Sis nonallelic noob hom thiab cov ntaub ntawv

Kis cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub tiam vim tus sis ntawm ib tug ntau yam ntawm noob. Yuav ua li cas yog ib tug noob, thiab uas tseem muaj kev sib tshuam ntawm lawv?

Yuav ua li cas yog ib tug noob?

Nyob rau hauv genome tam sim no hais kis tau tus mob unit ntawm kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic ntaub ntawv. Noob nyob rau hauv DNA thiab nws daim ntawv yam ntxwv feem. Txhua noob yog lub luag hauj lwm rau synthesis ntawm ib lub protein molecule, uas ua rau cov kev qhia ntawm ib tug kev zoo losis phem nyob rau hauv tib neeg.

Txhua noob muaj ob peb subspecies los yog alleles uas ua rau ib tug ntau yam ntawm cov tsos mob (e.g., hazel qhov muag xim tshwm sim los ntawm hom allele ntawm ib lub noob thaum xiav yog ib tug recessive kev zoo losis phem). Alleles muaj nyob rau hauv tib lub qhov chaw ntawm homologous chromosomes, thiab hloov mus rau lwm ntawm ib tug chromosome ua qhia ntawm ib tug kev zoo losis phem.

Tag nrho noob INTERACTIONS. Muaj ob peb hom kev sis raug zoo - allelic thiab uas tsis yog-allelic. Raws li, qhov raug rho tawm sis allelic thiab uas tsis yog-allelic noob. Yuav ua li cas lawv txawv los ntawm txhua lwm yam thiab yuav ua li cas qhia nws?

Keeb kwm ntawm foundations

Ua ntej nyob sab hom uas tsis yog-allelic sis ntawm noob, nws twb assumed tias tsuas yog tau ua tiav dominance (yog hais tias muaj yog ib tug tseem ceeb noob, tus kos npe rau yuav tshwm sim yog hais tias nws tsis tau, ces tus tag yuav tsis tau). Lub prevailing tej lus qhuab qhia ntawm allelic sis, uas tau ntev lawm ib tug yooj yim Tenet ntawm noob caj noob ces. Dominance scrutinized, thiab qhib nws lub hom xws li sau kom tiav thiab tsis tiav dominance, thiab kodominirovanie superdominance.

Tag nrho cov hauv paus ntsiab lus yog mloog cov thawj txoj cai ntawm Mendel, uas nyeem hais txog qhov uniformity ntawm cov thawj tiam hybrids.

Thaum ntxiv soj thiab kawm, nws twb pom hais tias tsis tag nrho cov nta kho mus rau lub dominance kev tshawb xav. Ib tug ntau txhij txhua txoj kev tshawb no nws twb muaj pov thawj hais tias tsis tsuas cov nyhuv tib yam rau kev qhia ntawm cov noob yam ntxwv los yog cov pab pawg neeg ntawm cov yam ntxwv. Yog li, cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev sis raug zoo thiab nonallelic noob nrhiav tau.

Lub tshua ntawm lub noob

Raws li nws twb tau hais tias rau ib ntev lub sij hawm yeej cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm lub hom qub txeeg qub teg. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub allelic sis coj qhov chaw, nyob rau lub yeej yog qhia xwb nyob rau hauv lub heterozygous lub xeev. Tom qab ntau yam ntaub ntawv uas tsis yog-allelic sis ntawm noob nyob sab, zaum twb tau mus piav qhia txog lub hitherto qhia hom qub txeeg qub teg thiab tau cov lus teb rau cov lus nug ntau.

Nws pom hais tias cov kev cai ntawm noob depended rau ntawm lub enzyme. Cov enzymes cia noob hnov mob nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev. Lub sis allelic thiab uas tsis yog-allelic noob proceeded los ntawm tib lub hauv paus ntsiab lus thiab schemes. Qhov no coj mus rau lub xaus hais tias lub qub txeeg qub teg tsis yog nyob ntawm seb tej yam kev mob nyob rau hauv uas lub noob INTERACTIONS thiab ua kis tau tus mob atypical nta lus dag nyob rau hauv lub noob lawv tus kheej.

Tsis-allelic sis yog tshwj xeeb, uas koj mus muab tau tshiab ob peb ua ke ntawm cov nta, yuav ua ib tug tshiab degree ntawm cov ciaj sia taus thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob no.

uas tsis yog-allelic noob

Tsis-allelic noob yog cov neeg uas muaj nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm qhov uas tsis yog-homologous chromosomes. synthesis muaj nuj nqi lawv muaj ib tug, tab sis lawv encode lub tsim ntawm txawv cov nqaijrog, yuav ua tau rau ntau cov tsos mob. Tej noob reacting nrog txhua lwm yam yuav ua rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov tsos mob nyob rau hauv ob peb ob peb ua ke:

• Ib tug feature yog vim lub sis ntawm ob peb, txawv heev nyob rau hauv noob qauv.
• Ob peb nta yuav nyob ntawm seb ib tug tib noob.

Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm cov noob tshwm sim me ntsis ntxiv nyuab tshaj nyob rau hauv allelic sis raug zoo. Txawm li cas los, txhua tus ntawm cov hom kev tshua nws muaj nws tus yam ntxwv thiab nta.

Yuav ua li cas yog cov hom uas tsis yog-allelic sis ntawm noob?

• Epistasis.
• Polymers.
• Complementarity.
• Action modifikatornyh noob.
• Pleiotropic sis raug zoo.

Txhua yam ntawm cov hom kev sis raug zoo nws muaj nws tus kheej cim zog thiab manifests nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev.

Nws yog tsim nyog mus lawm nyob rau hauv ntau yam nyob rau hauv txhua ntawm lawv.

epistasis

Qhov no cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nonallelic noob - epistasis - cai nyob rau hauv lub rooj plaub uas ib tug noob suppresses cov kev ua ntawm lwm yam (suppressing noob yog hu ua epistatic thiab quenchable - gipostatichnogo noob).

Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm cov noob tej zaum yuav siab dua thiab recessive. Hom epistasis cai thaum epistatic noob (feem ntau yog denoted los ntawm tsab ntawv kuv, hais tias tsis muaj lwm phenotypic qhia) suppresses hypostatic noob (nws yog feem ntau denoted V los yog b). Recessive epistasis tshwm sim thaum ib tug recessive allele yog epistatic noob cheeb qhov uas cov kev qhia ntawm tej noob alleles gipostaticheskogot.

Cleavage ntawm phenotypic sijhawm, nrog txhua yam ntawm cov kev sib tshuam, yog tseem txawv. Thaum hom epistasis feem ntau pom nram qab no qauv: ib ob tiam ntawm kev sib cais phenotypes yog raws li nram no - 13: 3, 7: 6: 3 los yog 12: 3: 1. Nws tag nrho cov nyob rau hauv uas lub noob tuaj ua ke.

Thaum xws li kev sib cais retsissivnom epistasis: 9: 3: 4, 9: 7, 13: 3.

complementarity

Sis uas tsis yog-allelic noob, nyob rau thaum combining ob peb yam ntxwv tseem ceeb alleles tsim tshiab, hitherto phenotype twb tsis ces yuav tsum, yog hu ua complementarity.

Piv txwv li, feem ntau cov feem ntau hom tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm lub noob nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog lub taub dag).

Yog hais tias lub genotype ntawm ib tsob nroj muaj ib tug tseem ceeb allele A los yog B, nws zaub tau txais ib tug kheej kheej zoo. Yog hais tias lub genotype retsissivny, lub me nyuam hauv plab daim ntawv yog feem ntau yog ncua.

Nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm ob hom genotype ob alleles (A thiab B) taub dag acquires disc-zoo li zoo lawm. Yog hais tias ntxiv kev coj cwj pwm hybridization (i.e., mus ntxiv no sis nonallelic noob taub net line), lub thib ob tiam tej zaum yuav muab tau los ntawm 9 tsiaj discoid zoo 6 - kheej kheej thiab ib tug taub dag elongated lub cev.

Tej interbreeding ua ib tug tshiab, hybrid daim ntawv ntawm cov nroj tsuag nrog nws zog.

Nyob rau hauv tib neeg, qhov no hom ntawm kev sis raug zoo ua rau lub cev txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub rooj sib hais (ib noob - qhov kev loj hlob ntawm lub qwj, rau lwm yam - lub hnov paj), thiab yog hais tias muaj no tsuas muaj ib hom kev zoo losis phem manifested lag ntseg.

polymerism

Feem ntau lub hauv paus ntawm cov tsos ntawm ib tug cwj pwm tsis yog qhov xub ntiag ntawm ib tug tseem ceeb los yog recessive allele ntawm cov noob, thiab lawv muaj pes tsawg. Sis nonallelic noob - cob - yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm tej zaub.

Polymeric nyhuv noob tej zaum yuav npaj mus nrog cumulative (additive) nyhuv los yog tsis muaj nws. Thaum cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm tsub zuj zuj ntawm cov tsos mob yam ntxwv nyob rau tag nrho cov kev sis raug zoo ntawm cov noob (ntau noob, qhov ntau pronounced hais). Progeny nrog xws li cov nyhuv yog muab faib raws li nram no: - 1: 4: 6: 4: 1 (degree ntawm cov yam ntxwv decreases, piv txwv li nyob rau hauv ib tug neeg feature maximally qhia, nyob rau hauv lwm tus neeg nws muaj cai extinction kom txog rau thaum tiav disappearance).

Yog hais tias lub cumulative nyhuv yog tsis pom, lub manifestation ntawm cov tsos mob nyob ntawm hom alleles. Yog hais tias muaj tsawg kawg yog ib tug allele, ib tug kos npe rau yuav muab qhov chaw. Yog hais tias xws zag nyob rau hauv cov nyhuv splitting yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw nyob rau hauv ib qho ratio ntawm 15: 1.

Qhov kev txiav txim ntawm modifier noob

Sis uas tsis yog-allelic noob, tshuaj los ntawm qhov kev txiav txim modifier yog cai kuj tsis tshua. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm tej kev sis raug zoo yog raws li nram no:

• Piv txwv li, muaj noob D, yog lub luag hauj lwm rau cov xim siv. Lub hom xeev, lub noob regulates cov tsos ntawm cov xim, thaum nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm retsissivnogo genotype ntawm no noob, txawm yog hais tias muaj lwm yam noob uas tswj ncaj qha mus rau cov xim yuav tshwm sim "dilution nyhuv ntawm cov xim" uas yog feem ntau pom nyob rau hauv nas lub ntais-dawb xim.
• Lwm cov piv txwv ntawm xws li ib tug tshuaj tiv thaiv yog cov tsos ntawm mottling nyob rau hauv lub cev ntawm cov tsiaj. Piv txwv li, yog ib tug F noob uas nws thawj muaj nuj nqi - uniformity ntawm dyeing wool. Nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm lub recessive genotype wool yog dyed unevenly, nrog rau cov tsos, piv txwv li, tej tee dawb dawb nyob rau hauv ib tug cheeb tsam ntawm lub cev.

Tej uas tsis yog-allelic sis ntawm noob nyob rau hauv tib neeg manifests nws tus kheej tsis tshua.

pleiotropy

Nyob rau hauv no hom ntawm kev sis raug zoo regulates kev qhia ntawm ib lub noob los yog muaj feem xyuam rau cov neeg kawm ntawv uas qhia txog lwm noob.

Tsiaj txhu pleiotropy manifested raws li nram no:

• Nas pleiotropic piv txwv yog dwarfism. Nws tau raug pom tias, thaum hla phenotypically qub nas nyob rau hauv thawj tiam tag nrho cov me nas twb undersized. Nws twb xaus lus tias tus dwarfing tshwm sim los ntawm ib tug recessive noob. Recessive homozygotes ceased kom loj hlob, muaj ib lub underdevelopment ntawm lub sab hauv nruab nrog cev thiab qog. Qhov no noob dwarfing ntxim rau cov pituitary caj pas txoj kev loj hlob nyob rau hauv nas, thiab qhov no coj mus rau ib tug txo nyob rau hauv lub synthesis ntawm cov tshuaj hormones thiab tshwm sim los tag nrho lub txim.
• Platinum xim ntawm cov hma liab. Pleiotropy nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, tuag noob twb pom tau tias cov tsim ntawm hom homozygote ntxias tuag ntawm embryos.
• Cov neeg pleiotropic kev sib tshuam muaj nyob rau hauv qhov piv txwv ntawm phenylketonuria, thiab Marfan syndrome.

Lub luag hauj lwm ntawm tus sis nonallelic

Nyob rau hauv evolutionary cov nqe lus ntawm tag nrho cov saum toj no hom ntawm uas tsis yog-allelic sis ntawm noob ua si ib qho tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm. Tshiab noob ob peb ua ke ua rau lub tsos ntawm yam ntxwv tshiab thiab cov khoom uas muaj sia nyob. Nyob rau hauv tej rooj plaub, cov nta ua rau kom cov ciaj sia taus ntawm cov kab mob, nyob rau hauv lwm tus neeg - nyob rau tsis tooj, ua rau tus tuag ntawm cov neeg uas yuav zoo heev sawv tawm ntawm nws hom.

Tsis-allelic sis ntawm noob kheev siv nyob rau hauv yug me nyuam rau noob caj noob ces. Ib txhia hom uas muaj sia nyob yog khaws cia los ntawm ib tug uas zoo sib xws noob recombination. Lwm yam hom tau thaj chaw uas yog heev muaj nuj nqis nyob rau hauv lub niaj hnub ntiaj teb no (piv txwv li, tshem tawm ntawm ib tug tshiab yug tsiaj txhu uas muaj ntau dua endurance thiab lub cev muaj zog tshaj nws cov niam txiv tib neeg).

Ua hauj lwm yog raws li nram no nyob rau kev siv ntawm cov qub txeeg qub teg nyob rau hauv tib neeg nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav tshem tawm qhov tsis zoo cwj pwm ntawm cov tib neeg genome thiab cov creation ntawm ib tug tshiab, kho raws-free genotype.