Creativity N. A. Nekrasova - ib tug kaj thiab nthuav cov nplooj ntawv ntawm Lavxias teb sab classical ntaub ntawv. Ntxiv thiab txhawb cov tswv yim thiab txoj kev qhia los ntawm Pushkin thiab Lermontov, Nekrasov tshaj nyob deb pem hauv ntej nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov kev ywj pheej hom phiaj ntawm patriotic cwj pwm thiab tiam sis uas tau raug tshaj tawm hais tias nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm nws kuj zoo kawg predecessors. Muse ntawm Nikolai - "Muse ntawm txoj kev chim siab thiab kev tu siab," tus muam ntawm lub neeg pluag, tsis muaj hnub tu nrog whips nyob rau hauv lub Haymarket. Tag nrho nws lub neej nws tau sau txog cov neeg thiab rau cov neeg, thiab "homespun" Russia - ib tug neeg pluag, txom nyem thiab zoo nkauj - confronts peb los ntawm cov nplooj ntawv ntawm nws cov paj huam collections raws li ib tug nyob.
Keeb kwm ntawm creation
Qhov tsom xam ntawm lub paj huam "Lub Poet thiab Citizen", raws li zoo raws li lwm yam kev ua hauj lwm ntawm cov kos duab, yuav tsum pib nrog ib tug kev tshawb ntawm cov keeb kwm ntawm nws cov creation, nrog rau cov socio-thoj teeb meem uas tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws nyob rau lub sij hawm uas, thiab biographical sau cov ntaub ntawv, yog hais tias lawv muaj ib yam dab tsi ua nrog cov khoom . Hnub ntawm kev sau ntawv hauv cov ntawv nyeem - 1855 - Lub rau hli ntuj 1856. Nws twb xub luam tawm nyob rau hauv tus sau tus sau, uas tau luam tawm nyob rau hauv tib lub 56-m. Ua ntej ntawd Chernyshevsky proanonsiroval Nekrasov phau ntawv sau nyob rau hauv lub tom ntej no qhov teeb meem ntawm "Kawm" me ntsis saib xyuas tsom xam ntawm lub paj huam "Lub Poet thiab Citizen" thiab cov ntawv nyeem, raws li zoo raws li ib tug ob peb ntau tiag tiag li thiab nyob rau hauv Nekrasovsky hlostkih ua hauj lwm, xws li ib tug iab satire "Tsis nco qab lawm lub zos". Ntawv qhia los ib tug zoo kawg resonance nyob hauv zej zog thiab muaj zog dissatisfaction nrog cov tub ceev xwm thiab nom thuam. Nyob rau hauv "Poet thiab Citizen" autocratic tsoom fwv tau pom (zoo, los ntawm txoj kev, rightly) tawv thuam thiab subversive, revolutionary hais. Cov teeb meem tag nrho ntawm "Kawm", raws li zoo raws li cov ntawv luam ntawm cov phau ntawv tau raug muab tshem tawm los ntawm cov dawb nkag tau mus siv thiab raug txwv tsis pub reprint. Tshaj los ntawm lub magazine looming kev hem thawj ntawm kaw. Thiab tshaj Nekrasov, uas yog nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm txawv teb chaws, nyob rau hauv kev hem thawj uas nws raug ntes on nws rov qab. Yog vim li cas yog xws li ib tug tsausmuag cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm cov tub ceev xwm thiab censorship? To taub qhov no yuav pab txheeb xyuas cov paj huam "Lub Poet thiab Citizen".
Literary lig kev cai thiab cov rooj saab laaj
Thaum Nekrasov tau hnov rumours txog qhov tsoom fwv lub atrocities nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm kab lis kev cai, pej xeem lub tswv yim, ntaub ntawv, nws teb hais tias Lavxias teb sab sau ntawv pom "censorship thiab txaus ntshai los nag." Ib tug kev ywj pheej qhov tseem ceeb thiab civil nco qab thiab ib tug nkag siab ntawm lub tswv yim neeg ntawm lub luag hauj lwm rau haiv neeg, lub teb chaws, lub sij hawm thiab tus kheej txuj ci yuav siv sij hawm tshaj Nekrasov laus cov khub sau ntawv - Pushkin (nco txog nws tus naas ej "sib tham muag ntawv nrog rau cov kws sau paj lug"), thiab Lermontov ( "journalist, nyeem ntawv thiab txawj sau ntawv "). Qhov tsom xam ntawm lub paj huam "Lub Poet thiab Citizen" ua rau nws ua tau rau ib txoj lw yuav ua li cas tsim thiab muaj tob dua Alexey zoo poetic kev lig kev cai.
"Ntshiab art" thiab ib tug kev ywj pheej kab
50-60-ies. Xyoo pua puv 19 - lub sij hawm yog heev tense rau lub Lavxias teb sab. Dua li ntawm qhov tshuaj tiv thaiv, cov tub ceev xwm tsim txom thiab autocratic censorship nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws muaj yog ib tug loj hlob dissatisfaction nrog cov nom tswv kev nyab xeeb, lub loj hlob pem lub hnyav strata ntawm cov pejxeem. Serfdom yog bursting ntawm lub nqaws, lub tswv yim ntawm lub teb chaws liberation, npau taws thiab kua zaub ntsuab nyob rau hauv cov huab cua. Thaum lub sij hawm lub sij hawm no, mob siab heev sib cav tswv yim yog noj qhov chaw ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub tswv yim intelligentsia. "Poet thiab Citizen" - ib tug nqe ntawm Nekrasov - kom meej meej qhia lawv essence. Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub thiaj li hu ua "dawb huv art" (los ntawm lawv cov ntsej muag sib cav tswv yim nyob rau hauv lub chaw ua hauj lwm rau yus tus kws sau paj lug) ntseeg tau hais tias cov paj huam, cov ntaub ntawv raws li tau zoo raws li lub suab paj nruag, painting yuav tsum hais lus ntawm "nyob mus ib txhis." Qhov ntawd yeej muaj tseeb kos duab saum toj no socio-thoj teeb meem thiab sustenance. Raws li ib qho piv txwv ntawm xws li ib tug txoj hauj lwm ua Nekrasov quote los ntawm Pushkin tej hauj lwm ( "The Poet thiab Citizen", cov nqe lus, "Peb yog yug los rau kev tshoov siab / Rau lub qab zib suab thiab tej lus thov ..."). Ib tug staunch tus nrog sib ntaus ntawm no saib thiab tawm suab ib tug active lub neej txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub kos duab zoo nkaus li nyob rau hauv cov paj huam Citizen. Nws yog nws leej twg qhia cov views thiab cov tswv yim ntawm tus sau, kev ywj pheej tendencies thiab dee.
Ntsiab thiab lub tswv yim ntawm cov paj huam
Nekrasov yeej tsis qhia nws cov paj huam rau ib tug txhob txwm lyrical, intimate, thiab civil. Cov ob cov lus qhia, seemingly txawv heev, sib haum xeeb ua ke nyob rau hauv nws cov hauj lwm rau hauv ib kwj. "Poet thiab Citizen" (zaj paj huam tsom xam proves tej no daim ntawv qhia) - ib tug software khoom nyob rau hauv lub siab hais tias nws qhia tawm tus tseem ceeb tshaj plaws tswv yim ntawm tus sau, nyob tseem ceeb heev teeb meem. Nekrasov kom meej meej thiab tab expressed nws muaj tswv yim thiab socio-thoj Credo: tsis muaj teeb meem uas koj muaj los ntawm txoj hauj lwm thiab kev ntseeg. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb tias koj yog tus tub ntawm lawv lub teb chaws, uas txhais tau tias ib tug neeg pej xeem, leej twg yuav tsum sib ntaus rau nws, rau ib tug zoo dua lub neej, txoj kev vam meej, ob qho tib si economic thiab sab ntsuj plig. Tu siab, Kuv pom zoo nrog nws ib tug heev ob peb. Vim hais tias pej xeem kawg hais tias: "tsis muaj kev zam lub plawv zoo / Uas motherland yog yam dawb ceev." Lub "teev ntawm kev tu siab thiab kev tu siab," feemxyuam, ncaj ncees, kev txawj ntse neeg tsis muaj cai mus zaum rau ntawm lub sidelines, chanting "kev zoo nkauj ntawm qhov" thiab "qab zib caress." Ntxias, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog sau ntawv, yog muab tej txiaj ntsim nrog ib tug tshwj xeeb lub txiaj ntsim - rau feem xyuam rau txoj minds thiab siab ntawm cov neeg, coj lawv - mus siv. Nws luag hauj lwm, muab nws tus kheej rau cov kev pab cuam ntawm lub motherland thiab cov neeg - uas pom lub tswv yim tus lub hom phiaj Nekrasov. "Poet thiab Citizen", tus tsom xam uas peb tuav - ib tug paj huam-manifesto-paj huam tsis txaus siab tab caw tag nrho cov khub sau ntawv siv lub sab ntawm cov neeg, "Tsis txhob yuav ib tug dlej pej xeem / K teb txias plig / Nws twb tsis muaj ab reproach ..." .
Muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab cov khoom ntawm stylistic peculiarities
Yog li, cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov paj huam - lub kws sau paj lug thiab paj huam, lawv lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub socio-thoj zog ntawm lub teb chaws. Lub tswv yim tseem ceeb thiab cov ntsiab tswv yim qhia nyob rau hauv cov kab: "Ua ib tug pej xeem ... / To nyob zoo tus neeg nyob ze ...". Yuav kom qhia nws dlaim phaj thiab dlaim phaj, zog qhia rau cov txawj nyeem ntawv Nekrasov elects tus thawj hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov lyric ua hauj lwm - dramatized sib tham ideological sib cav tswv yim. Heroes replica lwm passionate monologues Citizen, tag nrho ntawm nws cov hais thiab exclamations, ua rau nws siab heev hais lus. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, thiab yog li ntawd ua nws tus kheej nrog kev sib tham. Ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm verbs tseem ceeb, socio-thoj lexicon, conscription suab muab tus nyeem ntawv lub feem ntau kom nquag plias thiab zoo cwj pwm, uas nrhiav thiab Nekrasov. "Poet thiab Citizen" - ib tug paj huam, uas nws siab zoo nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb ib tug tswv ntawm lo lus, hais tias lawv muaj teeb meem - tsis "belles lettres" thiab rooj sib hais nws delight lovers, tsis kaw tham, thiab pab tib neeg. Qhov tseeb ntawm nws ua hauj lwm tsis yog poob rau hauv peb hnub.