawb do xyaum nrog lub artistic possibilities kev qhia. Nyob rau hauv ib qho kev rau siab mus qhia cov complex, feem ntau contradictory, "volatile" chim kev npau taws, sau ntawv tau ua ib lo lus tshiab hais txog cov kev txwj quas laug nws cov kwv huam qhia kev hloov maj mam ntxoov ntawm lub ntsiab lus. Standard template defining ntshiab lub hom phiaj yam: kev hlub, siab phem, tsev neeg qhov tseem ceeb, morality - tau los ua ib tug kev hloov paub daws teeb puas siab puas ntsws piav qhia. Pes tsawg tswv yim muab txoj kev uas yuav yim pab thiab innuendo. Xws li ib tug fluctuation, fluidity lus tseem ceeb tiav los ntawm cov brightest metaphors, uas yog feem ntau raws li steel tsis ntsees kev zoo sib thooj ntawm cov khoom los yog tshwm sim, thiab nonobvious nta.

Plaub, yus muaj los ntawm txoj kev tshiab ntawm kev txuas lus tswv yim thiab kev xav ntawm lub lyrical paj huam ntawm lub nyiaj muaj hnub nyoog. Kwv huam los ntawm ntau tus sau phau ntawv tau tsim uas siv cov dluab, motifs ntawm txawv haiv neeg, raws li tau zoo raws li implicit thiab qhia tau meej heev citation. Piv txwv li, muaj ntau tus ntxias muaj nyob rau hauv cov lus ntawm lawv tsim yaam tshab scenes ntawm Greek, Roman thiab tom qab ntawd Slavic myths xwb thiab legends. Nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm J. Ann, Marina Tsvetaeva thiab V.Bryusov mythology siv los tsim ib tug universal puas siab puas ntsws ua qauv los tau taub cov tib neeg tus neeg, nyob rau hauv particular, nws sab ntsuj plig tivthaiv. Txhua kws sau paj lug ntawm lub nyiaj hnub nyoog ntawm kaj tus neeg. Nws yog ib qho yooj yim to taub uas lawv yuav mus rau qhov no los yog hais tias nqe vaj lug kub. Tab sis lawv tau sim ua kom lawv cov ua hauj lwm ntau pom thiab tseem ciaj sia, tag nrho ntawm cov xim, yog li ntawd tej nyeem ntawv yuav xav tias txhua txhua lo lus thiab kab.

Lub ntsiab qhia ntawm lub nyiaj hnub nyoog cov paj huam. symbolism

Sau ntawv thiab paj huam, yuav txheem nws tus kheej rau realism, tshaj tawm cov creation ntawm ib tug tshiab, niaj hnub nimno kos duab - modernism. Muaj peb lub ntsiab txawj taw ntawm lub nyiaj hnub nyoog paj huam: symbolism, Acmeism, futurism. Txhua yam ntawm lawv tau nws tus kheej kev brightest. Symbolism chiv sawv nyob rau hauv Fabkis raws li ib tug tawm tsam tiv thaiv cov uas niaj hnub muaj tiag zaub thiab bourgeois dissatisfaction nrog lub neej. Cov pog koob yawg koob ntawm no cheeb tsam, xws li J. Morsas ntseeg tias tsuas yog los ntawm txoj kev ntawm ib tug tshwj xeeb hint - ib lub cim, koj muaj peev xwm kawm tau cov secrets ntawm lub ntug. Nyob rau hauv Russia, lub symbolism nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 1890s. Qhov tus tsim ntawm qhov no yog lub DS Merezhkovsky, uas tshaj tawm hais tias nyob rau hauv nws phau ntawv peb tej postulates ntawm tus tshiab kos duab: symbolism, mystical ntsiab lus thiab "expansion ntawm artistic sensibility."

Laus thiab yau Symbolists

Tus thawj Symbolists, tom qab ntawd muaj npe senior, pib V. Ya. Bryusov, KD Balmont, FK Sologub, Z. N. Gippius, N. M. Minsky thiab lwm tus neeg. Poets. Lawv ua hauj lwm yog feem ntau yus ib tug ntse tsis kam muab ntawm kev muaj tiag. Lawv xwm lub neej tiag tiag raws li boring, dab tuag thiab senseless, sim qhia cov feem ntau hloov maj mam nuances ntawm lawv txoj kev xav.

Lub sij hawm los ntawm 1901 mus 1904. Nws marks pib ntawm ib tug tshiab milestone ntawm Lavxias teb sab paj huam. Symbolist paj huam impregnated nrog lub revolutionary ntsuj plig thiab ib kev paub ua ntej txog tej yam uas yuav tuaj. Yau Symbolists: BLOK, V. Ivanov, A. Dawb - tsis kam lees Vajtswv lub ntiaj teb no, tos nws Utopian transformation, chanting tus los saum ntuj kev zoo nkauj, kev hlub thiab femininity uas yeej paub hais tias yuav hloov cov kev muaj tiag. Nws yog nrog cov tsos rau cov zajlus scene cov hluas Symbolists nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv muaj xws li lub tswvyim ntawm cov ua cim. Poets to taub nws raws li ib tug multifaceted lo lus uas qhia hauv lub ntiaj teb, "lub ntuj", sab ntsuj plig essence thiab nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, "ib lub vaj lub nceeg vaj."

Cim uas nyob hauv lub xyoo ntawm kiv puag ncig

Lavxias teb sab nyiaj hnub nyoog paj huam nyob rau hauv 1905-1907. hloov. Feem ntau ntawm cov Symbolists, ntawm lub socio-nom tswv txheej xwm, kho lawv views ntawm lub ntiaj teb no thiab cov kev zoo nkauj ntawm qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws. Cov yav tas yog tam sim no to taub raws li ib tug sib ntaus chaos. Poets tsim dluab ntawm lub ntiaj teb tshiab, uas los los hloov qhov ploj. V. Ya. Bryusov tsim cov paj huam "Los Huns", Alexander BLOK - "Barca lub neej," "nce los ntawm lub qhov tsaus ntuj ntawm cellars ..." thiab lwm tus neeg.

Cov kev hloov thiab cov cim. Tam sim no nws yog hais txog tsis mus rau lub ancient cuab yeej cuab tam, thiab lub Lavxias teb sab lus dab neeg thiab Slavic mythology. Tom qab lub kiv puag ncig, muaj division ntawm lub Symbolists, xav kom tau khaws cia rau hauv lub kos duab ntawm lub revolutionary ntsiab thiab, on qhov tsis tooj, yog nquag xav nyob rau hauv cov kev sib raug nriaj. Tom qab lub 1907 controversy Symbolists pa rau lawv tus kheej, hloov los imitation ntawm cov kos duab ntawm yav dhau los. A 1910 Lavxias teb sab cim uas nyob hauv ntsoog, kom meej meej tso nws nrog contradictions.

Acmeism nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab paj huam

Nyob rau hauv 1911, N. S. Gumilev npaaj txawj pab pawg neeg - "Kav ntawm paj huam." Nws muaj paj huam S. Gorodetsky, Osip Mandelstam, Ivanov thiab G. Adamovich. Qhov no tshiab kev coj tau tsis lees yuav tus uas lwm tus kev muaj tiag thiab txais cov kev muaj tiag raws li nws yog, tswj nws tus nqi. "Poets Rhiav" pib publishing nws phau ntawv journal "Giperborey", raws li zoo raws li printing ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub "Apollo". Acmeism, pib raws li ib tug txawj lub tsev kawm ntawv kom nrhiav tau ib txoj kev tawm ntawm lub ntsoog ntawm symbolism, koom los ntawm heev txawv ideological thiab artistic sib paj huam.

Ib qho ntawm feem nto moo sau phau ntawv-Acmeists yog Anna Akhmatova. Nws tej hauj lwm tau noo nrog kev hlub thiab kev ua zoo li ib tug lees txim quaj los kuamuag vim passions ntawm tus poj niam tus plig.

Nta ntawm Lavxias teb sab Futurism

Nyiaj hnub nyoog ntawm Lavxias teb sab paj huam spawned lwm nthuav cheeb tsam hu ua "Futurism" (los ntawm lub Latin. Futurum, uas yog, "lub neej yav tom ntej"). Qhov kev tshawb rau cov tshiab artistic ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm cov kwv tij H. thiab David Burliuk, N. S. Goncharovoy, N. Kulbin MV Matyushina ua ib tug prerequisite rau cov me nyuam yug ntawm no qauv nyob rau hauv Russia. Nyob rau hauv 1910 nws tuaj tawm nyob rau hauv luam futuristic sau "Xantau lub tsev hais plaub", nyob rau hauv uas tau sau tej hauj lwm ntawm cov feem ntau zoo heev paj huam raws li V. Kamensky, V. Khlebnikov, Burliuk cov kwv tij, E. Guro. Cov sau phau ntawv muaj tsim rau cov tub ntxhais ntawm lub thiaj li hu ua Cubo-Futurists. Tom qab ntawd lawv tau tuaj koom los ntawm Vladimir Mayakovsky. Nyob rau hauv lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1912 tuaj Almanac - "Ncuav nyob rau hauv lub ntsej muag ntawm Public Saj". cubofuturists Verses "Buch Lesin," "Tuag hli", "roaring Parnassus", "gag" los ua qhov kev kawm ntawm heev heev sib cav tswv yim. Thaum xub thawj, lawv twb ntaus nqi raws li ib txoj kev los zes tus nyeem ntawv lub cwj pwm tsis zoo, tab sis nyob rau closer perusal kuaj ntse muaj siab los qhia ib tug tshiab lub zeem muag ntawm lub ntiaj teb no thiab ib tug tshwj xeeb kev xam. Anti-aesthetically transformed rau hauv ib los ua tiag tiag rejection, fake kev zoo nkauj, hais lus tsis kab zauv hloov mus rau hauv lub suab ntawm cov neeg coob coob.

Ego-Futurists

Kubofuturizma Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj ib tug tseem ob peb tiam sis, nrog rau egofuturizm taws I. Severianin. Nws twb koom los ntawm paj huam xws li VI zes, IV Ignatiev, KS Olympus thiab lwm tus. Lawv tau tsim ib tug publishing tsev "Petersburg Herald", ua cov phau ntawv Magazine thiab anthologies nrog thawj cov npe: "Nebokopy", "Eagles tshaj tsag" "qab zib fitment" thiab thiaj on. d. lawv kwv huam differed extravagant thiab feem ntau tau ua los ntawm cov uas tsim los ntawm lawv lo lus. Dhau li Ego-Futurists, peb ua ob tug lwm pab pawg: "Centrifuge" (B. L. Pasternak, N. N. Aseev, S. P. Bobrov) thiab "Mezzanine paj huam" (R. Ivnev, SM Tretyakov, VG Sherenevich).

es tsis txhob ntawm ib tug xaus

Nyiaj hnub nyoog ntawm Lavxias teb sab paj huam yog short-lived, tab sis coj ua ke cov brightest galaxy ntawm feemxyuam paj huam. Muaj ntau ntawm cov ntawv sau txog yog tragic, vim hais tias cov yuav ntawm txoj hmoo lawv tau ua neej nyob thiab ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug fateful rau lub teb chaws, ib tug tseem ceeb heev lub sij hawm ntawm kiv puag ncig thiab post-revolutionary xyoo ntawm chaos, civil tsov rog, ntxhov siab thiab rebirth. Muaj ntau paj huam los tau tuag tom qab lub tragic txheej xwm (Khlebnikov, A. Thaiv), muaj coob tus tau emigrated (K. Balmont, Z. Gippius, IA Northerner, Marina Tsvetaeva), ib txhia coj nws tus kheej lub neej, raug tua los yog perished nyob rau hauv Stalin lub camps. Cuaj kaum, lawv muaj kev tswj los mus ua kom ib tug lossis loj pab mus rau lub Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai thiab txhawb nws nrog mas qhia, muaj yeeb yuj, thawj tej hauj lwm.