Chromosome. Tsis-homologous thiab homologous chromosomes.

Chromosomes - yog tus yam ntxwv thiab tej ntsiab ntawm tus tib neeg lub hlwb uas muaj noob. Lub tsev cell ntawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tau yuav pleev xim rau thaum lub sij hawm ntawm cell division. Chromosomes yog zoo li tus pas nuv ntses, strands, loops, thiab lwm yam .. By nws kav ntev npaum, cov ntsiab tov. Lawv muaj xws li ib tug centromere, ib tug luv luv thiab ntev txhais caj npab, theem nrab constriction, satellite, xov koob, chromonemata. Qhov chaw ntawm hais tias ib feem ntawm lub chromosome li cov centromere, muaj feem xyuam rau dab tsi yuav tsum hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov heev kev sib sau ntawm tus xovtooj ntawm kab. Nyob rau hauv cov kev tshwm sim hais tias qhov no yog ib feem yog nyob rau ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub yam ntxwv thiab tej lub caij, nws yog pas nrig-puab. Nrhiav xws li ib tug ib feem raws li lub centromere nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm cov nyhuv uas cov chromosome yuav siv sij hawm rau hauv daim ntawv sib npaug zos-studs. Yog hais tias cov feem yog nyob laterally los ntawm qhov chaw, lub yam ntxwv-haumxeeb caij yuav txawv pin lub xub pwg nyom.

Feem ntau, muaj 4 hom chromosome qauv. Tus thawj hom yog telotsentricheskie yam ntxwv thiab tej ntsiab. Ob - acrocentric (thib ob sab caj npab yog heev luv luv thiab yuav luag imperceptible). Qhov thib peb hom yog submetacentric chromosomes, tus duab uas tsa tsab ntawv "L". Thaum kawg, tus plaub hom - metacentric. Chromosomes ntawm no hom yog cov thiaj li hu ua lub xub pwg nyom, uas yog muaj sib npaug nyob rau hauv ntev. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd xws ntsiab napomminayut tsab ntawv thiab nyob rau tib lub sij hawm ib lub cim ntawm yeej "V".

Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias txhua tus ntawm nucleated Somatic cell tib neeg muaj nees nkaum peb officers ntawm chromosomes, uas yog linear. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, muaj ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov ntawv luam ntawm mitochondrial DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).

Nws yog ib nqi hais tias ib tug ob peb lo lus hais txog kev pw ua ke yam ntxwv thiab tej ntsiab ntawm tus tib neeg lub hlwb. Nws Y- thiab X-chromosome. Tus thawj muaj kwv yees li ntawm 58 lub hauv paus officers, 78 yog cov noob thiab yog li muaj ib tug high hloov tus nqi vim rau lub cheeb tsam nyob rau hauv uas nws yog nyob rau. Qhov no nrog txiv neej pw chromosome yog tau yuav kis tau tsuas yog los ntawm cov phev. Lawv, nyob rau hauv lem, yog raug mus rau ib tug loj loj tus naj npawb ntawm cell kev sib cais tshwm sim thaum lub sij hawm gametogenesis. Muab phev - nws vysokookislitelnaya testicular ib puag ncig, enabling li ntawm ib tug txheej txheem xws li mutating. Qhov thib ob chromosome muaj kwv yees li 150 lab officers ntawm nitrogenous bases. Nws twb yuav luag 1400 noob. Cov txiv muaj ib tug x- thiab ib tug Y-chromosome. Cov poj niam muaj ib tug txawv "set". Lawv muaj ob tug X-chromosomes. Ib tug ntawm lawv mus rau tus hluas nkauj los ntawm nws niam, thiab lwm yam yog pub los ntawm kuv txiv tus niam, uas yog, pog nyob rau hauv nws txiv lub sab.

Feem ntau muaj cov lus nug hais txog tej uas chromosomes yog hu ua homologous thiab uas tsis yog-homologous. Cov lus teb no yog raws li nram no. Yog li ntawd, muaj homologous chromosomes. Qhov no khub ntawm cov yam ntxwv thiab tej yam uas tseem nyob rau hauv ib tug diploid ntawm tes. Homologous chromosomes txawv nyob rau hauv tias lawv txhua tus mus los ntawm ib tug thiab los ntawm tus niam txiv. Tej yam zoo li muaj ib tug zoo li nucleotide ib theem zuj zus thoob plaws lub ntev. Qhov no txhais tau tias lub homologous chromosomes muaj tib lub noob, uas yog cov txheej txheem ntawm nyob rau hauv tib theem zuj zus. Nws yog ib nqi sau cia hais tias txoj kev tshawb no ntawm tej yam tsis yog tsuas yog nthuav, tab sis kuj pab tau heev nyob rau hauv lub neej, vim hais tias ntawm nws lub cev zoo dua paub ntau li ntau tau.

Nws yuav tsum tau ntxiv hais tias lub homologous chromosomes lossi muaj tib lub hom. Piv txwv li, lawv yuav ua tau tselotsentricheskimi, submetacentric, acrocentric, metacentric. Tsis-homologous chromosomes muaj noob uas yog txawv. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, cov structurally tsis conjugated haumxeeb ntsiab thaum lub sij hawm meiosis. Tsis-homologous chromosomes ntawm nws tus kheej ua combining nyob rau hauv lub cell. Qhov no yog qhov tseeb thaum lub sij hawm txoj kev tshawb no ntawm qub txeeg qub teg ntawm cov yam ntxwv. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov ntaub ntawv no twb tau los ntawm ncaj qha cytology txoj kev.

Cov ntaub ntawv uas teev tseg saum toj no yuav pab tau kom muaj ib tug to taub yooj yim ntawm cov chromosomes nyob rau hauv feem ntau.