Lub hydrolysis cov tshuaj tiv thaiv: kab zauv, hydrolysis khoom

Science News for KIDS, zoo li feem ntau ntawm cov caij nyoog sciences, yuav tsum muaj ib tug ntau ntawm cov xim thiab cov khoom paub, yeej tsis tau ib tug nyiam kev qhuab qhia me nyuam kawm ntawv. Thiab nyob rau hauv vain, vim hais tias nws yuav pab tau kom koj to taub ntau yam ntawm cov txheej txheem uas tshwm sim ib ncig thiab tsis pub dhau. Noj, piv txwv li, lub hydrolysis cov tshuaj tiv thaiv: thaum xub thawj siab ib muag nws nkawd hais tias nws tsuas yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau chemists, tiam sis ua tau tsis muaj lub cev yuav tsis zoo ua. Cia peb kawm txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm tus txheej txheem no, raws li zoo raws li nws cov tswv yim tseem ceeb rau tib neeg.

Lub hydrolysis cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog: yog dab tsi?

Raws li ib qho kev kab lus hu ua ob decomposition tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm cov dej thiab cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw yaj nyob rau ntawd rau tshiab tebchaw. Hydrolysis tseem hu ua los ntawm solvolysis nyob rau hauv cov dej.

Qhov no tshuaj lub sij hawm tsim los ntawm ob tug Greek lo lus "dej" thiab "expansion".

hydrolysis khoom

Xam tias yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub sis ntawm H ₂ O nrog ob organic thiab inorganic tshuaj. Nws tshwm sim nyob rau qhov kev txiav txim nyob rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog dej tshaj, thiab yog hais tias siv nrog ntxiv tshuaj, catalysts, seb qhov kub thiab siab tau hloov.

Piv txwv li, ntsev ntawm lub hydrolysis cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yeej txhawb lub tsim ntawm acids thiab alkalis. Thiab yog hais tias peb yuav sib tham txog organic tshuaj uas ua los ntawm lwm yam khoom. Lub aqueous solvolysis roj txhawb rau glycerol thiab ntau dua fatty acids. Yog hais tias tus txheej txheem muaj tshwm sim nrog cov nqaijrog, nws yog tsim raws li ib tug tshwm sim los ntawm ntau yam amino acids. Carbohydrates (polysaccharides) yog decomposed rau hauv monosaccharides.

Nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev, tsis tau tag nrho metabolize nqaijrog thiab carbohydrates, cov hydrolysis cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm "piv" lawv los tshuaj uas lub cev yog tau zom. Yog li ntawd solvolysis nyob rau hauv dej plays ib qho tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub qub hauj lwm ntawm txhua tus ntawm cov lom tshem me me.

ntsev Hydrolysis

Tom qab kev kawm zoo li cas rau hydrolysis cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, nws yog tsim nyog mus ntsib nrog nws nyob rau hauv lub khiav ntawm tshuaj ntawm inorganic keeb kwm, namely ntsev.

Cov yam ntxwv ntawm txoj kev no yog tias sis ntawm cov tebchaw nrog dej, ib tug tsis muaj zog ntsha ions nyob rau hauv lub ntsev yog kaw los ntawm nws thiab daim ntawv nrog H ₂ O tshiab tshuaj. Qhov no yuav profit yog acid los yog tsis muaj zog los luj, los yog ob qho tib si, thiab tshaj. Vim tag nrho li no, yog qhov equilibrium dissociation dej xaav.

Reversible thiab irreversible hydrolysis

Nyob rau hauv lub saum toj no piv txwv yuav pom es tsis txhob ntawm ib tug ob tug xib xub, ob qho tib si nyob rau hauv taw qhia sib txawv nyob rau hauv lub kawg hydrolysis kab zauv. Ua li cas nws txhais li cas? Qhov no cim qhia hais tias tus hydrolysis cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog reversible. Nyob rau hauv kev xyaum, qhov no txhais tau hais tias nrog dej, noj tib lub sij hawm tsis tau tsuas yog cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw decomposes rau hauv Cheebtsam (uas tso cai rau tshiab tebchaw tshwm sim), tab sis yog tsim dua.

Txawm li cas los, tsis yog txhua hydrolysis yog reversible, txwv tsis pub nws yuav tsis ua kev zoo siab, vim hais tias cov khoom tshiab yuav tsum tau tsis ruaj tsis khov.

Muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm lwm yam uas yuav pab tau los xyuas kom meej tias qhov no zoo ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tau ua irreversible:

• Kub. Txij thaum ntawd los, nws tsub kom los decreases nyob rau cov kev taw qhia nyob rau hauv uas lub equilibrium yog txav mus rau lub tu ncua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Yog hais tias nws yuav ntau dua, muaj ib tug ua haujlwm rau lub endothermic cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Yog hais tias nyob rau hauv tsis tooj, cov kub yog tsis, qhov kom zoo dua yog nyob rau sab ntawm lub exothermic cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.
• Siab. Qhov no yog lwm thermodynamic kom muaj nuj nqis, txawj influencing ion hydrolysis. Yog hais tias nws nce, cov tshuaj equilibrium yog txav mus rau sab ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, uas yog nrog los ntawm ib tug txo nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov roj cua. Yog hais tias decreases, vice versa.
• Ib tug siab los qis concentration ntawm cov tshuaj muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, raws li zoo raws li lub xub ntiag ntawm ntxiv catalysts.

Hom hydrolysis tshua nyob rau hauv ntsev dlaws

• Los ntawm anion (ion nrog ib tug tsis zoo xwb). Solvolysis nyob rau hauv dej ntsev ntawm muaj zog acids thiab muaj zog bases. Xws li ib tug tshuaj tiv thaiv yog vim lub zog ntawm cov reactants yog reversible.

• Raws li cov ntawv (zoo ion xwb). Hydrolysis ntawm lub ntsev ntawm muaj zog acid thiab tsis muaj zog puag. Nws tseem yog reversible.
• Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm ib tug tsis muaj zog acid thiab tsis muaj zog puag ntsev. Xws li ib tug txheej txheem yuav muab suav hais tias suab irreversible, txij li thaum tag nrho cov ntawm tus tshiab khiv-tsim tshuaj tawm hauv lub thiaj li hu ua tshuaj tiv thaiv cheeb tsam, precipitating los yog mus rau roj.
• Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv thiab lub hauv paus thiab lub acid ntsev - ua tau zoo, nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug tov tsis tshwm sim aqueous solvolysis.

degree ntawm hydrolysis

Los ntawm kev kawm tus yam ntxwv ntawm hydrolysis nyob rau hauv lub ntsev, yog tsim nyog hmoog rau xws li ib tug tshwm sim raws li nws cov degree. Los ntawm cov lus no txhais tau tias tus piv ntawm ntsev (uas yog twb nyob rau hauv ib tug decomposition tshuaj tiv thaiv uas H ₂ O) rau tag nrho cov nqi ntawm cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw uas muaj nyob hauv cov tshuaj.

Cov weaker lub acid los yog puag uas koom nyob rau hauv lub hydrolysis, ntau dua qhov lub degree. Nws yog ntsuas nyob rau hauv lub chav 0-100% thiab yog txiav txim los ntawm cov mis qhia hauv qab no.

N - tus naj npawb ntawm molecules ntawm lub substance dhau hydrolysis thiab N ₀ - tag nrho cov nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj.

Nyob rau hauv feem ntau tus neeg mob, cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm solvolysis nyob rau hauv aqueous ntsev yog me me. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv 1% sodium acetate tshuaj -th nws tsuas yog 0.01% (nyob rau hauv 20 degrees).

Hydrolysis nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov organic keeb kwm

Kawm cov txheej txheem yuav tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov organic tshuaj tebchaw.

Zoo tag nrho cov uas muaj sia nyob, hydrolysis tshwm sim raws li ib feem ntawm lub zog metabolism (catabolism). Nrog kev pab los ntawm cleaved cov nqaijrog, nqaijrog thiab carbohydrates nyob rau hauv yooj yim assimilable tshuaj. Nws yog feem ntau cov dej nws tus kheej yog tsis tshua muaj nyob rau hauv ib txoj hauj lwm rau pib cov txheej txheem ntawm solvolysis, li ntawd, lub cev muaj siv txawv enzymes li catalysts.

Yog hais tias peb yuav sib tham txog ib yam tshuaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog organic tshuaj, tswj tau tshiab tshuaj nyob rau hauv txoj kev kuaj los yog ntau lawm, mus leeb thiab txhim kho nws cov tshuaj ntxiv zog acid los yog alkali.

Hydrolysis nyob rau hauv triglycerides (triacylglycerols)

Qhov no yooj yim pronounceable lub sij hawm hu ua fatty acids, uas feem ntau ntawm peb yog hu ua rog.

Lawv tuaj nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si tsiaj thiab zaub keeb kwm. Txawm li cas los, peb yeej paub tias dej yog tsis muaj peev xwm yaj cov tshuaj, yuav ua li cas hydrolysis ntawm cov nqaijrog?

Qhov suav hais tias cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hu ua saponification ntawm cov nqaijrog. Qhov no aqueous solvolysis triacylglycerols los ntawm cov enzymes nyob rau hauv alkaline los yog acidic nruab nrab. Nyob rau nws, faib alkaline hydrolysis thiab acid.

Nyob rau hauv thawj cov ntaub ntawv, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ua cov ntsev siab fatty acids (zoo dua lub npe hu ua soaps tag nrho). Yog li, lub NaOH tau los ntawm cov pa khoom xab npum, thiab los ntawm Koh - kua. Yog li ntawd alkaline hydrolysis nyob rau hauv triglycerides - ib tug txheej txheem ntawm tsim ntawm lub xab npum. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias nws yuav muab pub dawb rau nqa tawm nyob rau hauv lub rog ntawm ob zaub thiab tsiaj keeb kwm.

Qhov suav hais tias cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog vim li cas hais tias cov zoo nkauj phem xab npum kom nyob rau hauv ib qho nyuaj dej thiab tsis mylitsya nyob rau hauv ntsev. Lub fact tias cov txhav yog hu ua H ₂ O, uas muaj ib tug dhau heev lawm ntawm calcium thiab magnesium ions. Ib tug xab npum, ib zaug nyob rau hauv dej, rov undergoes hydrolysis, decomposing rau hauv sodium ions thiab hydrocarbon residue. Lub sis ntawm cov tshuaj nyob rau hauv cov dej insoluble ntsev yog tsim, uas tshwm sim raws li dawb ya ri tau. Kom tsis txhob no, cov dej yog ntxiv NaHCO ₃ sodium hydrogen carbonate, feem ntau hu ua ci dej qab zib. Qhov no tshuaj tsub kom lub alkalinity ntawm cov tshuaj thiab li pab cov tshuaj ntxuav tes ua nws zog. Incidentally, txhob ua tej yam teeb meem, nyob rau hauv lub niaj hnub muaj detergents manufactured los ntawm lwm yam xws li ntsev ntawm esters siab alcohols thiab sulfuric acid. Cov molecules muaj los ntawm kaum ob los kaum plaub carbon atoms, yog li ntawd lawv tsis poob lawv lub zog nyob rau hauv ntsev los yog brackish dej.

Yog hais tias qhov nruab nrab nyob rau hauv uas cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no tshwm sim, ib tug acidic, xws li ib tug txheej txheem no hu ua acid hydrolysis ntawm triacylglycerols. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, nyob rau hauv tus ntawm tej yam tshuaj evolving acid rau glycerol thiab carboxylic acids.

Hydrolysis ntawm cov nqaijrog yog lwm cov kev xaiv - ib tug hydrogenation triacylglycerols. Qhov no tus txheej txheem no siv nyob rau hauv ib co hom tu, xws li kev tshem tawm ntawm ib co kua nplaum ntawm acetylene, ethylene los yog cov pa impurities ntawm txawv systems.

Hydrolysis ntawm carbohydrates

Cov tshuaj no yog cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws Cheebtsam ntawm cov zaub mov ntawm cov tib neeg thiab tej tsiaj txhu. Txawm li cas los, sucrose, lactose, maltose, starch thiab glycogen nyob hauv cov ntshiab daim ntawv lub cev tsis tau assimilate. Yog li ntawd, cia li raws li nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov rog, cov carbohydrates raug tawg cia rau hauv ntsiab assimilable los ntawm hydrolysis cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.

Solvolysis raws li ib tug dej ua si ntawm cov pa roj carbon yog siv nyob rau hauv qhov kev lag luam. Starch, yog li no cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog H ₂ O, extract thiab piam thaj phoov, uas yog ib feem ntawm yuav luag tag nrho cov khoom qab zib.

Lwm polysaccharide, uas yog dav siv nyob rau hauv kev lag luam rau qhov siv thiab ua ntau pab tshuaj thiab cov khoom - yog cellulose. Los ntawm no extract kev glycerin, ethylene glycol, fodder poov xab, sorbitol thiab paub zoo rau tag nrho cov ethyl cawv.

cellulose hydrolysis tshwm sim tom qab heev raug rau siab kub thiab muaj cov mineral acids. Qhov kawg khoom ntawm tshuaj tiv thaiv no yog, raws li yog cov ntaub ntawv nrog starch, piam thaj. Nws yuav tsum tau borne nyob rau hauv lub siab hais tias cov hydrolysis ntawm cellulose yog yam nyuab dua rau kis tshaj nyob rau hauv cov hmoov txhuv nplej raws li lub polysaccharide yog resistant rau mineral acids. Txawm li cas los, vim hais tias cellulose yog lub ntsiab tivthaiv ntawm phab ntsa siab nroj tsuag, raw khoom, nws muaj, pheej yig dua tshaj cov hmoov txhuv nplej. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub cellulosic zib ntau siv rau kev xav tau kev pab, thaum lub sij hawm cov hmoov txhuv nplej hydrolysis khoom yog pom tias yuav ua tau zoo dua haum rau lub hwj chim.

hydrolysis ntawm cov nqaijrog

Protein - yog qhov tseem ceeb lub tsev khoom siv rau lub hlwb ntawm tag nrho cov uas muaj sia nyob. Lawv muaj xws li ntau amino acids thiab yog ib tug tseem ceeb heev cov khoom rau lub qub hauj lwm ntawm lub cev. Txawm li cas los, yog ib tug high-molecular tebchaw, lawv tej zaum yuav tsis zoo absorbed. Mus piv rau qhov hauj lwm no, nws yog lawv hydrolysis.

Raws li yog cov ntaub ntawv nrog rau lwm cov organic tshuaj, tshuaj tiv thaiv no raug rhuav tshem proteins uas kom tsawg molecular yuag khoom, yooj yim digestible los ntawm lub cev.