Tsim, Secondary kev kawm ntawv thiab cov tsev kawm ntawv
... kom txhob muaj zog muaj redox zog
Redox thaj chaw ntawm tus neeg atoms thiab ions yog ib qho tseem ceeb qhov teeb meem nyob rau hauv niaj hnub Science News for KIDS. Qhov no cov ntaub ntawv uas yuav pab kom lawv piav rau cov kev ua ntawm lub ntsiab thiab yam yuav coj ib lub ncauj lus kom ntxaws kev sib piv ntawm cov tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm qhov sib txawv atoms.
Yuav ua li cas yog lub oxidizing neeg sawv cev
Muaj ntau cov teeb meem nyob rau hauv Science News for KIDS, xws li nqe lus nug ntawm lub unified lub xeev ntsuam xyuas nyob rau hauv qib 11, thiab Jeg nyob rau hauv lub 9 qib, txuam nrog cov tswvyim no. Lub oxidant yog suav tias yog atoms los yog ions, uas nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm tshuaj sis txais electrons los ntawm lwm ion los yog atom. Yog hais tias peb tsom xam cov oxidizing thaj chaw ntawm atoms xav tau periodic system ntawm Mendeleev. Nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm, uas yog nyob rau hauv lub rooj ntawm sab laug mus rau sab xis, cov oxidizing muaj peev xwm ntawm cov atoms qab, piv txwv li, muaj ib tug zoo li uas tsis yog-metallic zog. Qhov loj pab pawg zoo xws li cov parameter txo downwards. Ntawm cov feem ntau haib ntawm tej yam yooj yim tshuaj muaj ib tug oxidizing muaj peev xwm, ua fluoride. Ib tug lub sij hawm xws li "electronegativity", nws yog tau mus coj ib tug atom nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov tshuaj sis ntawm cov electrons yuav muab suav hais tias synonymous nrog oxidative zog. Cov complex tshuaj uas muaj ob los sis ntau tshuaj ntsiab yuav suav hais tias kaj oxidants: poov tshuaj permanganate, poov tshuaj chlorate, ozone.
Yuav ua li cas yog lub reductant
Txo cov khoom raug rau atoms ntawm tej yam yooj yim tshuaj seeb nws yog xim hlau zog. Nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm lub periodic rooj nyob rau hauv lub nws yog xim hlau zog, laug tsis muaj zog txaus, thiab nyob rau hauv loj pab pawg (ntsug), lawv yog amplified. Lub essence ntawm qhov rov qab nyob rau hauv tej yam uas cov electrons, uas muaj nyob rau ntawm lub txheej zog. Qhov ntau dua tus xov tooj ntawm electron zoo li (ntau ntau), qhov yooj yim dua rau xa thaum lub sij hawm cov tshuaj sis ntawm cov "ntxiv" electrons.
Rau yav tom ntej kom txhob muaj zog muaj active (alkali, alkaline lub ntiaj teb) co. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, tej seeb zoo xws li cov tsis tau hais tias qhov txawv cov leej faj oxide (6), cov pa roj carbon monoxide. Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav tau lub siab tshaj plaws degree ntawm oxidation, lub tebchaw yuav tau muab txo zog.
Cov oxidation txheej txheem
Yog hais tias, thaum lub sij hawm cov tshuaj sis ntawm cov atom los yog ion loses electrons mus rau lwm lub atom (ion), yog hais txog tus txheej txheem ntawm oxidation. Rau kev tsom xam ntawm yuav ua li cas hloov kom txhob muaj zog thiab oxidative muaj peev xwm, yuav tsum tau hais ntawm lub periodic rooj, raws li zoo raws li kev txawj ntse ntawm tam sim no cov kev cai ntawm physics.
rov qab txheej txheem
Yuav txo tau dab koom nrog tus me nyuam ntawm ions los yog electrons los ntawm atoms lwm atoms (ions) thaum lub sij hawm ncaj tshuaj sis raug zoo. Rau yav tom ntej kom txhob muaj cov neeg ua hauj yog nitrites, sulfites ntawm alkali hlau. Txo thaj chaw ntawm cov ntsiab nyob rau hauv lub system hloov hlau zog zoo xws li cov yooj yim tshuaj.
Algorithm tsom xam OVR
Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav npaj tshuaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm tus menyuam kawm ntawv mus teem lub coefficients, koj yuav tsum tau siv ib tug tshwj xeeb algorithm. Redox zog pab daws ib tug ntau yam ntawm kev tsim kev pab raws qib nyob rau hauv analytical, organic, general Science News for KIDS. Kev txiav txim muab tej tsom xam ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv:
- Ua ntej, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb los txhais tau txhua lub caij muaj oxidation lub xeev, uas siv cov kev cai.
- Tom ntej no txhais tau cov atoms los yog ions, uas tau hloov lawv lub oxidation lub xeev yuav tsum tau muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.
- Marks "rho tawm" thiab "plus" qhia tias cov xov tooj ntawm cov cam khwb cia saws thaum lub sij hawm cov tshuaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm cov dawb electrons.
- Ntxiv mus, nyob nruab nrab ntawm tus xov tooj ntawm electrons yog txiav txim los ntawm qhov tsawg kawg nkaus ib qho ntau yam, i.e. ib tug integer uas yog tusyees divisible los ntawm txais thiab surrendered electrons.
- Ces nws yog muab faib ua electrons koom nyob rau hauv tshuaj tshua.
- Tom ntej no, peb txiav txim raws nraim uas ions los yog atoms muaj txo zog, raws li zoo raws li txiav txim oxidants.
- Thaum lub theem kawg ntawm teeb coefficients nyob rau hauv Eq.
Thov txoj kev ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob tshuav nyiaj li cas, mus rau qhov chaw lub coefficients nyob rau hauv ib tug muab tshuaj tiv thaiv tswvyim:
NaMnO 4 + sulfuric acid + hydrogen sulfide = S + Mn li 4 + ... + ...
Algorithm kom daws tau qhov teeb meem
Peb nrhiav tau tawm raws nraim li cas yuav tsum tau tsim nyob rau tom qab sis ntawm qhov teeb meem. Txij li thaum cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog twb oxidant (lawv yuav manganese) thiab hais tseg kom txhob muaj neeg saib xyuas (nws yuav tsum tau leej faj) tsim tshuaj uas yog tsis hloov cov degree ntawm oxidation. Txij li thaum lub ntsiab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw ntawm lub ntsev thiab lub zog pa-muaj acid, ces ib tug ntawm cov xaus tshuaj yuav dej, thiab lub thib ob - sodium ntsev, precisely ntau, sodium sulfate.
Cia peb tam sim no rov qab tswvyim thiab qhov saws me nyuam ntawm cov electron:
- Mn +7 yuav siv sij hawm 5 e = Mn +2.
Qhov thib ob yog ib feem ntawm lub tswvyim:
- S -2 = S 0 otdaet2e
Peb muab tso rau hauv thawj zaug tshuaj tiv thaiv cov nqi, tsis nco qab mus saib lub ntsab lug tag nrho cov leej faj atoms nyob rau hauv lub sab ntawm cov kab zauv.
2NaMnO 4 + 5H 2 S + 3H 2 li 4 = 5 + 2MnSO 4 + 8H 2 O + Na 2 li 4.
Parsing OVR uas hydrogen peroxide
Thov lub algorithm tsom xam OVR yuav equate lub tshuaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv:
hydrogen peroxide + sulfuric acid + poov tshuaj permagnanat = Mn li 4 + pa + ... + ...
Oxidation hloov pa ion (hydrogen peroxide) thiab manganese ntawv rau poov tshuaj permanganate. Hais tias yog, ib tug txo neeg sawv cev thiab ib tug oxidizing neeg sawv cev, peb muaj tam sim no.
Txhais li cas ib tug cov ntaub ntawv uas muaj peev xwm tseem tshwm sim tom qab tus sis. Ib tug ntawm lawv yog cov dej, uas yog obviously tuaj los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm lub acid thiab ntsev. Poov tshuaj tsis tsim ib tug tshiab tshuaj, qhov thib ob khoom yuav poov tshuaj ntsev, namely sulfate, raws li cov tshuaj tiv thaiv proceeded nrog sulfuric acid.
Tsav:
2O - 2 muab electron thiab hloov mus rau hauv O 2 0 5
Mn +7 5 tau txais electrons thiab yuav ib tug ion 2 Mn +2
Peb muab cov nqi.
5H 2 O 2 + 3H 2 li 4 + 2KMnO = 5O 2 4 + 2Mn li 4 + 8H 2 O + K 2 li 4
QAUV parsing OVR nrog poov tshuaj chromate
Siv cov qauv ntawm cov hluav taws xob tshuav nyiaj li cas, tsim kom muaj ib qho kev nrog coefficients:
FeCl 2 + hydrochloric acid + poov tshuaj chromate = FeCl 3 + CrCl 3 + ... + ...
Hloov oxidation xeev iron (hlau chloride nyob rau hauv II) thiab chromium ion nyob rau hauv poov tshuaj bichromate.
Tam sim no peb yuav ua tiag kom paub tseeb seb yog dab tsi lwm yam yog tsim. Ib tug tej zaum yuav ib lub ntsev. Raws li poov tshuaj yog tsis tsim tej compound li lub thib ob cov khoom no yog ib tug poov tshuaj ntsev, precisely ntau, chloride, vim hais tias cov tshuaj tiv thaiv coj qhov chaw nrog hydrochloric acid.
Yuav kom daim duab qhia:
Fe +2 xa e = Fe +3 6 reductant
2Cr + 6 6 tau txais e = 2Cr +3 1 oxidizer.
Peb ua rau coefficients nyob rau hauv thawj zaug tshuaj tiv thaiv:
6K 2 Kr 2 O 7 + FeCl 2 + 14HCl = 7H 2 O + 6FeCl 3 + 2CrCl 3 + 2KCl
QAUV parsing OVR nrog poov tshuaj iodide
Armed nrog cov kev cai, tsim kom muaj ib qho kev:
poov tshuaj permanganate + sulfuric acid + poov tshuaj iodide, manganese sulfate + ... iodo + ... + ...
Oxidation lub xeev hloov manganese thiab iodine. Qhov ntawd yog qhov reductant thiab oxidant yog tam sim no.
Tam sim no peb nrhiav tau tawm nyob rau hauv lub kawg peb tau tsim. Cov compound yuav muaj poov tshuaj, i.e. tau poov tshuaj sulfate.
Yuav txo tau dab tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub iodine ions.
Daim Ntawv lub electron hloov tswvyim:
- Mn +7 5 tau txais e = Mn +2 2 yog ib qho oxidizing neeg sawv cev,
- 2I - muab E = kuv 2 2 0 5 yog ib tug txo neeg sawv cev.
Peb npaj cov coefficients nyob rau hauv thawj zaug tshuaj tiv thaiv, thaum tsis nco qab los qhia lub ntsiab rau tag nrho cov leej faj atoms nyob rau hauv kab zauv.
210KI + KMnO 4 + 8H 2 li 4 = 2MnSO 4 + 5I 2 + 6K 2 li 4 + 8H 2 O
QAUV parsing OVR nrog sodium sulfite
Siv cov classical txoj kev, peb kos li schemes rau kab zauv:
- sulfuric acid + KMnO 4 + ... sodium sulfite, sodium sulfate, manganese sulfate + ... + ... +
Tom qab reacting tau sodium ntsev dej.
Yuav kom daim duab qhia:
- Mn +7 5 tau txais e = Mn +2 2
- S +4 2 xa e = S + 6 5.
Peb npaj cov coefficients nyob rau hauv no cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog tsis hnov qab muab cov leej faj atoms nyob rau hauv qhov chaw kawm coefficients.
3H 2 li 4 + 2KMnO 4 + 5Na 2 li 3 = K 2 li 4 + 2MnSO 4 + 5Na 2 li 4 + 3H 2 O.
QAUV parsing OVR nrog nitrogen
Ua kom tiav cov nram qab no pab raws qib. Siv cov algorithm, peb tsim ib tug tag nrho cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab zauv:
- manganese nitrate + Nitric acid + PbO 2 = HMnO 4 + Pb (TSIS MUAJ 3) 2 +
Cia peb soj ntsuam li cas substance txawm cov ntaub ntawv. Txij li thaum cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog nyob rau ntawm ib tug muaj zog oxidizing neeg saib xyuas thiab ntsev, ces tus tshuaj yog dej.
Peb yuav qhia cov kev hloov nyob rau hauv lub xov tooj ntawm electrons:
- Mn +2 5 xa e = Mn +7 2 teev cov khoom ntawm ib tug txo neeg sawv cev,
- Pb +4 2 tau txais e = Pb +2 5 oxidizer.
3. Peb npaj cov coefficients nyob rau hauv thawj zaug tshuaj tiv thaiv, ua tib zoo ntxiv mus rau tag nrho cov nitrogen tam sim no nyob rau hauv rau sab laug sab ntawm lub thawj zaug kab zauv:
- 2Mn (TSIS MUAJ 3) 2 + 6HNO 3 + 5PbO 2 = 2HMnO 4 + 5Pb (TSIS MUAJ 3) 2 + 2H 2 O.
Nyob rau hauv no cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, kom txhob muaj zog yog tsis manifested nitrogen.
Ib tug thib ob qauv ntawm cov redox tshuaj tiv thaiv uas nitrogen:
ZN + sulfuric acid + HNO 3 = ZnSO 4 + TSIS + ...
- ZN 0 2 xa e = ZN +2 3 yuav txo neeg sawv cev,
N +5 3 tau txais e = N +2 2 yog tus oxidant.
Peb muab lub coefficients nyob rau hauv ib tug predetermined cov tshuaj tiv thaiv:
3Zn + 3H 2 li 4 + 2HNO 3 = 3ZnSO 4 + 2NO + 4H 2 O.
Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub redox tshua
Qhov zoo tshaj plaws-paub yuav txo tau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv - photosynthesis, ib tug raug nroj tsuag. Yuav ua li cas los mus hloov lub thaj chaw ntawm rov qab? Cov txheej txheem no tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub biosphere, nws leads mus rau ib qho kev nce nyob rau hauv lub zog nrog ib tug sab nraud qhov chaw. Nws yog qhov no zog thiab siv rau lawv kev xav tau ntawm tib neeg. Piv txwv ntawm oxidizing thiab txo tshua txuam nrog tshuaj hais, yog ntawm kev tseem ceeb converting tebchaw ntawm nitrogen, carbon, oxygen. Los ntawm photosynthesis ntiaj teb huab cua muaj xws li ib tug muaj pes tsawg leeg uas yog yuav tsum tau rau txoj kev loj hlob uas muaj sia nyob. Los ntawm photosynthesis tsis nce carbon dioxide nyob rau hauv cov huab cua casing, tus nto ntawm lub ntiaj teb yog tsis overheated. Cov nroj tsuag muaj tsis tsuas yog los ntawm redox cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, tiam sis cov kev kawm ntaub ntawv xws tshuaj rau tib neeg, xws li cov pa, qabzib. Qhov no tsis muaj tshuaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav tsis tau ib tug tag nrho lub voj voog ntawm teeb meem nyob rau hauv cov xwm, raws li zoo raws li lub hav zoov ntawm cov organic lub neej.
Ua daim ntawv thov OVR
Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav muaj lub hlau nto, nws yog tsim nyog los paub tias muaj txo zog active co, yog li ntawd nws yog ua tau rau npog qhov chaw txheej tshaj lub active caij, yog li tseg cov txheej txheem ntawm cov tshuaj corrosion. Vim lub redox zog los ntawm tu thiab tua ntawm cov dej haus. Tsis yog tus twg ib tug teeb meem yuav tsis tau daws tsis tau muab tso rau kom nyob rau hauv kab zauv coefficients. Nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim kom tsis txhob yuam kev, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom muaj ib lub tswv yim hais txog tag nrho cov redox tsis.
Kev pab tiv thaiv tiv thaiv tshuaj xeb
Kev sib tw rau tib neeg lub neej thiab kev ua si yog corrosion. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm cov tshuaj hloov dua siab tshiab ntawm hlau tsis ua hauj lwm, poob lawv cov kev kawm tsheb qhov chaw, lub cav cov cuab yeej. Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav kho tej teeb meem, uas yog siv los tua fij, kev tiv thaiv, ib tug hlau txheej txheej ntawm kua roj vanish lossis xim thov anticorrosive alloys. Piv txwv li, steel nto yog them nrog ib tug txheej ntawm active hlau - txhuas.
xaus
Ib tug ntau yam uas yuav txo tau kev tshua tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub cev, kom lub cev tau hauj lwm ntawm lub digestive system. Tej yam yooj yim lub neej dab li fermentation, putrefaction, kev ua pa, kuj mob nrog txo zog. Muaj zoo xws li cov nta, tag nrho cov nyob creatures rau peb ntiaj chaw. Tsis muaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog kev mob siab thiab kev txaus sab ntawm electrons yuav tsis tau tsuas, muaj zus tau tej cov ammonia, alkalis, acids. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov analytical Science News for KIDS hom kev kawm volumetric tsom xam yog raws li nyob rau hauv lub redox dab. Sib ntaus nrog xws li tsis kaj siab tshwm sim ntawm cov tshuaj xeb, nws kuj yog raws li nyob rau hauv txoj kev paub ntawm cov dab.
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