Muab Kauv galaxies. Lub cosmos, lub ntug. ntug galaxy

Nyob rau hauv 1845, Lus Askiv astronomer Tswv Rosse twb nrhiav tau ib chav kawm ntawv ntawm helical hom nebulae. Lawv xwm tsim xwb nyob rau hauv lub thib nees nkaum xyoo pua thaum ntxov. Zaum tau muaj pov thawj hais tias cov nebulae loj loj stellar systems zoo xws li cov peb galaxy, tab sis lawv tau raug muab tshem tawm ntawm nws rau ntau lab ntawm lub teeb xyoo.

lus qhia dav dav

Muab Kauv galaxies (Photo muab nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm, qhia cov yam ntxwv ntawm lawv cov qauv) nyob rau hauv lawv cov tsos reminiscent ntawm ib khub daim hlau stacked ua ke los yog ib tug lenticular lens. Lawv muaj peev xwm yuav nrhiav tau raws li ib tug loj heev stellar disk thiab halo. Lub hauv paus ib feem, uas tsis pom kev tsa lub o, hu ua lub su. Ib nti band (interstellar nruab nrab opaque txheej) extending raws disc, hu ua lub interstellar hmoov av.

Muab Kauv galaxies feem ntau denoted los ntawm tsab ntawv S. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lawv yuav tsum tau muab faib raws li cov neeg kawm ntawv cov qauv. Yuav kom qhov no kawg, lub ntsiab cim yog ntxiv cov tsiaj ntawv rau ib tug, b los yog c. Yog li, Sa sau raws nkaus Ii lub galaxy nrog underdeveloped helical qauv, tab sis nrog ib tug loj nucleus. Qhov thib peb chav kawm ntawv - Sc - hais txog opposite khoom, tsis muaj zog thiab muaj hwj chim tub ntxhais ntawm lub kauv caj npab. Ib txhia lub hnub qub systems nyob rau hauv lub central ib feem tej zaum yuav ua tau ib tug jumper, uas yog hu ua tus bar. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub designations tau lub cim V. Peb galaxy belongs rau lub intermediate hom, tsis muaj tus jumper.

Yuav ua li cas tsim kauv disk qauv?

Pav ca disc-zoo li tus piav txoj kev sib hloov ntawm lub hnub qub pawg ua ke. Nws yog hypothesized uas thaum lub sij hawm tsim ntawm galaxies centrifugal quab yuam tiv thaiv lub thiaj li hu ua compression protogalactic huab nyob rau hauv ib tug coj lawv mus rau lub axis ntawm kev sib hloov. Koj yuav tsum tau paub tias qhov xwm ntawm lub zog ntawm gases thiab cov hnub qub nyob rau hauv nebulae yog tsis tau tib yam: diffuse pawg tig sai dua qub hnub qub. Piv txwv li, yog hais tias tus yam ntxwv ceev ntawm kev sib hloov ntawm cov roj yog 150-500 km / s, lub hnub qub halo yuav yeej ib txwm tsiv mus nyob maj mam. Ib tug bulges muaj xws chaw, yuav muaj ib tug ceev ntawm peb lub sij hawm tsawg dua qhov discs.

Star roj

Qas txhiab qas vam lub hnub ci lub nruab uas tsiv mus nyob rau hauv lawv cov orbits hauv galaxies yuav ntshai raws li ib tug plurality hais uas tsim ib yam ntawm cov hnub qub roj. Thiab feem ntau zoo li, nws lub zog yog heev ze rau ib tug qub roj. Yuav kom nws yog tau mus thov xws tswv yim raws li "particle ceev", "ceev", "siab", "kub". Analogue ntawm lub xeem parameter yog qhov nruab nrab lub zog ntawm lub "chaotic" tsab ntawv tsa suab ntawm cov hnub qub. Nyob rau hauv rotating disk tsim stellar roj yuav propagate tsis muab kauv hom lub tshuab nqus tsev-compression ceev ze rau ntawm lub suab. Lawv yog cov tau obegat galaxy ntawm qhov angular tshaj tawm nyob rau hauv ib ob peb puas lab lub xyoo. Lawv yog cov luag hauj lwm rau hauv lub tsim ntawm kauv caj npab. Thaum lub sij hawm thaum muaj compression ntawm cov roj, nws pib cov txheej txheem ntawm txoj kev txias huab, uas ua rau yus lub active lub hnub qub.

nws yog nthuav

Cov pa roj nyob rau hauv lub halo thiab elliptic systems yog dynamic, i.e. kub. Raws li, lub suab ntawm cov hnub qub nyob rau hauv lub galaxy ntawm no hom muaj ib tug chaotic cim. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, qhov phem sib txawv ntawm cov speeds muaj spatially nyob ze khoom yog ob peb puas kilometers ib ob (tshaj tawm dispersion). Rau stellar roj tshaj tawm dispersion feem ntau yog 10-50 km / s, ntsig txog, lawv "degree" yog noticeably txias. Nws yog ntseeg hais tias yog vim li cas rau qhov no txawv nyob rau hauv cov nyob deb lub sij hawm (ntau tshaj li kaum billion xyoo dhau los), lub ntug thaum galaxies tau nyuam qhuav pib rau daim ntawv. Cov Thawj zaug ntawm lawv tsim lub kheej kheej Cheebtsam.

Muab Kauv tsis hu ua ceev tsis, uas khiav rau ib yam disk. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, tag nrho cov hnub qub ntawm lub galaxy ntawm no hom yog, raws li nws twb yuam tawm mus rau hauv lawv cov ceg, ces mus los yeej muaj. Lub tsuas qhov chaw uas tus tshaj tawm ntawm cov kauv caj npab thiab lub hnub qub coincide, - qhov thiaj li hu ua corotation voj voog. Incidentally, nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawd muaj yog ib lub hnub. Rau peb ntiaj chaw no teeb meem yog heev paaj: ntiaj teb tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ib tug kuj nyob ntsiag to qhov chaw ntawm lub galaxy, raws li ib tug tshwm sim, rau ntau billions xyoo, nws tsis xav tias ntau npaum li cas tej yam kev puas tsuaj galactic scale.

Nta ntawm kauv galaxies

Nyob rau hauv sib piv rau lub elliptical lug, txhua kauv galaxy (piv txwv yuav pom nyob rau hauv cov kev yees duab nyob rau hauv daim ntawv no) nws muaj nws tus kheej cim tsw. Yog hais tias tus thawj hom yog txuam nrog tranquility, nyob ruaj ruaj, ruaj khov, ob hom - puab, vortices kev sib hloov. Tej zaum yog vim li cas astronomers hais tias lub cosmos (ntug) "berserk". Qauv galaxy kauv hom muaj xws li ib tug central tub ntxhais uas nyob zoo nkauj lub tes tsho (ceg). Lawv yog cov nyob sab nraum ntawm lawv lub hnub qub pawg maj poob lawv cov zoo. Xws li ib tug zoo li tej zaum yuav tsis tau txuam nrog ib tug haib, ceev ceev zog. Muab Kauv galaxies yog yus muaj los ntawm ib tug ntau yam ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, raws li tau zoo raws li cov duab ntawm lawv cov ceg.

Yuav ua li cas Cais galaxies

Dua li no muaj ntau haiv neeg, cov kev soj ntsuam ntawm twb tau cais tag nrho cov paub kauv galaxies. Lub ntsiab parameter txiav txim siab los siv lub degree ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm lub tsho thiab qhov luaj li cas ntawm lawv nuclei, thiab cov theem ntawm compactness rau ruaj receded mus rau hauv lub keeb kwm yav dhau.

Sa

Edwin P. Hubble coj cov chav kawm ntawv Sa cov kauv galaxies, uas muaj underdeveloped ceg. Tej pawg yeej ib txwm muaj ib tug loj nucleus. Feem ntau qhov no hauv chav kawm ntawv qhov chaw ntawm lub galaxy yog ib nrab qhov loj ntawm lub tag nrho pawg. Cov khoom muaj tsiag ntawv los ntawm qis tshaj qhia. Lawv muaj peev xwm txawm piv nrog elliptical lub hnub qub pawg ua ke. Feem ntau cov feem ntau, tus kauv galaxies nyob rau hauv lub qab ntuj khwb yog ob ceg. Lawv nyob ntawm opposite xaus ntawm cov tub ntxhais. Tsim ceg symmetrical, nyob rau hauv ib tug zoo li yam. Raws li qhov kev ncua deb ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub ceg ntawm cov brightness yog txo, thiab nyob rau lwm qhov deb thiab lawv tau ua tseg tsis pom, poob nyob rau hauv lub peripheral cov cheeb tsam ntawm cov pawg. Txawm li cas los, muaj tej yam khoom uas tsis muaj ob los yog ntau tshaj ntawm cov tes tsho. Txawm li cas los, xws li ib tug qauv ntawm cov galaxy heev tsis tshua muaj. Txawm ntau tsis tshua muaj peev xwm ua tau raws li asymmetric nebula thaum muaj ib tug ceg yog ntau tsim dua lwm yam.

Sb thiab Sc

Subclass SB kev faib Edwin P. Hubble muaj ntau npaum li cas tsim caj npab, tab sis lawv tsis muaj cov neeg nplua nuj ceg. Ntsiav yog npaum li cas me dua hais tias ntawm lub thawj hom. Qhov thib peb subclass (Sc) kauv hnub qub pawg yog cov khoom uas mas tsim ceg, tab sis qhov chaw ntawm lawv cov kuj me me.

Puas yuav ua tau rebirth?

Zaum tau pom hais tias tus kauv qauv yog ib tug ntawm cov tsis ruaj tsis khov suab ntawm cov hnub qub, uas tshwm sim raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm muaj zog contraction. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias nyob rau hauv lub caj npab ua kom pom tseeb, raws li ib tug txoj cai, kub giants thiab muaj uasi lub ntsiab loj ntawm diffuse teeb meem - interstellar plua tshauv thiab interstellar roj. Qhov no tshwm sim yuav suav hais tias los ntawm lwm yam sab. Muaj tsis muaj tsis ntseeg tias cov heev compressed lub hnub qub pawg nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm nws cov evolution yuav tsis tau poob ib tug degree ntawm compactness. Li no, cov lus rov hloov yog kuj tsis yooj yim sua. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, peb xaus uas elliptical galaxies yuav tsis tig mus rau hauv ib tug kauv, thiab nyob rau hauv tsis tooj, nws yog li ntawd cov txheej txheem ntawm qhov chaw (lub ntug). Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, lub hnub qub pawg ntawm ob hom muaj tsis ob tug sib txawv theem ntawm ib tug tib evolutionary txoj kev loj hlob, thiab txawv nkaus system. Txhua xws hom yog ib qho piv txwv evolutionary opposite txoj kev vim txawv compression ratio. Ib tug yam ntxwv ntawm no nyob rau hauv lem yog nyob rau qhov txawv nyob rau hauv kev sib hloov ntawm galaxies. Piv txwv li, yog hais tias nyob rau thaum kawg ntawm nws tsim, lub hnub qub system yog kom txaus sib hloov, nws muaj peev xwm coj ib tug compressed daim ntawv no, thiab nws yuav muaj txoj kev muab kauv caj npab. Yog hais tias cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm kev sib hloov yog tsis txaus, ces tus galaxy yuav tsum tsawg compressed, thiab nws ceg yog tsim nyob rau - qhov no yog ib tug classic elliptical zoo.

Yuav ua li cas lwm tus yog cov sib txawv

Nws muaj lwm yam sib txawv ntawm elliptical thiab kauv hnub qub systems. Yog li, tus thawj hom galaxies muaj ib tug uas tsis muaj theem ntawm compression, yus muaj los ntawm ib tug me me npaum li cas (los yog tsis muaj) diffuse teeb meem. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm lub helical pawg ua ke nrog ib theem siab ntawm compression, thiab muaj roj thiab plua tshauv hais. Qhov no txawv zaum piav raws li nram no. Plua plav hais thiab roj hais raws li lawv tsiv mus nyob tsis tseg kev nyuaj siab. Qhov no tus txheej txheem yog inelastic. Tom qab lub tsheb sib tsoo, tus hais tsis tau ib feem ntawm lawv lub zog, thiab raws li ib tug tshwm sim, maj mam kho nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm lub stellar system, uas muaj tus nqi qis tshaj tej zaum zog.

Heev compressed system

Yog hais tias tus txheej txheem tau piav saum toj no yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw nyob rau hauv ib tug heev compressed lub hnub qub, lub diffusive khoom yuav tsum khom down mus rau lub ntsiab dav hlau ntawm lub galaxy, vim hais tias nws yog no hais tias tus theem ntawm lub peev xwm lub zog yog qis tshaj. Ntawm no yog yuav zoo thiab cov roj thiab plua tshauv hais. Ntxiv diffuse teeb meem pib nws txav nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab dav hlau ntawm lub hnub qub pawg. Hais tsiv mus tshuam thaum uas tig ncig orbits. Cov kev sib tsoo no yog zoo nkauj tsis tshua muaj. Yog hais tias lawv tshwm sim, lub zog losses yog negligible. Los ntawm no nws hais ntxiv hais tias qhov teeb meem ntxiv rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm lub galaxy yog tsis tsiv, nyob qhov twg lub peev xwm lub zog yog tseem theem sab.

Tsis tshua muaj compression system

Tam sim no xav txog tus cwj pwm ntawm cov elliptical galaxy. Lub hnub qub system ntawm no hom yog txawv txawv kiag li txoj kev loj hlob ntawm tus txheej txheem. Ntawm no, lub ntsiab dav hlau tsis yog ib tug kom meej meej tseg hauv cheeb tsam nrog cov uas tsis muaj tej zaum zog. Muaj zog yuav txo tau ntawm no parameter tshwm sim xwb nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia ntawm lub hauv paus lub hnub qub pawg. Qhov no txhais tau tias lub interstellar roj thiab hmoov av yuav tsum attracted rau qhov chaw ntawm lub galaxy. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, cov kev ceev ntawm diffuse teeb meem no yog heev siab heev, ntau dua tshaj nyob rau hauv ib tug ca dispersal nyob rau hauv ib tug kauv system. Tuaj txoos ua ke nyob rau hauv central txuam nrog ntawm hmoov av hais thiab roj nyob rau hauv lub quab yuam ntawm lub ntiajteb txawj nqus yuav tsum compressed, yog li tsim ib tug me me-me me rau thaj tsam ntawm tuab teeb meem. Zaum theorize hais tias vim cov teeb meem no nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej pib tshiab hnub qub. Tseem ceeb no yog sib txawv - me me nyob rau hauv loj huab ntawm roj thiab hmoov av nyob rau hauv lub nucleus ntawm ib tug galaxy me ntsis compressed, tsis tas koj tus kheej mus nrhiav tau nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm kev soj.

intermediate theem

Peb tau pom tias ob lub ntsiab hom cov hnub qub nyob - nrog rau cov tsis muaj zog thiab muaj zog theem ntawm compression. Txawm li cas los, muaj intermediate theem, thaum lub compression system yog nyob nruab nrab ntawm cov tsis. Nyob rau hauv cov galaxies, qhov no cov yam ntxwv yog tsis muaj zog txaus diffuse teeb meem sib sau ua raws lub ntsiab dav hlau ntawm cov pawg. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, nws yog tsis txaus tsis muaj zog thiab rau cov roj thiab plua tshauv hais feeb meej nyob rau hauv cov tub ntxhais thaj tsam. Nyob rau hauv cov galaxies diffuse teeb meem yog sau nyob rau hauv ib tug me me dav hlau, uas yog yuav mus nyob ib ncig ntawm cov tub ntxhais ntawm ib lub hnub qub pawg.

txwv tsis pub galaxies

Lwm subtype paub kauv galaxy - ib lub hnub qub pawg nrog ib tug jumper. Nws feature yog raws li nram no. Yog hais tias ib tug dog dig kauv hose system tuaj ncaj qha los ntawm lub disk-zoo li tus tub ntxhais, ces qhov no hom ntawm lub tsev nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm ib tug ncaj choj. Ib tug ceg ntawm cov pawg pib los ntawm qhov xaus ntawm lub ya. Tab sis lawv tau hu ua galaxies Tshooj qwj. Incidentally, lub cev xwm ntawm no choj yog tseem tsis paub hais tias.

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, tus zaum twb tau mus nrhiav lwm yam ntawm lub hnub qub pawg ua ke. Lawv tsiag ntawv los ntawm cov tub ntxhais, zoo li lub kauv galaxies, tab sis lawv muaj tsis muaj tes tsho. Lub xub ntiag ntawm lub nucleus qhia tau hais tias muaj zog compression, tab sis tag nrho cov lwm yam tsis zoo li ellipsoidal system. Tej pawg hu ua lens-puab. Zaum hais tias cov nebulae yog tsim raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm txoj kev poob ntawm ib tug kauv galaxy nws diffuse teeb meem.