Rosalind Franklin: Biography, xyoo ntawm lub neej, pab mus rau science. Tsis nco qab lawm poj niam DNA

Rosalind Elsie Franklin - ci ntsa iab British chemist uas nws X-hluav taws xob diffraction kev tshawb fawb tau muab tseem ceeb mus kom ze rau cov qauv ntawm cov deoxyribonucleic acid thiab quantitatively paub tseeb hais tias cov qauv ntawm Watson - Crick. Nws kuj pom hais tias DNA molecules muaj nyob rau hauv ntau tshaj ib daim ntawv.

Rosalind Franklin: nyuag Phau ntawv sau, cov duab

Rosalind yug nyob rau hauv London on Lub Xya hli ntuj 25, 1920, tus thib ob ntawm tsib cov me nyuam ntawm lub zoo-paub Anglo-Jewish tsev neeg. Nws txiv, Ellis Franklin yog ib tug khub nyob rau hauv lub "Keizer" bank, ib tug ntawm cov loj tshaj plaws tsev neeg-muaj tuam txhab uas muag (rau lwm twb publishing "Routledge thiab Kegan Paul"). Nws thiab nws tus poj niam Muriel tau kev koom tes nyob rau hauv kev siab hlub thiab lwm cov pej xeem affairs. Rosalind Franklin (yees duab nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm muab hauv qab no) kawm ntawm St Paul lub ntxhais kawm ntawv, uas npaj cov menyuam kawm ntawv tiav rau yav tom ntej hauj lwm, thiab tsis yog rau kev sib yuav. Nws nkag ntawm kev ua lej thiab science, thiab lwm hom lus (nyob rau hauv lub ntev mus dhia nws superbly nyob los ntawm qhov Fabkis, Italian thiab German). Tsis zoo li ntau polyglots, nws twb deprived ntawm ib tug pob ntseg rau lub suab paj nruag. Gustav Holst, suab paj nruag tus thawj coj ntawm St. Paul lub tsev kawm ntawv., Thaum pom tias Rosalind hu nkauj tau zoo yuav luag ntog mus rau hauv lub suab nrov. Franklin tsev neeg feem ntau so nyob rau hauv hiking ua si, thiab tourism yog ib tug ntawm nws lub neej passions, nrog rau txawv teb chaws mus ncig teb chaws.

Txoj kev tshawb no nyob rau hauv Cambridge

Raws li nws niam, tag nrho kuv lub neej Rosalind paub raws nraim qhov twg nws twb mus, thiab nyob kaum nws tau xaiv science raws li nws cov kev kawm. Tsis txhob xav kom lwm xyoo los npaj rau cov kawm ntawv qib nyob rau hauv 1938, nws tshuav lub tsev kawm ntawv mus rau Newnham, ib tug ntawm ob tug poj niam lub tsev kawm qib siab ntawm Cambridge University. Nws txiv tsis ua li, raws li ib txhia qhov chaw hais tias lawv tawmtsam nws nyob rau hauv hais tias, txawm hais tias nws yuav muaj nws tuaj tos ib tug ntau tsoos kawg. Thaum Cambridge, Franklin tshwj xeeb nyob rau hauv lub cev Science News for KIDS. Nws tus tub kawm ntawv lub xyoo, tej tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ob ntiaj teb ua tsov ua rog. Muaj ntau cov xib fwb ces twb muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv cov tub rog kev tshawb fawb. Ib txhia neeg txawv teb chaws (xws li, biochemist Maks Peruts) tau tuav neeg txawv teb chaws. Nyob rau hauv ib tsab ntawv, Franklin sau tseg hais tias "yuav luag tag nrho cov Cavendish tau zoo; biochemistry yuav luag nyeem los ntawm cov Germans thiab yuav tsis ciaj sia. "

pem hauv ntej

Nyob rau hauv 1941, Rosalind Franklin tau txais ib bachelor degree, ib tug scholarship rau ib xyoos ntawm qhov nyiaj pab thiab cov Department of Scientific thiab muaj kev tshawb fawb. Nws siv lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv lub laboratory Norrish, ib tug naas ej pioneer ntawm photochemistry. Nyob rau hauv 1942, thaum ua tsov ua rog tseem yuav mus nyob rau, Franklin yuav tsum tau txiav txim siab seb nws yuav tsum tau cov tsoos tub rog ua hauj lwm los yog kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv lub teb yam rau cov kev xav tau ntawm tsov rog nrog rau lub zeem muag ntawm ib tug doctorate. Nws xaiv rau tom kawg, thiab lub caij ntuj sov pib muab kev koom tes nrog rau cov tshiab khiv tsim British thee kev tshawb fawb lub koom haum (BCURA).

Rosalind Franklin: A Biography ntawm tus paub txog

Nyob rau tom ntej no plaub lub xyoos, Franklin ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv tshe lub microstructure ntawm sib txawv carbons thiab hydrocarbons, mus piav qhia txog yog vim li cas ib txhia ntawm lawv muaj ntau permeable dej, gases thiab kuab tshuaj, raws li zoo raws li yuav ua li cas nws muaj feem xyuam rau cov cua kub thiab carbonization. Nyob rau hauv lawv txoj kev tshawb no, nws pom tias cov thee pores ntawm lub molecular theem muaj nyias constrictions uas ua rau kom nrog cov cua kub thiab tej zaum yuav txawv nyob ntawm seb cov pa roj carbon cov ntsiab lus. Lawv ua raws li "molecular sieves", successively thaiv cov hlab lub allergic ntawm tshuaj, nyob ntawm seb lub molecular loj. Rosalind Franklin yog thawj paub thiab ntsuas lub microstructure ntawm no. Nws yuav tsum muaj chaw ua hauj lwm tso cai cais thiab coals uas muaj cov neeg mus twv seb lawv cov kev kawm. Tswv yim Franklin BCURA muab nws doctoral thesis. Nws tau txais nws doctoral degree ntawm Cambridge nyob rau hauv 1945, thiab sau tsib scientific ntaub ntawv.

Tsiv mus rau Fabkis

Tom qab tsov rog, Rosalind Franklin pib tshawb nrhiav rau lwm txoj hauj lwm. Nws tau txais ib tug ncej nyob rau hauv lub Paris kuaj Jacques Mering. Nws muaj nws kawm rau kev tsom xam cov thee siv X-ray tsom xam, thiab kuj zoo muaj cuab kav nrog cov txheej txheem. Nws ua hauj lwm nrog cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws piav qhia ntawm cov qauv tsis graphitized thiab graphitized carbons pab tsim lub hauv paus rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov pa roj carbon fiber ntau thiab tshiab thaum tshav kub kub-resistant cov ntaub ntawv thiab coj nws thoob ntiaj teb koob meej nrog thee chemists. Nws muaj lub Library uas collegiate kev kab lis kev cai ntawm lub Central Kuaj thiab pom ib tug ntau ntawm cov phooj ywg muaj.

Rov qab mus rau hais

Txawm hais tias nws yog zoo siab heev nyob rau hauv Fabkis, nyob rau hauv 1949, Rosalind Franklin pib mus nrhiav ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv tsev. Nws tus phooj ywg Charlz Kolson, ib tug theoretical chemist, hais kom nws sim "X-hluav taws xob diffraction txoj kev tshawb nrhiav" loj lom molecules. Nyob rau hauv 1950 nws tau muab tsub ib tug peb-xyoo scholarship Turner thiab Newell mus ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub Department of Biophysics, Dzhona Rendalla ntawm King kawm ntawv qib siab London. Randall npaj hais tias Franklin yuav crystallography Pem hauv ntej yuav tsom xam proteins. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau suggestion ntawm lub Assistant Chief ntawm txoj kev kuaj ntawm Maurice Wilkins, Randall hais kom nws ua DNA kev tshawb fawb. Wilkins tau cia li pib mus ua hauj lwm nrog cov X-hluav taws xob diffraction ntawm ib co unusually zoo kuaj ntawm molecules ntawm lub caj code. Nws yuav tsum hais tias lawv yuav koom tes nrog Franklin, tab sis qhov no nws tsis tau hais tias.

DNA duab

Deoxyribonucleic acid kev tshawb fawb muab kev koom tes xwb nws thiab kawm tiav me nyuam kawm ntawv Raymond Gosling. Nws sib raug zoo nrog Wilkins raug kev txom nyem los ntawm ib tug tsis muaj kev nkag siab (thiab tej zaum ntawm siab Franklin collegiate lub tsev kawm ntawv kab lis kev cai). Ua hauj lwm nrog Gosling, Rosalind yog ua ntau cov DNA X-ray duab, thiab sai sai nrhiav tau hais tias lub ntub thiab qhuav ntaub ntawv uas muab rau ib tug txawv kiag li cov duab. Lub ntub daim ntawv pom ib tug kauv qauv, nrog rau cov txheej sab ntawm uas yog phosphates ribose chains. Nws xyuam xim tsom xam ntawm lub diffraction nyob rau hauv qhuav lub xeev, txawm li cas los, yeej tsis qhia xws li ib tug qauv, thiab nws tau siv ntau tshaj ib xyoo nyob rau hauv ib qho kev sim daws sib txawv. By pib ntawm 1953 nws tuaj rau lub xaus hais tias ob daim ntawv muaj ob tug qwj.

hnov qab laureates

Meanwhile, thaum lub Cavendish Kuaj nyob rau hauv Cambridge, Frensis Krik thiab Dzheyms Uotson ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub theoretical qauv ntawm DNA. Tsis ua nyob rau hauv nyob sib ze nrog Franklin, nyob rau hauv Lub ib hlis ntuj 1953, lawv tau kawm yam tseem ceeb uas hais txog cov qauv ntawm cov deoxyribonucleic acid rau ntawm ib lub X-rays, uas tsom lawv Wilkins, raws li zoo raws li ib tug cov ntsiab lus ntawm nws unpublished cov ntaub ntawv xa mus rau lub Medical Research Council. Watson thiab Crick tsis tau qhia rau nws hais tias nws pom nws cov ntaub ntawv thiab muaj leej twg paub nws kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lawv cov chaw ua hauj lwm nrog cov ntawv ntawm nws nto moo lus nyob rau hauv lub Plaub Hlis. Tom qab ntawd Creek txais hais tias nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav ntawm 1953, Franklin yog ib tug lub pob zeb tus muab los ntawm lub ras txog ntawm qhov tseeb qauv ntawm DNA.

Txoj kev tshawb no ntawm cov kab mob

By lub sij hawm Franklin tau pom zoo mus rau cov hloov nws scholarship Kuaj ntawm Crystallography Bernal lub Birkbeck College, qhov chaw uas nws muab nws cov xim rau cov qauv ntawm tsob nroj kab mob (piv txwv li, haus luam yeeb mosaic). Rosalind ua rau lawv muaj tseeb X-ray dluab, ua hauj lwm nrog ib pab pawg neeg ntawm kws tshawb fawb, uas muaj yav tom ntej Nobel laureate Aaron Klug. Nws diffraction tsom tsom, inter alia, hais tias cov kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic khoom (RNA) tus kab mob no tau tso rau hauv nws cov sab hauv kev tiv thaiv proteinaceous plhaub. Qhov no muaj kev koom tes nrog rau ntau cov kev soj ntsuam, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv lub US. Franklin ua ob tug ntev mus ncig ua si nyob rau hauv 1954 thiab 1956 thiab tau tsim muaj ib tug network ntawm hu thoob plaws lub teb chaws, xws li Robley Williams, Barri Kommonerom thiab Uendellom Stenli. Nws kev nyob rau hauv daim teb no tau raug lees paub tias los ntawm lub noob nom noob tswv lub koom haum nyob rau hauv 1956, thaum nws cov thawj coj hais kom nws tsim ib tug qauv ntawm pas nrig-zoo li tus thiab kheej kheej kab mob rau lub ntiaj teb Science Exhibition 1958 nyob rau hauv Brussels.

Mob, kev tuag thiab legacy

Nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm 1956, Franklin twb mob - ntawm zes qe menyuam cancer. Nyob rau tom ntej no 18 lub hlis, nws underwent phais thiab twb raug mus rau lwm cov kev kho mob. Nws muaj ib tug ob peb lub sij hawm ntawm txoj kev zam txim, thaum lub sij hawm uas nws tseem mus ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv nws kuaj, thiab nrhiav nyiaj txiag rau nws kev tshawb fawb pab pawg neeg. Rosalind Franklin, DNA tsis nco qab lawm poj niam, tuag nyob rau hauv London on Plaub Hlis Ntuj Tim 16, 1958.

Thoob plaws hauv nws 16-xyoo hauj lwm nws tau luam tawm 19 scientific ntaub ntawv rau thee thiab carbon-5 nyob rau DNA thiab 21 tus kab mob no. Nyob rau hauv xyoo tsis ntev los, nws tau txais ntau ntawv caw mus hais lus nyob lub rooj sib tham nyob ib ncig ntawm lub ntiaj teb no. Nws yog yuav hais tias cov ua hauj lwm rau cov kab mob yuav thaum kawg coj zoo-deserved nqi zog thiab kev paub txog Rosalind Franklin, kev mob thiab kev tuag uas tiv thaiv tau nws.

Lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub foundations ntawm cov DNA qauv

Franklin lub scientific merits nyob rau hauv thee Science News for KIDS thiab cov qauv ntawm cov kab mob nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no twb tseem ceeb. Nws contemporaries pom tau hais tias qhov no nyob rau hauv nws lub neej thiab tom qab nws tuag. Tab sis qhov tseem pej xeem xim los nws lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub foundations ntawm cov DNA qauv. Crick, Watson thiab Wilkins muab qhia lub Nobel nqi zog nyob rau hauv 1962 rau Physiology los yog tshuaj rau nws ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov qauv ntawm cov deoxyribonucleic acid. Ces tsis muaj leej twg xav li cas txog Rosalind.

Nws ua hauj lwm rau DNA, tej zaum yog li yuav tau ncaim tsis paub tias Watson yog tsis thuam nws nyob rau hauv nws memoirs nyob rau hauv 1968, luam tawm nyob rau hauv lub title "Lub Ob chav Helix". Muaj nws qhia "kev lom zem tseeb" txog Rosalind Franklin, qhia nyob rau hauv lub npe Rose. Nws tau piav nws raws li ntxhib, khav poj niam - "bluestocking", uas jealously guarded lawv cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm lug txhawb cov miv, txawm yog hais tias nws yuav txhais tsis tau lus rau lawv. Nws phau ntawv yog heev nrov, txawm hais tias muaj ntau yam xwm nyob rau hauv nws, xws li Crick, Wilkins thiab Laynus Poling, protested qhov no txhais, raws li feem ntau reviewers.

Nyob rau hauv 1975, ib tug phooj ywg ntawm Rosalind Enn Seyr luam tawm ib tug biography uas muaj npau taws denials Watson cov lus, thiab lub luag hauj lwm ntawm Franklin nyob rau hauv lub foundations ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov DNA tau ua ntau lub npe hu. Heev heev cov khoom thiab cov documentaries tau sim los mus txiav txim raws li ntawm nws kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub "haiv neeg rau lub ob helix", feem ntau portraying nws raws li ib tug feminist martyr, deprived ntawm ib tug Nobel nqi zog-misogynous lug txhawb cov miv thiab nws tuag thaum ntxov. Txawm li cas los, nws ob biographer Brenda Maddox sau tseg hais tias nws kuj yog ib tug caricature, uas yog tsis ncaj ncees mus nkaum nws tus kheej Rosalind Franklin, tus pab rau qhov kev kawm ntawm mas chemist thiab nws ci ntsa iab scientific hauj lwm.