Laynus Poling: biography, pab mus rau science. Multivitamins Linus Pauling thiab kev xyuas txog lawv

Ib qho ntawm feem nto moo American chemist Laynus Poling yog. Biography ntawm nws tus paj laum xwb tsis yog neeg nyob hauv lub tebchaws United States, tab sis cov neeg thoob plaws lub ntiaj teb no. Nws yog tsis xav tsis thoob, vim hais tias nws researched vitamins - thiaj li nrov hnub no noj tshuaj pab. Thiab kuv yuav tsum hais tias, Laynus Karl Poling tuaj rau kev nthuav cov tau. Qhov no yog qhov tus paub txog, uas tau los ua tus khiav ntawm ob Nobel Prizes, peb mam li tham hnub no.

Keeb kwm thiab thaum yau Linus Pauling

Laynus Poling, ib tug yees duab thiab biography yog nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm, tau yug los nyob rau hauv Portland, Lub ob hlis ntuj 28, 1901 tus me nyuam tub txiv yog ib tug kws muab tshuaj (pictured hauv qab no), thiab nws niam - ib tug niam tsev. Thaum Linus yog 9 xyoo, nws txiv tau tuag lawm. Vim li no, lub tsev neeg muaj tsis yooj yim nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv uas cov ntsiab lus uas.

Laynus Ros rho thiab txawj xav tus me nyuam. Nws yuav saib qhov ntev kab, tab sis tshwj xeeb tshaj yog attracted Pauling minerals. Nws fascinated thiab attracted lub ntiaj teb no ntawm gemstones. Qhov no mob siab rau tus siv lead ua tshwm nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm thiab nyob rau hauv neeg laus lub neej: Zaum tau kawm ob peb yam minerals tawm, raws li nyob rau hauv cov kev tshawb xav hais tias nws tsim.

Thaum muaj hnub nyoog ntawm 13 xyoo Pauling thawj xyuas nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj laboratory. Ua li cas nws pom muaj ua ib tug loj lub tswv yim rau nws. Linus txiav txim siab los ua thwmsim tam sim ntawd. Nws borrowed ib tug "tshuaj" tais diav nyob rau hauv lub chav ua noj nrog nws niam, thiab nws tus kheej cov chav tsev tau ua ib qho chaw rau kev tshawb fawb.

College

Pauling tsis tau kawm tiav los ntawm tsev kawm ntawv uas ho tsis tiv thaiv nws mus rau lub Oregon Agricultural College, tom qab hloov mus rau hauv lub University of Oregon. Thaum lub sij hawm kawm Linus tiag xav nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj technology. Nyob rau hauv rau yav tsaus ntuj thiab hmo nws yuav tsum tau khwv tau ib tug livelihood. Pauling ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ib tug noj mov tshuab ntxuav tais diav, raws li zoo raws li sorting ntawv nyob rau hauv printing.

Linus mus brilliantly. Prodigy pom cov xib fwb thiab ib tug junior muab nws los ua ib tug pab cuam. Txij li thaum Pauling pib ua hauj lwm hauv lub Department ntawm ntau Analysis. Ib xyoo tom qab, nws los ua ib tug pab cuam nyob rau hauv mechanics, Science News for KIDS thiab cov ntaub ntawv.

Doctoral thesis, thaum ntxov hauj lwm tus paub txog

Laynus Poling nyob rau hauv 1922 los ua tus Bachelor of Science (Tshuaj Engineering). Mus ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv nws doctoral thesis, nws tau caw mus rau lub California lub koom haum of Technology, nyob rau hauv Pasadena. Nws brilliantly defended nws ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv 1925.

Hluas paub txog pib ua ib txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub koom haum ntawm Technology. Nws los ua ib tug pab cuam xib fwb twb nyob rau hauv 1927, associate xib fwb - nyob rau hauv 1929. Nyob rau hauv 1931, Pauling yog ib tug twb tau xib fwb ntawm Science News for KIDS.

Txoj kev tshawb no ntawm X-ray crystallography

Thaum lub sij hawm lub sij hawm no nws tau ib qho tseem ceeb kev txawj ntse nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm X-ray crystallography. Linus yooj yim mus nyeem X-rays, yog hais tias nws yuav soj ntsuam cov atomic qauv ntawm qhov teeb meem nrog rau kuv tus kheej ob lub qhov muag. Txoj kev paub no los ze zog mus rau lub kev kawm ntawv qhov kev tshuaj daim ntawv cog lus - lub ntsiab teb ntawm txoj kev tshawb rau ib tug lub neej. Nws tau mus rau cov teb chaws Europe, qhov twg nws tau mus xyuas ib tug zoo-paub zaum nyob rau hauv Munich - Sommerfeld, nyob rau hauv Zurich - E. Schrödinger nyob rau hauv Copenhagen - Niels Bohr.

Ziag hybridization (resonance)

Nyob rau hauv 1928, Linus tshaj tawm nws lub hom phiaj ntawm hybridization (txawv - resonance kev tshawb xav). Nws yog ib tug tiag tiag txhob nyob rau hauv cov yam ntxwv Science News for KIDS. Thaum lub sij hawm no, tseem nyob unsolved qhov teeb meem ntawm rog xav txog ntawm cov qauv thiab cov thaj chaw ntawm lub tebchaw nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj mis. Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias zaum tau pom zoo rau siv ib tug khiav ceev yuav qhia tau ib tug valence daim ntawv cog lus, muaj ib tug ntau ntawm uncertainties. Qhov tseeb hais tias nyob rau hauv kev muaj tiag nws yog ntau nyuab schemes twv rau ntawm daim ntawv.

Tsis ntev peb yuav tsum tau ntxiv designations. Nyob rau hauv kev, yog hais tias tus kev twb kev txuas yog ncov qaumteb qabteb, nws yog ntxiv ib xib xub; yog hais tias nws yog ionic - nyob atoms ntxiv rau pluses thiab minuses. Txawm li cas los, qhov no yog tsis ntau pab. Nws muab tawm hais tias ib tug txaus duab zog thiab cov qauv ntawm ib tug plurality ntawm molecules, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog txoj, yuav tsum muaj resorted mus rau ob peb yam ntxwv qauv. Nyob rau hauv kev nws yog tsim nyog rau tsib benzene. Txij li thaum txhua yog suav tias yog nyias, tsis yog ib tug ntawm lawv yuav tsis meej piav qhia txog cov khoom thiab cov qauv ntawm cov uas muaj ntxhiab compound.

Pauling npaj lub tswv yim yog hais tias cov molecule yog lub txiaj ntsim ntawm resonance, piv txwv li cov overlapping ntawm ob peb lug. Thaum txhua tus ntawm cov lug tshwj xeeb qhia txog ntau yam tshuaj zog thiab molecular qauv.

Nyob rau hauv 1939 nws nyob rau hauv lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm Linus "Qhov xwm ntawm cov tshuaj daim ntawv cog lus." Zaum siv lub quantum kev tshawb xav los daws kom tau ntau yam teeb meem txojkev science. Qhov no tso cai rau nws los mus piav qhia ib tug ntau ntawm disparate cov lus tseeb ntawm ib tug unified theoretical txaus.

tshiab discoveries

Laynus Poling nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm cov xyoo 1930 mus kawm cov qauv ntawm cov molecules rau lub hauv paus ntawm resonance kev tshawb xav. Nws Xam tias yog raws li cov tshuaj, nyob rau hauv particular lawv muaj peev xwm muab kev tiv thaiv. Zaum tau ua ib tug xov tooj ntawm discoveries nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm virology, Immunology, thiab biochemistry. Piv txwv li, nws kawm cov qe ntshav liab qauv. Laynus Poling nyob rau hauv 1951 nws luam tawm thawj hauj lwm ntawm ib tug peb-dimensional molecular qauv ntawm cov nqaijrog (co-authored by R. Korn). Nws twb tau los ntawm X-ray crystallography cov ntaub ntawv.

Cwj pwm mus rau lub hom phiaj ntawm Pauling nyob rau hauv lub USSR

Pauling lub kev tshawb xav tau tshwm sim los ib tug cua daj cua dub nyob rau hauv lub USSR. Nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws, tom qab lub yeej ntawm linguists, computer zaum thiab geneticists teem txog quantum mechanics, thiab ces los ua lub hom phiaj ntawm lub NKVD thiab Science News for KIDS. Lub hom phiaj ntawm resonance Pauling, raws li zoo raws li cov kev tshawb xav mesomerism K. Ingold, txog rau nws, twb lub ntsiab lub hom phaj ntawm tawm tsam. Lub Soviet Union hais tias Pauling sawv cev ntawm ib tug tiag tiag molecule li ib tug nruab nrab ntawm ob tug los yog ntau heev paub daws teeb lug - idealistic thiab bourgeois. Lub rau hli ntuj 11, 1951 twb muaj All-Union lub rooj sab laj uas cov teeb meem ntawm cov tshuaj qauv raug xam tias yog. Thaum no tshwm sim, lub resonance kev tshawb xav tau swb lawm.

Nobel Prizes thiab lwm yam ua tau Pauling

Txawm li cas los, after Linus menyuam raug soj ntsuam txawv teb chaws. Pauling nyob rau hauv 1954 tau muab cov Nobel nqi zog rau nws txoj kev kawm ntawm qhov xwm ntawm cov tshuaj daim ntawv cog lus, raws li tau zoo raws li nws daim ntawv thov mus kawm cov lug ntawm lub tebchaw. Thiab nyob rau hauv 1962 tus paub txog tau txais tus nqi zog rau lub thib ob lub sij hawm - raws li ib tug dav hlau tua rog kev kaj siab lug.

Pauling yog tus sau ntawm hais txog 250 scientific ntaub ntawv thiab heev heev cov phau ntawv, xws li cov cim nyob rau hauv nws qhov tob thiab simplicity phau ntawv rau niaj hnub Science News for KIDS. Nyob rau hauv 1948, rau tau nyob rau hauv science, nws pib mus ua lub American Tshuaj Society, thiab tau raug xaiv los mus rau lub teb chaws Academy ntawm Sciences ntawm lub tebchaws United States thiab ntau lwm yam kev societies ntawm txawv teb chaws.

Peacemaking

Heev paub txog cov kev hem thawj nyiag ua los ntawm nuclear riam phom rau tib neeg, Linus pib los mus sib ntaus sib tua tiv thaiv cov creation ntawm tshiab nuclear riam phom. Qhov no paub txog yog cov initiators ntawm lub Pugwash zog. Pauling nyob rau hauv 1957 dhau ib tug tsis txaus siab rau UN Secretary General, kos npe los ntawm 11.021 zaum sawv cev rau 49 lub teb chaws. Nyob rau hauv phau ntawv 1958 "Tsis txhob mus ua tsov ua rog!" Laynus Poling qhia nws pacifistic views.

Nyob rau hauv Lub rau hli ntuj 1961 tus paub txog thiab nws tus poj niam hu ua ib tug lub rooj sib tham nyob rau hauv Norway (Oslo), cov ntsiab lus ntawm uas - combating loj hlob ntawm nuclear riam phom. Txawm tias kev kho mob Linus rau Nikita Khrushchev, nyob rau hauv lub Cuaj Hli Ntuj ntawm lub tib lub xyoo lub Soviet Union resumed soj ntsuam. Thiab nyob rau hauv lub peb hlis ntuj ntawm lub xyoo tom ntej, thiab thiaj li tau ua hauv lub tebchaws United States. Ces tus paub txog pib mus nqa tawm tawg xyuas ntawm radioactivity. Pauling tau faib cov ntaub ntawv uas cov qib muaj ntau zog los ntawm ib nrab piv nrog rau yav dhau los 16 xyoo nyob rau hauv Lub kaum hli ntuj 1962. Tsis tas li ntawd, Pauling yog ib tug kev kee treaty rau kev txwv tsis pub ntawm no hom ntawm kev soj ntsuam. Nyob rau hauv Lub Xya hli ntuj 1963, lub Soviet Union, lub US thiab UK tau kos npe rau nws.

Tus kws tshawb fawb tau ceased mus ua hauj lwm nyob rau California lub koom haum ntawm Technology nyob rau hauv 1963 thiab pib khiav hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov pej xeem cov kev tshawb fawb hauv tsev, nyob rau hauv Santa Barbara. Ntawm no nws pib mus rau nrog cov teeb meem ntawm kev tsov kev rog thiab kev thaj yeeb. Linus tau nqa tawm ib tug series ntawm thwmsim rau cov kev hem thawj ntawm tej kab mob sib kis. Tshawb fawb pom tias tej ntsiab ua rau leukemia, cov pob txha cancer, cov thyroid cancer thiab ib co lwm yam kab mob. Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias Linus Attendance koom denounced lub caj npab haiv neeg rau lub Soviet Union thiab lub US tsoom fwv, ib txhia conservative politicians mas nws muab siab npuab rau lub tebchaws United States.

Nyob rau hauv 1969, tus paub txog nres ua hauj lwm nyob rau University of California, nyob qhov twg nqa tawm nws kev tshawb fawb rau cov ob xyoos. Nws puas tau nws mus protest tiv thaiv kev Reagan, Governor of California, cov kev kawm txoj cai. Linus pib ua hauj lwm ntawm Stanford University xib fwb.

Tej lub neej Pauling

Nyob rau xyoo 1922, ib tus paub txog sib yuav mus rau ib tug menyuam kawm ntawv nyob Oregon Agricultural College - Ava Helen Miller (yees duab nws yog qhia hauv qab no). Lawv muaj ib tug ntxhais thiab peb tug tub. Nyob rau hauv 1981, Ava Helen tuag. Tom qab nws tuag Pauling nyob rau hauv California nyob rau hauv lub loj Sur qhov twg lawv lub teb chaws tsev yog.

Orthomolecular tshuaj Pauling

Pauling yog ib tug supporter thiab pab txhawb ntawm lub thiaj li hu ua orthomolecular tshuaj. Nws essence lies nyob rau hauv lub fact tias cov kev kho mob yog nqa tawm siv tshuaj uas yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev. Zaum ntseeg tau hais tias nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav yeej tshaj ib tug los yog lwm cov kab mob tsuas yuav tau hloov nws concentration kom raug. Nws Scientific thiab kev kho mob lub koom haum twb nrhiav tau nyob rau hauv 1973 mus tshawb txoj kev los kho thiab tiv thaiv kab mob los ntawm siv cov yuav tsum tau koob tshuaj minerals thiab vitamins. Pauling ntseeg tias yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau haus kom ntau vitamin C. Nyob rau hauv 1979 ib phau ntawv nyob ntawd tus paub txog hu ua "Cancer thiab Vitamin C". Nws twb narrated uas ascorbic acid pab tiv nrog no txaus ntshai tus kab mob. Laynus Poling "Vitamin C thiab los ntswg qhov ntswg" tsim nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo. Ob leeg ntawm cov phau ntawv tau ntsib nrog mixed txoj kev xav nyob rau ib feem ntawm cov kws kho mob, tab sis tau ua heev nrov.

Kev tshawb nrhiav ntawm ascorbic acid

Vitamins Dr. Linus Pauling twb xav nyob rau hauv cov neeg laus. Txoj kev tshawb no ntawm ascorbic acid thiab tau soj ntsuam kev siv ntawm ib tus paub txog mob siab kawg 30 xyoo ntawm nws lub neej, thiab tuaj mus rau lub xaus hais tias kev siv ntawm nws nyob rau hauv loj qhov ntau muaj ib tug zoo ntxim rau cov tib neeg lub cev.

Tam sim ntawd nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg hais tias tsis muaj ntawm cov vitamins yuav cawm tsis tau koj yog hais tias koj ua ib tug zoo txoj kev ua neej. Lawv yuav tsum tau muab piv nrog lub rooj zaum koj cov menyuam. Thaum ib tug neeg yog hnav, nws cia li txwv tsis pub nws nyob rau hauv ib tug thaum muaj xwm ceev, tiam sis tsis tau lees tias ib tug muaj kev ruaj ntseg caij. Vitamins kuj tsuas muab peb ntxiv kev tiv thaiv. Pom ntawm lawv ua - kom nquag plias thiab ntev lub neej ntawm tus paub txog raws li Laynus Poling. Vitamin C, nws coj nyob rau hauv tus nqi ntawm cov 18 grams tauj ib hnub, thiab vitamin E (tocopherol) - 800 IU, pib los ntawm lub xya xyoo caum. Linus tau ua neej nyob mus txog 93 xyoo! Nyob rau hauv 1994, Laynus Poling tuag. Luv luv biography ntawm nws qhia hais tias nws twb tsis txom nyem los ntawm ib tug kab mob loj.

Los ntawm txoj kev, txawm iab tw ntawm cov zaum pom zoo hais tias ascorbic acid yog tus pab kho mob. Tsiv sib cav tswv yim lawm xwb nws kom muaj nuj nqis raws li nram no rau ntau xyoo, uas yuav tsum tau npaum li cas.

Yuav ua li cas cov txheeb cais?

Academy ntawm Sciences xav kom ib tug neeg laus txiv neej txhua txhua hnub kom tsawg ntawm 60 mg ntawm vitamin C. Cov Lavxias teb sab qauv sib txawv nyob ntawm seb muaj hnub nyoog, pw ua ke thiab txoj hauj lwm ntawm tus neeg. Rau cov txiv neej nws yog 60-110 mg rau cov poj niam - 55-80. Thaum cov loj qhov ntau thiab yog tej nuj nqis ntawm hypovitaminosis (los ntshav cov pos hniav, qaug zog) los yog scurvy. Cov neeg uas haus cov dej ntau tshaj li 50 mg ntawm ascorbic acid ib hnub twg, raws li statistics, muaj cov cim qhia ntawm cov laus uas muaj hnub nyoog ntawm 10 xyoo tom qab tshaj tus so.

Vitamins Linus Pauling

Tswv yim rau lawv siv los ntawm tag nrho cov thoob lub ntiaj teb. Vitamins ntxiv dag zog lub cev, muab ib tug zoo zoo li, ib tug saib xyuas ntawm vivacity thiab lub zog, raws li cov neeg hais. Lawv yog ua nce nrov raws li ib tug noj haus ntxiv. Peb yuav tau tham txog xws li ib tug complex ua niaj hnub no, raws li cov "Super Multi-Vitamins" Dr. Linus Pauling. Nws muaj ntau tshaj li 40 vitamins, herbal Cheebtsam, minerals, muaj koob muaj npe jelly. Cov yav tas muaj cov immunostimulating thiab anti-inflammatory zog, thiab kuj yuav tsub lub cev thiab kev puas hlwb kev ua tau zoo. Multivitamins Linus Pauling pom zoo raws li ib tug fortifying tus neeg saib xyuas. Qhov no ua yog ib tug ntxiv qhov uas cov zaub mov thiab vitamins.