Thoob plaws hauv keeb kwm, noob neej tau sim mus nkaum tej yam lus qhia los ntawm prying ob lub qhov muag. Nws yog yog li ntawd tsis tsimnyog tias tawm ntawm no lub siab xav, ib tug tag nrho science - cryptography. Yuav ua li cas yog nws? Qhov twg yog nws siv thiab rau dab tsi lub hom phiaj?
lus qhia dav dav
Nyuam qhuav pib txoj kev cryptography, raws li ib tug txoj cai, ua hauj lwm rau pej xeem kev txaus siab. Tab sis txij thaum lub Internet los ua thoob plaws, nws tau los ua cov cuab yeej ntawm ib tug ntau ntawm cov neeg. Cryptography yog tam sim no siv los ntawm hackers, fighters rau cov ntaub ntawv kev ncaj ncees thiab kev ywj pheej ntawm cov ntaub ntawv thiab cia li cov tibneeg uas xav mus encrypt lawv cov ntaub ntawv thiab tsis mus ci rau lawv nyob rau hauv net. Tab sis yog vim li cas tseem yuav cryptography? Yuav ua li cas nws yog li cas thiab nws yuav muab rau peb? Nws yog ib tug science uas yog koom nyob rau hauv muab kev sib txuas lus kev ceev ntiag tug.
Keeb kwm ntawm txoj kev loj hlob
Nws yog ntseeg hais tias cryptography cov me nyuam yaus muab tso Aeneas Tacticus. Attempts mus encrypt cov ntaub ntawv puas tau nyob rau hauv ancient Is Nrias teb, thiab Mesopotamia. Tab sis lawv twb tsis zoo heev. Tus thawj txhim khu kev qha system ntawm kev tiv thaiv yog tsim nyob rau hauv ancient Tuam Tshoj. Thoob plaws cryptography mas yuav kis tau nyob rau hauv Antiquity lub teb chaws. Ces nws siv rau cov tub rog lub hom phiaj. Cryptographic hom kev kawm pom lawv txoj kev nyob rau hauv cov Nrab Hnub nyoog, tab sis lawv twb tau saws lub tub txawj tub ntse thiab diplomats. Tus Golden muaj hnub nyoog ntawm no science yog hu ua tus Renaissance. Nyob rau tib lub binary encryption txoj kev tau npaj siab, zoo li uas siv niaj hnub no nyob rau hauv computer technology. Thaum lub sij hawm lub ntiaj teb ua ntej tsov rog, nws tau pom zoo raws li ib tug tag nrho-fledged sib ntaus sib tua lub cuab tam. Nws yog tsim nyog mus rau unravel tus yeeb ncuab posts - thiab yuav tau txais ib tug stunning tshwm sim. Raws li ib qho piv txwv, cov interception ntawm telegrams xa mus los ntawm lub German ambassador Arturom Tsimmermanom US txawj ntse cov koom haum. Qhov kawg ntawm qhov no yog tias lub tebchaws United States nkag mus rau hauv sib ntaus sib tua nyob rau sab ntawm lub Entente. Ntiaj teb ua tsov ua rog II yog ib hom ntawm pwm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub computer tes hauj lwm. Thiab ib tug txiav txim pab mus rau qhov no ua rau cryptography. Yuav ua li cas yog nws thiab dab tsi yog cov tswv yim kev tshwm sim ntawm nws daim ntawv thov? Ib txhia tsoom fwv yog li ntawd, ntshai ntawm tau hais tias ib tug moratorium nyob rau kev siv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv encryption.
Lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm lub xeev monopoly
Tab sis cov kev txwv yuam los ntawm lub tseem fwv tsis muaj ices, thiab nyob rau hauv 1967 luam tawm ib phau ntawv los ntawm David Kahn "code breaker". Nws tseem ua hauj lwm nrog cov keeb kwm ntawm txoj kev loj hlob, raws li zoo raws li lub tsim ntawm cryptography thiab cryptanalysis. Thaum nws twb luam tawm nyob rau hauv xovxwm, phau ntawv no, rau nws pib tshwm sim thiab lwm cov hauj lwm. Qhov teeb meem no tsim zoo li ib tug avalanche. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm muaj ib tug tsim ntawm tus niaj hnub mus kom ze rau qhov no science, thiab kom meej meej txhais lub yooj yim uas yuav tsum tau uas yuav tsum tau ntsib encrypted ntaub ntawv: kev ncaj ncees, tsis pub thiab neotslezhivaemost. Ces ob tug Cheebtsam tau muab cais tawm thiab yog lossi interacting qhov chaw: cryptanalysis thiab kriptosintez. Cov neeg thawj coj saib rau txoj kev mus rau bypass kev ruaj ntseg thiab tau nws tawg. Thaum cov neeg muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv kriptosintezom, lub aim yog los xyuas kom meej qhov kev tiv thaiv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv. Thiab yuav ua li cas yog tej yam uas nyob rau hauv niaj hnub lub sij hawm? Ntawm no, piv txwv li, lub FSB cryptography yuav hacked? Yuav ua li cas? Yuav ua li cas ceev?
tiam
Thaum lub Internet nyob, lub cryptography tau mus txog ib tug tshiab. Nws txoj kev yog tam sim no dav siv los ntawm cov tib neeg nyob rau hauv e-commerce muas nyob rau hauv lub cim, authentication thiab thiaj li nyob. Thiab yuav ua li cas peb yuav tsis hais Bitcoin - cryptocurrency, uas yog generated raws li ib tug kev xyuam xim algorithm, thiab uas tsis yog tswj los ntawm lub xeev. Qhov no txhais tau tias cov kev them nyiaj yog siv mus rau bypass cov kev txwv, los yog tsuas yog tsis pom li. Raws li ib qho piv txwv, koj yuav tau nyob twj ywm nyob rau hauv ntau yam nyob rau hauv lub tswv yim nrog Bitcoins. Qhov no system yog npaj los ntawm ib tug hluas programmer npe Wei Dai. Thiab nyob rau hauv 2009, nws tau ntse siv Satoshi Nakamoto. Rau muas tsis tau intermediaries nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib lub txhab nyiaj los yog lwm yam nyiaj txiag lub tsev kawm ntawv, yog li lawv yog heev yooj yim mus lw. Thiab vim hais tias tag nrho cov network decentralization thim los yog khov Bitcoins tsis yooj yim sua. Yog li ntawd, lawv yuav siv tau los them rau ib yam ntawm cov khoom - yog hais tias tus neeg muag khoom pom zoo mus txais lub txiaj. Tsim nyiaj tshiab yuav tsuas yuav cov neeg siv cov lawv tus kheej uas muab lub xam hwj chim ntawm lawv computers.
terminology
Yog li ntawd, muaj cryptography, nws yog dab tsi, peb twb paub, cia to taub tib yam nrog rau ib co ntawm cov nqe lus los mus ua kom nws yooj yim dua.
Ntawm loj tshaj kev txaus siab rau peb yog qhov yooj yim system ntawm hluav taws xob kev them nyiaj. Tsaug rau nws, tus buyer thiab muag lub tsev muaj kev sib txuas lus tsis muaj teeb meem. Txawm li cas los, nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias nyob rau hauv hais tias rooj plaub thim cov nyiaj mus rau ib tug bank account tau rau siv ib tug ntau lw.
Lawv - ib tug tswvyim uas txhais tau tias cov neeg koom nyob rau hauv cov kev sib pauv ua hauj lwm pub. Nws yuav ua tau tsis thiab cov chaw. Nyob rau hauv lub caij nyoog kawg no cov ntaub ntawv tseem muab rau kev koom tes los ntawm ib tug arbitrator. Nws muaj peev xwm, hais tias yam tej yam kev mob uas tau ntsib, qhia hais tias yuav cov neeg.
Ncaj ncees tog - qhov thiaj li hu ua txiv neej uas muaj tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv tsim nyog thiab tsis tshee li nram no rau hauv lub system raws tu qauv.
poob-nyob rau hauv center - ib tug referee uas muaj kev tso siab ntawm tag nrho cov neeg. Nws guarantees kev hwm rau cov neeg pom zoo raws tu qauv.
Tus yeeb ncuab - nws yog tus neeg ua txhaum uas xav mus ua txhaum lub puag ncig uas tsim los ntawm pub leej twg paub tsab ntawv ceeb toom. Yog lub neej ntawd, raws li ntaus nqi los ntawm tag nrho cov neeg nyob rau hauv lub system.
nyob twj ywm tsis qhia npe
Wb tshawb no lub npe nrog ib tug piv txwv yooj yim. Tsis pub twg paub zealots yuav pib nrog CGI neeg (web neeg). Lawv tsis xav tau rau nruab cais software thiab txhaws koj lub taub hau nyuab configuration ntawm cov kev kho vajtse tivthaiv. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no rau tus neeg siv pawg qhia cov ntaub ntawv uas nws xav mus rau ib lub website. Qhov no cov neeg siv yuav ua rau ib qho kev thov nyob rau hauv lawv lub cev, thiab ces forwards cov ntaub ntawv rau cov txiv neej. Tab sis muaj ib co kev cov nyom: Web tso cai muaj ib tug zoo kawg nkaus muaj peev xwm luam nws tus kheej tag nrho mus txog cov ntaub ntawv. Muaj ntau ntawm lub sij hawm no yam xyuam xim txaus siab rau.
Yog xav paub ntxiv txog tej cov neeg siv dua los siv cov nyiaj ntau heev. Raws li ib qho piv txwv yuav ua Tor. Qhov kev pab no siv ib tug multi-txheej routing system, uas muaj xws li ib tug saw ntawm npe servers. Khaws khiav ntawm cov ntaub ntawv yog ib qhov nyuaj vim hais tias ntawm lub branching txoj. Tsaug rau no Tor muab nws cov neeg siv nrog ib theem siab cov ntaub ntawv kev ruaj ntseg. Txawm hais tias muaj ib co peculiarities.
CYPHERPUNK
Qhov no lub sij hawm yog siv nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo rau cov neeg, heev zoo siab lub tswv yim ntawm lawv. Xws li tus neeg tsis txaus npe servers, thiab tus txheej txheem ntawm kev pab cuam ntawm cryptography lawv operating systems yog tsis txaus siab. Yog li ntawd, lawv sim ua kom cov lawv los ntawm kev siv ntawm qhib cryptographic systems. Rau feem ntau feem lawv yog activists CYPHERPUNK zog. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias cov uas yog feem ntau implicit nom tswv coloring. Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias activists yog adherents ntawm crypto-anarchism thiab ntau libertarian kev lub tswv yim.
tsim
Lej thiab cryptography yog zoo txog sciences, qhov thib ob li nram no los ntawm tus thawj. Kev loj hlob ntawm txoj kev rau encryption thiab decryption ntawm cov ntaub ntawv raws li ib tug ntau yam ntawm algebraic txoj kev. Tag nrho cov tsim nyog kev nqis tes ua yuav ua tau los ntawm ib tug neeg, tab sis rau cov uas duav txhua yam ntawm tag nrho cov xeev tsim cais cov koom haum.
Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv peb cov ntaub ntawv, peb yuav pabneeg li ib qho piv txwv ntawm lub koom haum ntawm cryptography ntawm Tsoom Fwv Teb Chaws Kev ruaj ntseg Service. encryption twg tsim los ntawm nws yog siv rau cov classifying rhiab cov ntaub ntawv, kev nkag mus rau uas yog yuav tsum tau ua rau tsheej lab ntawm xyoo. Tsis luag teeb meem - cryptography. Cov ntaub ntawv siv tshuab kuj muaj ntau yam nyob rau hauv ntau nrog no science. Tab sis nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no nws txhais tau tias cov encryption ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug txoj kev uas lawv twb tau mus nyeem ib tug computer architecture. Raws li koj tau pom, cov kev kawm nyob rau hauv lub neej niaj hnub yog zoo yam.
xaus
Cryptography tsis yog ib qho yooj yim tshaj plaws ua. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, koj muaj peev xwm nyob rau hauv koj leisure mus tsim lawv tus kheej encryption system, tab sis tsis yog lub fact tias nws yuav muaj ib tug ntau dua los yog tsawg zog kuj tawv cov tub txawg. Yog hais tias muaj yog ib tug muaj siab to taub cov qauv rau kev cryptography, koj yuav pib nrog cov zauv disciplines. Txawm tias koj yuav zoo heev piv koj ua hauj lwm thiab siv ib qho ntawm ntau qhib cov ntaub ntawv encryption systems. Tab sis nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no nws yog tsim nyog los tsa cov nqe lus nug ntawm cov hauj lwm zoo thiab theem ntawm kev tiv thaiv.