Ntawv niam nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab

Ib tug ntawm cov feem ntau nyuaj rau cov menyuam kawm khej nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab lus - phonetics. Heev feem ntau cov tub ntxhais kawm ua yuam kev nrog rau cov phonetic tsom xam ntawm cov lus, cov yam ntxwv ntawm tej yam suab, phonemes. Tab sis nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev uas cov kev txawj ntse ntawm phonetics - tus yuam sij rau ib tug literate thiab kab ke haiv neeg hais lus. Yog li ntawd, npaum li cas mloog yuav tsum tau them rau qhov no qhov teeb meem, raws li cov suab. Niaj hnub no, peb xav nyob rau hauv ntawv niam. Cov tsiaj ntawv, uas lawv xaiv, raws li yuav tsum tau tham nyob rau hauv peb tsab xov xwm. Tsis txhob mus nyob ib ncig ntawm cov xim thiab peb yog cov general yam ntxwv ntawm lub suab system ntawm peb cov lus.

Suab los yog cov tsiaj ntawv?

Yuav pib, cia nrog dab tsi raws nraim peb yuav piav qhia txog nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm. Nws yog ib nqi sau cia hais tias muaj coob tus neeg ntseeg tias lub Lavxias teb sab lus muaj consonants thiab niam. Muaj ntau cov txawm npaj mus hais lus cam thiab yuav vehemently tiv thaiv lawv cov ntaub ntawv. Tab sis yog nws?

Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, lub tsuas suab yog suab amenable mus Lavxias teb sab lus xws cais. Ntawv kuj pab raws li ib tug nraaj cim ntawm ib qho kev phoneme los yog thaum lawv tseem phonemes, raws li zoo raws li qhia rau hauv lub feature ntawm lub hais ib lub suab. Yog li ntawd, peb tsis tau hais tias cov tsiaj ntawv no ntawv niam los yog consonants, poob siab los yog unstressed.

Txheej txheem cej luam

Taug ncaj qha mus rau lub cim xeeb ceem phonemes. Lavxias teb sab lus muaj rau niam, uas nyob rau hauv lem yog muab kaum 'vowels. " Nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm lub suab ntaub ntawv los ntawm lub qhov ncauj pom cua kwj uas muaj raws li cov obstacles nyob rau hauv nws txoj kev. Yog li, lub cim suab yog muaj li xwb ntawm cov suab lus nws. Tsis zoo li cov consonants, lawv muaj peev xwm ncav los yog hu nkauj. Cov suab muaj xws li cov nram qab no: [a], [ib tug], [v], [e], [thiab] [s].

Ntawv niam muaj cov nram qab ntsiab yam ntxwv: xov tooj, nqa, poob siab los yog unstressed txoj hauj lwm. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tseem tau mus faib ib qho yam ntxwv raws li labialization.

Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias nws yog tus cim suab yog suab syllabic. Nco ntsoov nyob rau hauv tsev kawm ntawv, cov me nyuam yog qhia kom paub tias cov suab nyob rau hauv ib lo lus, suav ntawv niam "cov tsiaj ntawv".

Suab - yog qhov tsawg tshaj plaws ib feem ntawm tus hais lus, uas yog tsis tsuas cov khoom siv rau lub tsim ntawm cov lo lus, tab sis kuj yuav pab kom paub qhov txawv cov lus uas muaj ib tug zoo li suab qauv (piv txwv li, "Hma liab" thiab "tom hav zoov" txawv nkaus xwb los ntawm ib tug cim). Kawm ntawv niam thiab consonants xws science li phonetics.

Cia peb kawm txog txhua yam ntawm cov yam ntxwv.

Nyuab siab thiab unstressed

Peb pib nrog qhov nyuaj thiab tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, los ntawm tus taw tes ntawm view ntawm kev hais lus, cov yam ntxwv. Txhua cim yuav ua tau poob siab los yog unstressed. Cim nyob rau hauv unstressed txoj hauj lwm suab tsawg meej npaum li nyob rau hauv lub poob siab. Raws li rau kev sau ntawv, ces, tsis hais txog ntawm txoj hauj lwm lawv xa mus rau cov tib tsab ntawv. Ntawv niam feem nyob rau daim ntawv no yuav muab sau ua ke siv luag Iwm haiv neeg tias, uas sawv saum toj no daim ntawv. Nws yog feem ntau siv xws li ib tug los nyob rau hauv ib tug tsis tshua muaj, me ntsis siv, raws li tau zoo raws li lub suab hais lus lo lus.

Tsis tas li ntawd muaj nqis ntsoov teev yog hais tias lub unstressed cim suab tsawg ntshiab thiab tej zaum yuav ua raws li lwm cov phonemes thaum transcribed. Yog li ntawd, unaccented cim "o" yuav suab zoo li "ib tug" thiab "kuv" suab nyob rau hauv tus hais lus txaus raws li "e", nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, tej zaum cim yuav ploj zoo rau nws. Thaum no transcription yog txawv los ntawm lub cev cov ntaubntawv povthawj siv lus.

Piv txwv li, lo lus "cov mis nyuj" nyob rau hauv lub phonetic transcription yuav zoo li no:

1. [malak`o] - transcription nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv cov ntaub ntawv kawm.

2. [mlak`o] - xws transcription yog feem ntau siv nyob rau hauv kev kawm ntawv tsev nyob rau hauv Philology. Kos npe rau "Y" txhais tau tias lub suab "ib tug" yog cov lus hais heev luv luv, yuav luag ntog tawm ntawm cov lus uas tus hais.

Nco ntsoov tias ib tug ntawm cov teeb meem ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus ua yog unstressed ntawv niam. Ntawv designating lawv mus rau tsab ntawv, yog tsis ib txwm zoo xws li cov audible suab uas generates ib tug ntau ntawm uas tsis. Yog hais tias koj tsis paub ntawm qhov tseeb sau ib lo lus, siv lub spelling phau ntawv txhais lus los yog mus saib qhov txawv ntawm lo lus nrog kev pab los ntawm nto moo kev cai.

labialization

Nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab muaj qhov thiaj li hu ua labialized suab - "o" thiab "u". Ib txhia ntawm lawv cov nyiaj pab yuav hu tau rau labial. Lawv peculiarity lus dag nyob rau hauv lub fact tias cov daim di ncauj muab kev koom tes, xeeb rau pem hauv ntej nrog lawv hais. Tus so ntawm lub cim suab ntawm cov Lavxias teb sab lus no feature tsis muaj.

Ntawv denoting cim suab uas muaj qhov no feature, nyob rau hauv daim ntawv sau transcription nyob rau hauv tib txoj kev raws li cov pa suab.

kab

Nyob rau hauv lub Lavxias teb sab lus nyob rau hauv raws li txoj cai ntawm cov lus nyob rau hauv lub qhov ncauj thaum pronouncing lub suab muaj peb series: pem hauv ntej, nruab nrab thiab nram qab lub.

Yog hais tias qhov tseem ceeb ntawm tus nplaig thaum lub sij hawm qhia ntawm lub suab ntawm lub rear ntawm lub qhov ncauj kab noj hniav - nws (suab) koom rau tom qab kab. Lub pem hauv ntej kab yus nyob rau hauv uas lub hais ntawv niam hais thereto, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm tus nplaig yog nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej. Nyob rau hauv cov kev tshwm sim hais tias tus hais ntawm cov lus occupies ib nrab txoj hauj lwm, lub suab belongs rau lub central cim.

Yuav ua li cas tus xov tooj yog tej yam suab nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab lus?

[A], [y] - tom qab kab;

[A], [s] - nruab nrab;

[U], [e] - Pem hauv ntej.

Raws li koj tau pom, cov yam ntxwv yog heev yooj yim, cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws - nco ntsoov lawv. Muab hais tias lub Lavxias teb sab lus yog tsis yog li ntawd ntau ntawv niam los cim no faib yuav tsis tau yooj yim.

sawv

Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj lwm cov yam ntxwv ntawm niam nyob rau hauv raws li txoj cai ntawm cov lus thaum lub sij hawm hais. No, raws li zoo raws li lub faib ntawm lub series, muaj peb hom suab: tsawg, medium thiab siab nqa.

Qhov no feature yuav siv sij hawm mus rau hauv tus account rau txoj hauj lwm ntawm tus nplaig tiv thaiv cov palate. Yog hais tias lub hais cov lus yog li ze li sai tau mus rau nws, lub suab ntawm cov cim hais txog sab sauv lifting, Yog hais tias nyob rau hauv lub feem ntau nyob deb txoj hauj lwm los ntawm lub palate, ces sab. Yog hais tias cov lus yog nyob rau hauv lub intermediate txoj hauj lwm, nws yog hais txog mus rau lub cim suab ntawm qhov nruab nrab nce.

Txiav txim uas yog raising lub niam ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus:

[A] - qis;

[E], [hais txog] - qhov nruab nrab;

[Thiab] [s] [v] - rau sab saum toj.

Qhov no yam ntxwv thiab lub cais kuj yuav yooj yim heev kom nco ntsoov.

Txuam suab thiab cov tsiaj ntawv

Raws li twb tau hais, tsuas yog rau cim suab, tab sis lawv yog xaiv nyob rau hauv kev sau ntawv los ntawm kaum tsiaj ntawv. Wb sib tham txog dab tsi cov tsiaj ntawv niam nyob rau hauv lub Lavxias teb sab lus.

Suab [ib tug] yuav kis tau rau nram qab no cov tsiaj ntawv: "ib tug", "kuv" (phonetically [ya]). Hais txog cov phoneme [ib tug], ces nyob rau hauv tsab ntawv nws raug xa mus rau raws li qhov "o" thiab "e" (phonetically [yo]). Labialized [y] kuj dhau ob tsiaj ntawv ntawm "y" thiab "w" (phonetically [dy]). Ib yam yuav hais txog lub suab [e] tej zaum nws yuav raug xa mus rau tus tsiaj ntawv "e" thiab "e" (phonetically [nej]).

Qhov seem ob suab [u] thiab [s] qhia tsuas yog ib tsab ntawv - "i" thiab "s" feem. Hais tias yog tag nrho cov thiaj li hu ua niam ib tug, o, u, i, e, w, e, f, thiab s.

Qhov kev txiav txim ntawm transcription

Muaj ntau cov tub ntxhais kawm, thiab lub tsev kawm ntawv cov tub ntxhais kawm, dhau lawm, muaj nrog xws kev pab raws qib raws li transcribing lus. Xav txog cov algorithm, ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm niam.

Kev txiav txim ntawm cov hauj lwm ntawm no hom yog raws li nram no:

1. Sau cov lus ntawm daim ntawv no nyob rau hauv uas nws yog muab rau koj.

2. Tom ntej no, nco ntsoov mus nrhiav seb yog dab tsi cov tsiaj ntawv "vowels" thiab uas ib tug yog ib lub poob siab. Hais tias yog, koj yuav tsum muab tso rau hauv qhov haum.

3. Faib cov lo lus rau hauv lub suab. Nyob rau hauv no peb yog tag nrho cov tib cim suab.

4. Sau cov phonetic transcription ntawm ib lo lus, noj mus rau hauv tus account rau txoj hauj lwm raws li cim thiab tsiaj ntawv suab nyob rau hauv kev hais lus, variants thereof (e.g., nyob rau hauv lub unstressed txoj hauj lwm [ib tug] yuav sound zoo li [a]).

5. Sau ib kem tag nrho cov tsiaj ntawv.

6. Txiav txim siab li cas lub suab los yog suab schetanie tsa ib tug los yog lwm tsab ntawv, thiab sau ntawv cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv ib kem opposite.

7 piav suab yam ntxwv. Ntawm no yog peb yuav tsum tsis txhob nyob rau tus yam ntxwv consonants, ntawv niam otanovimsya xwb. Nyob rau hauv lub lig kev cai ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm lub suab tsuas qhia rau txoj hauj lwm tus txheeb ze mus rau lub kev nyuaj siab (poob siab los yog unstressed). Lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm philological faculties ntxiv qhia ib tug xov tooj thiab nce, raws li zoo raws li lub xub ntiag ntawm lub suab labialization.

8. Qhov kawg kauj ruam - suav tus xov tooj ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv thiab cov suab rau kev tsom xam cov lus.

Raws li koj tau pom, tsis muaj dab tsi nyuab. Yog hais tias koj tsis ntseeg tus transcription, nws muaj peev xwm ib txwm tau xyuas nrog kev pab los pronouncing phau ntawv txhais lus.

tshawb pom

Nyob rau hauv lub Lavxias teb sab lus muaj rau suab, uas sib tau tsab ntawv ntawm lub kaum tsiaj ntawv ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv. Cov suab, raws li zoo li lwm yam phonemes yog cov building blocks uas yog lub tsev lexical units. Nws yog ua tsaug rau cov suab peb paub qhov txawv ntawm lo lus, raws li yuav ua rov qab qhov kev hloov txawm ib suab thiab lawv lub ntsiab lus tig mus rau hauv ib tug txawv kiag li tokens.

Yog li ntawd, peb tau kawm dab tsi "tsab ntawv" vowels: nyuab siab thiab unstressed, labialized. Pom hais tias txhua tus cim muaj yam ntxwv xws li xov tooj thiab pab txhawb zog, peb kawm tau li cas yuav ua rau ib tug phonetic transcription. Tsis tas li ntawd, peb yuav nrhiav tau tawm yog dab tsi science tshawb fawb ntawv niam.

Peb cia siab tias qhov no cov ntaub ntawv uas yuav pab tau tsis tsuas mus rau cov tub ntxhais kawm, tab sis kuj cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawm philological kws qhia ntawv.