Qauv thiab muaj nuj nqi ntawm lub pituitary

Lub pituitary caj pas, qauv thiab kev khiav dej num ntawm cov uas yuav tsum tau tham tom qab, yog ib qho khoom hauv nrog cev ntawm lub endocrine system. Nws feem 3 ua ke. Cia peb xav txog dab tsi yog qhov kev khiav dej num ntawm lub pituitary caj pas ntawm lub paj hlwb. Thaum lub kawg ntawm tsab xov xwm, ib tug ntxiv khoom. Nyob rau hauv kev, ib lub rooj. pituitary muaj nuj nqi piav nyob rau hauv nws luv luv.

kev

Raws li cov pituitary caj pas yog powered? Muaj nuj nqi, kev kho mob ntawm kev mob, hloov kev ua nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim los ntawm lub xeev ntawm cov ntshav ncig. Ib co nta ntawm qhov hloov ntshav mov muaj nyob rau hauv ntau ib tug decisive cawv rau cov kev cai ntawm txoj kev.

Ceg ntoo ntawm cov carotid (puab) leeg thiab rau lub voj voog ntawm Willis tsim sab sauv thiab sab cev raws. Tus thawj ntaub ntawv ib tug ncaj haib capillary network nyob rau hauv theem nrab eminence cheeb tsam ntawm lub hypothalamus. Merge rau tsim ib tug series ntawm cov hlab ntsha ntawm portal cov hlab ntsha ntev. Lawv nqis nyob rau hauv adenohypophysis thiab soj caum ntawm daim ntawv nyob rau hauv lub anterior lobe plexus sinusoidal cov hlab ntsha. Thiaj li, nyob rau hauv no ib feem ntawm lub cev ntawm lub direct ntshav mov yog tsis tuaj kawm ntawv. Ntshav yog noj mus rau hauv nws los ntawm qhov nruab nrab eminence los ntawm lub portal system. Tej yam no yog tseem ceeb rau cov kev cai ntawm txhua muaj nuj nqi ntawm lub anterior pituitary. Qhov no yog vim hais tias cov axons nyob rau hauv neurosecretory hlwb ntawm lub hypothalamus nyob rau hauv theem nrab eminence cheeb tsam tsim aksovazalnye hu.

Neurosecretion thiab ntxawg peptides los ntawm lub rooj vag cov hlab ntsha mus rau lub adenohypophysis. Tsheb cev department tau txais cov ntshav los ntawm lub qis cov hlab ntsha. Lub adenohypophysis sau ntau tshaj siv tam sim no, thaum nws theem siab tshaj nyob rau hauv feem ntau lwm yam ntaub so ntswg.

Venous hlab ntsha nyob rau hauv lub anterior lobe muaj xws li nram qab venules. Lub outflow ntawm qhov hloov yog nqa tawm nyob rau hauv cavernous qhov ntswg venous nyuaj plhaub, thiab ces - nyob rau hauv ib qho network. Ib tug ntau dua volume ntawm cov ntshav tsiv retrograde rau theem nrab eminence. Qhov no yog ib qho tseem ceeb thaum ua hauj lwm tawm tswv yim mechanisms ntawm lub hypothalamus thiab pituitary caj pas. Khuv xim innervation ntawm cov hlab ntsha yog nqa tawm los ntawm postganglionic fibers extending raws vascular network.

Pituitary caj pas: qauv thiab muaj nuj nqi (luv luv)

Raws li twb hais los saum no, nyob rau hauv no hloov khoom nruab nrog muaj peb pawg. Lub pem hauv ntej no yog hu ua anterior pituitary. Raws li morphological nta, qhov no faib yog ib tug caj pas epithelial keeb kwm. Nws muaj ob peb hom endocrine hlwb.

Posterior lobe hu ua lub neurohypophysis. Nws yog tsim nyob rau thaum lub sij hawm embryogenesis raws li ib tug su ventral hypothalamus thiab yus muaj los ntawm ntau nrog nws neuroectodermal keeb kwm. Nyob rau hauv lub posterior ib feem ntawm ua ke pituitsidy - ntxaiv-zoo li tus hlwb thiab neural hypothalamic axons.

Intermediate feem (zoo ib yam li pem hauv ntej) yog epithelial keeb kwm. Qhov no department yog zoo tsis tuaj kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv tib neeg, tab sis kom meej meej heev qhia, piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv nas, nyuj thiab me me ruminants. intermediate lobe ntawm kev ua ib tug neeg ua ib tug me me muaj pes tsawg tus ntawm ib pab pawg neeg ntawm hlwb nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ib feem ntawm lub rear division, haumxeeb thiab embryological txuam nrog anterior pituitary. Tom ntej no, xav txog lub chaw piav saum toj no rau hauv kom meej.

zus tau tej cov tshuaj hormones

Structurally anterior pituitary hlwb qhia tau hais tias yim hom, tsib uas yog xam qhovkev nyob rau hauv lub secretory muaj nuj nqi. Cov ntsiab muaj xws li, nyob rau hauv particular:

• Somatotrofy. Nws acidophilus liab ntsiab nrog fine granules. Lawv ua txoj kev loj hlob lawm.
• Laktotrofy. Qhov no daj acidophilus ntsiab nrog loj granules. Lawv ua prolactin.
• Tireotrofy basophil. Cov hlwb tsim thyroid-stimulating lawm.
• Gonadotrofy basophil. Cov ntsiab tsim LH thiab FSH (gonadotropins: follicle stimulating thiab luteinizing cov tshuaj hormones).
• Kortikotrofy basophil. Cov ntsiab ua adrenocorticotropic hormone corticotropin. Tsis tas li ntawd ntawm no, raws li nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab ntawm lub intermediate division, tsim melanotropin thiab beta-endorphin. Cov tebchaw yog muab tau los ntawm precursor molecules lipotropinovyh tebchaw.

corticotropin

Nws yog ib tug cleavage khoom ntawm proopiomelanocortin sufficiently loj glycoprotein uas yog tsim nyob rau basophilic kortikotrofami. Qhov no protein compound yog muab faib ua ob qhov chaw. Qhov thib ob ib - lipotropin - phua sib nrug heev thiab muab melanotropin peptide endorphin. Nws yog qhov tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv cov kev ua ntawm antipain (antinociceptive) system thiab tes taws los piav tiam adenohypophyseal cov tshuaj hormones.

Physiological los ntawm corticotropin

Lawv muab faib ua extraadrenal thiab adrenal. Tsis ntev los no xam tau tias yog loj. Nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm corticotropin nce synthesis ntawm cov tshuaj hormones. Thaum muaj ib tug dhau heev lawm ntawm hyperplasia thiab hypertrophy ntawm lub adrenal cortex. Extraadrenal txiav txim no yog qhia los ntawm cov nram qab no los:

• Kom ntau lawm ntawm kev loj hlob lawm thiab insulin.
• Lipolytic ntxim rau adipose cov ntaub so ntswg.
• Hypoglycemia vim lub stimulation ntawm insulin secretion.
• Nce deposition ntawm melanin hyperpigmentation vim hormonal kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov molecule nrog melanotropin.

Thaum tshaj corticotropin cim txoj kev loj hlob ntawm Cushing nrog ib qho kev zoo kev nce rau hauv cortisol nyob rau hauv lub adrenal. Qhov no pathology yog hu ua pituitary Cushing tus. Txo pituitary muaj nuj nqi provokes tsis muaj glucocorticoids. Nws yog nrog los ntawm metabolic hloov qhia cim thiab deterioration ntawm kuj mus rau lwm cheeb tsam.

Gonadotropic pituitary muaj nuj nqi

Kev loj hlob ntawm tej tebchaw ntawm tus xovtooj ntawm pellets txawv cov mus nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si cov txiv neej thiab cov poj niam. Pituitary muaj nuj nqi siv rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no los ntawm tus adenylate cyclase-Camp system. Lawv lub ntsiab cawv yog aimed ntawm kev sib deev feem. Qhov kev txiav txim yog tsis yog tas rau cov tsim thiab secretion ntawm cov tshuaj hormones, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv cov kev ua ntawm lub noob qes thiab zes qe menyuam los ntawm losis tswvyim dabtsi rau cellular receptors follitropin primordial follicle. Qhov no ua rau ib cov morphogenetic nyhuv, uas manifests nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm hauv paus nyob rau hauv lub zes qe menyuam thiab granulosa hlwb loj hlob nyob rau hauv cov poj niam, raws li zoo raws li cov kev loj hlob ntawm lub noob qes, spermatogenesis, thiab cov widening ntawm Sertoli hlwb nyob rau hauv caug.

Thaum lub sij hawm zus tau tej cov txiv neej pw cov tshuaj hormones nyob rau hauv follitropin cai tsuas yog ib tug koom haum pab cov nyhuv. Vim rau cov qauv ntawm secretory nws npaj rau lutropin kev ua si. Ntxiv mus, tsa steroid biosynthesis enzymes. Lutropin ua ovulation thiab kev loj hlob ntawm zes qe menyuam corpus luteum, thiab nyob rau hauv lub noob qes stimulating nyhuv on Leydinga hlwb. Nws yog suav tias yog ib tug tseem ceeb steroid kom kev kawm ntawv thiab androgen, progesterone thiab cov tshuaj no. Pom txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub gonads thiab zus tau tej cov steroids muab los ntawm lub synergistic kev txiav txim ntawm lutropin thiab follitropin. Nyob rau hauv no hais txog, lawv yog feem ntau ua ke nyob rau hauv lub dav dav los "gonadotropins".

Thyrotropin: general ntaub ntawv

Tso pa tawm ntawm no glycoprotein lawm yog nqa tawm tsis tu ncua nrog ib tug txaus ntse hloov mus hloov los thoob plaws hauv lub hnub. Nws siab tshaj plaws concentration cai nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm uas ua ntej pw tsaug zog. Cov kev cai yog ua los ntawm cov kev sis raug zoo muaj nuj nqi ntawm lub pituitary thiab thyroid qog. Thyrotropin secretion tej tetraiodothyronine thiab triiodothyronine. Kaw lub tswv yim raws li mus rau theem ntawm cov hypothalamus thiab pituitary muaj nuj nqi vim. Nyob rau hauv lub caij nyoog kawg no cov ntaub ntawv peb yuav sib tham txog cov hluav ntawm TSH. Tsis tas li ntawd nws slows cia lub tso pa tawm ntawm glucocorticoids. Tus muaj zog zus tau tej cov TSH screen tshwm sim nyob rau hauv tus ntawm kom kub nyob rau hauv lub cev. Yam tseem ceeb xws li tshuaj loog, mob los yog raug mob, inhibit secretion.

Cawv ntawm thyrotropin

Qhov no lawm muaj peev xwm sawv ntawm losis tswvyim dabtsi rau ib tug receptor nyob rau hauv lub qog follicular hlwb thiab ntxias metabolic tshua. Thyrotropin txhawb hloov tag nrho cov hom ntawm cov metabolism hauv, accelerating tus iodine capture kev siv ntawm steriods kho thiab synthesis ntawm lub qog thyroglobulin. Qhov nce nyob rau hauv cov thyroid hormones secretion tshwm sim los ntawm ua kom cov hydrolysis ntawm thyroglobulin.

Thyrotropin lub cev hnyav nce vim nce RNA thiab protein synthesis. Cov tshuaj niamntiav vnetireoidnoe kev txiav txim. Nws manifests nce zus tau tej cov glycosaminoglycans nyob rau hauv daim tawv nqaij, subcutaneous cov ntaub so ntswg thiab zaorbitalnoy. Qhov no feem ntau tshwm sim vim tsis muaj cov tshuaj hormones, piv txwv li, tiv thaiv iodine deficiency. Ntev secretion ntawm TSH goitre, thyroid hyperfunction ces nce cov ntsiab lus steroid thyroid (hyperthyroidism), exophthalmos (pucheglazija). Tag nrho cov no ua ke yog hu ua Graves 'kab mob.

somatotropin

Qhov no lawm yog ua tsis tu ncua nrog ib tug 20-30 feeb bursts nyob rau hauv adenogipofizarnyh hlwb. Cai secretion ntawm somatostatin thiab nqa somatoliberin (hypothalamic neuropeptides). Muaj zog zus ntawm txoj kev loj hlob hormone cai thaum lub sij hawm pw tsaug zog, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv nws thaum ntxov ua sawv.

physiological los

Lawv yog txuam nrog rau tej yam uas txoj kev loj hlob hormone rau metabolic dab. Feem ntau ntawm cov physiological los kho hom haum xeeb los ntawm kev humoral yam, cov pob txha thiab lub siab. Lawv yog cov hu ua somatomedins. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm ua txhaum ntawm lub pituitary caj pas nyob rau hauv daim ntawv uas muaj zog thiab ntev secretion ntawm cov hormone kev txiav txim ntawm humoral yam rau cov pob txha mos tsawv. Txawm li cas los, cov cai hloov nyob rau hauv lipid thiab carbohydrate metabolism. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, loj hlob lawm nkoos hyperglycemia vim lwj nyob rau hauv daim siab thiab mob glycogen, thiab inhibition ntawm zib pov tseg nyob rau hauv ntaub so ntswg. Vim li no cov hormone tsub kom insulin secretion. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, txoj kev loj hlob hormone nkoos kom insulinase.

Hais tias enzyme ua deleteriously rau insulin, provoking kuj mus rau nws nyob rau hauv ntaub so ntswg. Qhov no ua ke nrog ntawm dab yuav ua qhov pib ntawm cov ntshav qab zib (mob ntshav qab zib).

pituitary muaj nuj nqi thiab tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub metabolism ntawm lipids. Muaj yog ib tug yooj yim (tso cai) hauv cov nyhuv ntawm kev loj hlob lawm nyob rau hauv cov teebmeem ntawm glucocorticoids thiab catecholamines. Thiaj li tsa lipolysis ntawm adipose ntaub so ntswg, nce free fatty acid concentration hauv cov ntshav, muaj yog ntau tsim ntawm ketone lub cev nyob rau hauv daim siab thiab txawm nws ntxeem tau.

Insulin kuj yuav txuam nrog kev ntshawv siab piav zhirovgo pauv. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm ua txhaum ntawm lub pituitary caj pas, uas yog qhia nyob rau hauv ntev secretion ntawm kev loj hlob lawm, yog hais tias nws manifests nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov thaum yau, tsim gigantism nrog proportional tsim ntawm lub pob tw thiab nqua. Nyob rau hauv lub mature thiab tiav hluas nyob rau tib lub sij hawm muaj ib tug zuj zus ya ntawm lub epiphyseal txoj kev loj hlob ntawm skeletal cov pob txha, cov chaw ntawm tsis tiav ossification. Qhov no yog hu ua acromegaly. Thaum txoj kev loj hlob hormone tsis muaj peev xwm congenital dwarfism xwm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, lub npe hu ua pituitary dwarfism. Xws li tus neeg raug hu mus ua Lilliputians.

prolactin

Qhov no yog ib tug ntawm cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws tshuaj hormones hais tias cov pituitary caj pas ua. Tso cai nyob rau hauv lub cev hais tias steroid ua txawv. Feem ntau nws muaj feem xyuam rau lub mammary caj pas. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws txhawb hormone secretory kev ua si ntawm lub corpus luteum thiab progesterone ntau lawm. Prolactin yog muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv cov kev cai ntawm cov dej-ntsev metabolism, txo cov feem ntawm cov dej thiab electrolytes, nkoos txoj kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob ntawm lub hauv nruab nrog cev, nws txhawb nqa lub tsim ntawm lub niam instinct. Ntxiv amplification lawm tej protein synthesis ntawm roj los ntawm carbohydrates faib uas ua rau postnatal koj qhov hnyav nce.

Tsheb thiab intermediate seem: ib nyuag lus piav qhia txog

Neurohypophysis ua kev lom zem ntau pab nyiaj muaj nuj nqi. Nyob rau hauv no department kuj secreted neurohormones paraventricular thiab supraoptic nuclei nyob rau hauv lub hypothalamus - oxytocin thiab vasopressin.

Raws li rau lub intermediate division, muaj yog tsim melanotropin. Qhov no lawm yog tsim melanin tsub kom tus nqi ntawm cov dawb xim nyob rau hauv lub epidermis, yuav ntxiv zog rau ntawm daim tawv nqaij thiab cov plaub hau xim. Melanotropin ua cov hauj lwm ntawm lub hlwb peptide neurochemical dab nyob rau hauv lub cim xeeb.

Nyob rau hauv xaus

Rooj "pituitary muaj nuj nqi" uas muaj tuaj hauv qab no pub sau ua ke raws li kev pab raws qib sib tham hloov los ntawm kev txiav txim cov kev ua ntawm lub tebchaw ua los ntawm lawv.