Cov tshuaj mis ntawm glycerol. Cov yam ntxwv thiab molecular mis

Qhov yooj yim polyhydric cawv, nyob rau muaj peb OH pawg, - glycerol. Cov mis rau lub tebchaw ntawm no general hom, - CnH2n - 1 (OH) 3. Yuav kom to taub zoo dua cov khoom thiab kev siv ntawm glycerin thiab nws homologues, xav txog ib tug ntau yam ntawm sib txuas ntawm cov qauv, txhua tus uas yog siv nyob rau hauv tej yam teeb meem.

Classification thiab nomenclature ntawm glycerols

Nyob rau hauv cov organic Science News for KIDS alcohols - yog tshuaj muab los ntawm hydrocarbons. Ib feem ntawm cov hydrogen atoms nyob rau hauv lub molecule yog pawg los ntawm ib tug los yog ntau tshaj hydroxy pawg. Alcohols txawv nyob rau hauv lub xov tooj ntawm OH pawg (mono-, di-, polyhydric). Lub sab mej zeej ntawm lub chav kawm ntawv nrog rau cov xov tooj ntawm cov pa roj carbon atoms ntawm 1 mus rau 12 - kua tshuaj, siab dua - khib nyiab. Alkantrioly, los yog glycerol - ib tug trihydric alcohols muaj nyob rau hauv nws muaj pes tsawg leeg peb hydroxyl muaj feem xyuam rau peb sib txawv carbon atoms. Tebchaw teej tug mus rau qhov no pab pawg neeg muaj amphoteric zog, vim lub kev sib nrig sib cawv ntawm cov hydroxy pab pawg thiab cov radical.

Qhov yooj yim tus neeg sawv cev alkantriolov - 1,2,3-propanetriol (yaj - glycerin). Formula tshuaj - C ₃ H ₈ O _3. Systematic nomenclature yuav mention ntawm lub npe ntawm tus coj alkane cov lo lus "triol", rau kev siv ntawm Arabic numerals, defining txoj hauj lwm ntawm lub OH pab pawg neeg. Numbering nyob rau hauv lub lwg me me ua homologs ntawm glycerol los ntawm qhov ze rau qhov kawg ntawm lub saw hydroxyl. Tau hom isomeric qauv ntawm cov pa roj carbon saw, qhov chaw ntawm lub hydroxy pawg kho qhov muag.

Qhib ntawm glycerol

Swedish tus kws muab tshuaj Karl Scheele nyob rau hauv 1779 rau cov thawj lub sij hawm tau txais ib tug tshiab syrupy tshuaj los ntawm cov saponification ntawm cov nqaijrog. 33 xyoo tom qab lub Frenchman M. Chevreul npe hu ua cov qab zib kua glycerin.

Cov tshuaj nyob tus yeees ntawm Peluso tsim nyob rau hauv 1836. Tseem ceeb pab rau txoj kev tshawb no ntawm cov qauv ua Berthelot (1854) thiab Wurtz (1857), tseem mus soj ntsuam glycerol. Molecular mis thiab cov radical xwm ntawm lub tso cai rau koj nqa glycerin kom tsis txhob haus dej cawv.

Qhov yuav tsum tau rau glycerol muaj ntau zog considerably txij li thaum 1847, thaum nws qhib nitric ester. Swedish engineer A. Nobel nyob rau hauv 1875 muaj kev tswj kom tau los ntawm kev siv glycerine explosives - dynamite.

Muaj pes tsawg leeg, qauv thiab elementary glycerol mis

Lub elementary muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm teeb meem cov ntaub ntawv coincides nrog yeej muaj tseeb, thiab tag nrho empirical mis ntawm glycerol - C ₃ H ₈ O _3. Cov pa roj carbon saw muaj peb atoms, txhua tus uas yog txuam nrog ib tug hydroxy pab pawg neeg. Tshuaj cim txhais tshuaj muaj atoms: C - carbon, O - oxygen, H - hydrogen. Muaj pes tsawg leeg glycerol muaj kev cuam tshuam ntau cov qauv (molecular, yam ntxwv). Lug siv nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no ntawm lub tshuaj thiab sharosterzhnevye hemispherical qauv. Ob-dimensional thiab peb-dimensional lug tsim los ntawm txoj kev computer modeling - ib tug spatial duab ntawm lub molecule ntawm glycerol. Lawv cia koj yuav pom tau cov qauv, txheeb ze txoj hauj lwm thiab cov nyob deb, daim ntawv cog lus lub ntawm atoms.

Molecular thiab hniav puas loj ntawm glycerol

Los ntawm molecular mis yuav tsum pom thiab hniav puas loj, qhov feem pua ntawm cov ntsiab nyob rau hauv tshuaj. Rau cov lus teb tsim nyog rau siv rau qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub atomic masses ntawm hais tau teev tseg nyob rau hauv lub periodic rooj. Lub empirical mis ntawm glycerol: C ₃ H ₅ (OH) _3. By txawj lub atomic ceeb thawj (nyob rau hauv ib tug. E. M.) Ntawm txhua lub caij rau cov xov tooj ntawm atoms, ua raws li los ntawm tas li ntawd ntawm lub qhov tseem ceeb tau yuav nrhiav molecular (Mr) thiab cov hniav puas (M) ntawm qhov loj. Rau lub hom ntawm suav yooj yim rau siv glycerol tag nrho cov mis - C ₃ H ₈ O _3.

• Ar (H) = 1.00794; lub xov tooj ntawm atoms nyob rau hauv lub molecule - 8.
• Ar (C) = 12.0107; atoms - 3.
• Ar (G) = 15,9994; atoms - 3.
• Mr (C ₃ H ₈ O _{3) = 12.0107 * 3 + 1.00794} * 8 + 15.9994 * 3 = 92.09382 zoo li. e. m.
• M (C ₃ H ₈ O ₃₎ = 92.09382 g / mol /
• Qhov feem pua ntawm cov ntsiab nyob rau hauv tshuaj qauv: H - 8,756% S - 39,125% O - 52,119%.

Lub muaj kuab thiab cov yam ntxwv mis ntawm glycerol

Muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm teeb meem thiab nws cov molecular muaj kev cuam tshuam muaj kuab thiab tag nrho cov mis mos, tab sis lawv tsis qhia lub arrangement ntawm lub atoms uas txawv glycerol. Cov mis thiab cov yam ntxwv computer qauv zoo suited kom kawm cov qauv ntawm cov molecule, lub bonds ntawm atoms.

• Ib tug muaj kuab mis ntawm glycerol - C ₃ H ₅ (OH) _3. Los ntawm cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub lwg me me qhia thiab muab ntim rau sau rau hauv functional pawg OH. Tam sim ntawd tom qab lub kaw parenthesis qhia tus xov tooj ntawm hydroxyl pawg nyob rau hauv lub molecule.
• Polurazvernuty saib muaj kuab mis - HOCH ₂ CH (OH) CH ₂ OH (glycerol).
• Lub Khoos Loos Tsev Formula graphically qhia tau hais tias qhov chaw ntawm lub molecule. Dashes ntawm atoms sawv cev rau tshuaj bonds.
• Lewis qauv muaj dots sawv cev lub valence electrons thiab khub niam txiv koom tes nyob rau hauv daim ntawv cog lus tsim.

Ib txhia molecules duab hom nyob ntau qhov chaw, li ntawd, ntau zaus siv cov abbreviated mis, e.g., HOCH ₂ -CHOH-CH ₂ OH, thiab cov skeletal qauv:

Mob atoms nyob rau hauv lub glyceryl molecule

Hydroxyl - ncov qaumteb qabteb particle, dua li cov pa muaj ib leeg khub ntawm electrons. Lub xub ntiag ntawm peb hydroxyl pawg ua mus ntxiv polarization ntawm lub O-H. Carbon atoms tshwm ib nrab xwb "+" yooj yim nucleophilic muab los ntawm hydroxyl. Peculiarities ntawm muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab qauv, uas qhia cov yam ntxwv mis ntawm glycerin, yog paub tseeb hais tias los ntawm lub zog ntawm cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw. Qhov no compound yog yus muaj los ntawm heev heev hydrogen bonds - ntau tsis muaj zog ties. Glycerol muaj ntau pronounced acid zog, raws li muab piv rau ethanol thiab propanol. Ntawm cov loj tej kev txhawj xeeb derivatives ntawm glycerol trioleate. mis:

• nyuaj - C ₅₇ H ₁₀₄ O _6;
• polurazvernutaya muaj kuab - (C ₁₇ H ₃₃ hais nkwg) ₃ C ₃ H _5;
• rational ntsiab nrog structural thiab skeletal -

tsos glycerol

Thaum chav tsev kub, 1,2,3-propanetriol - tsis muaj kob los yog daj ntseg daj kua, ntxhiab, Sweet saj. Solidified melts thaum uas tsis muaj kub glycerin ntawm ib tug kub 17,8 ° C. Boiling tshuaj raws li los ntawm evaporation pib thaum 290 ° C. Glycerol me ntsis hnyav dua dej, nws ceev xam nyob rau hauv 20 ° C yields ib tug nqi ntawm 1,2604 g / cm3.

Thaj chaw ntawm 1,2,3-propanetriol

Tshuaj mis ntawm glycerol tsis muab cov lus qhia txog qhov xwm ntawm tus amphoteric compound. Tsis muaj zog acidic thiab yooj yim zog ntawm tshuaj muaj feem xyuam rau tus nta atoms nyob rau hauv lub molecule, lub polarization nyob rau hauv cov pab pawg neeg G-H. Nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm glycerol yog reacted nrog ib tug alkali hydroxide, tooj liab (II), tau xiav dawb lias complex (ib tug ntawm cov tau zoo tshua). Nrog acids ntawm glycerol cov tshuaj tiv thaiv xaus nrog lub tsim ntawm esters. Reacting ib trihydric cawv nrog nitric acid nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm H ₂ li ₄ (Conc.) Coj mus rau tsim ntawm nitroglycerin.

Tom tsev, los ntawm cov rog thiab roj siv glycerol, ethyl cawv thiab lwm cov khoom xyaw yog npaj xab npum. Cov ua noj ua haus cov txheej txheem yuav tsum tau ceev faj loj cua kub nyob rau hauv ib tug dej da dej, ib tug muaj tswv yim mus kom ze rau cov kev xaiv ntawm Cheebtsam thiab nrhiav rau xab npum ua npaj khoom.

Glycerin thiab nws cov derivatives yog siv nyob rau hauv enamels, xim, ntau hom tshuaj, toiletries. Nws muaj qab zib nyob rau hauv ib tug ntau yam ntawm cov khoom noj, xws li ci khoom. International lub npe ntawm lub qab zib thiab flavoring confections - E422. Nrog rau lwm yam alcohols, thiab fatty acid esters, glycerin yog xam raws li ib tug neeg hloov roj muab tau los ntawm cov roj av. Nqi-zoo txoj kev ntawm kev siv cov tshiab ntau yam ntawm biodiesel sam roj tsheb yuav revolutionize lub ntiaj teb no thauj sector. Txhim kho lub tej teeb meem ntawm lub ntiaj teb no kev khwv nyiaj txiag los txo dependence rau roj thiab cov nkev.