Lub degree ntawm oxidation - uas yog tus nqi? Yuav ua li cas los mus txiav txim raws li ntawm oxidation ntawm lub ntsiab?

Xws li ib tug lub tsev kawm ntawv kev kawm zoo li Science News for KIDS ua heev heev teeb meem nyob rau hauv feem ntau ntawm niaj hnub no cov tub ntxhais kawm, ob peb heev neeg yuav txiav txim seb lub degree ntawm oxidation nyob rau hauv lub tebchaw. Qhov loj tshaj teeb meem nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv cov me nyuam uas kawm inorganic Science News for KIDS, uas yog, thawj lub tsev kawm ntawv cov menyuam kawm ntawv (8-9 qib). Nruas to taub yuam kev ua rau yus tsis nyiam schoolchildren rau cov kev kawm.

Cov xib fwb faib ib tug xov tooj ntawm yog vim li cas rau qhov no "tsis nyiam" cov menyuam kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv theem nrab thiab high school cov tub ntxhais kawm nyob rau hauv Science News for KIDS: lub unwillingness to taub lub complex tshuaj lus, tsis muaj peev xwm siv algorithms rau ib qho txheej txheem, cov zauv paub txog qhov teeb meem. Qhov Ministry of Education tau ua loj cov kev hloov nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov kev kawm. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lub "txiav" thiab tus naj npawb ntawm cov sij hawm rau cov kev qhia ntawm Science News for KIDS. Qhov no adversely cuam tshuam qhov zoo tshaj ntawm kev txawj ntse rau hauv kev kawm, ib tug txo ntawm kev txaus siab nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no ntawm cov kev qhuab qhia.

Yam dab tsi Science News for KIDS kawg muab cov menyuam kawm ntawv yam?

Nyob rau hauv qhov kev pab tshiab nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm kev qhuab qhia "Science News for KIDS" yooj yim lub tsev kawm ntawv muaj xws li ob peb loj uas kawm txog: periodic rooj hais D. I. Mendeleeva, inorganic tshuaj chav kawm ntawv, ion pauv. Yam kawm qib txhais muab oxidation xeev oxides.

kev tso kawm kev cai

Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov me nyuam kawm ntawv yuav tsum tau paub hais tias ob-lub caij oxides muaj txoj tebchaw, nyob rau hauv uas muaj pes tsawg leeg nrog oxygen. Ib tug prerequisite binary compound teej tug mus rau cov chav kawm ntawv ntawm oxides yog oxygen ob qhov chaw nyob rau hauv ib tug muab compound.

Xam xws index nyob rau hauv tej muab chav kawm ntawv ntawm cov qauv yog tau tsuas yog hais tias tus me nyuam kawm ntawv muaj ib tug meej algorithm.

Algorithm rau acidic oxides

Yuav pib, peb nco ntsoov tias cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm oxidation yog ib tug hais txog zauv qhia ntawm lub valence ntawm lub ntsiab. Acidic oxides tsim uas tsis yog-hlau los yog hlau nrog ib tug valence ntawm plaub mus rau xya, ib tug thib ob yog yuav tsum tau nyob rau hauv xws oxides yog oxygen.

Cov pa oxygen valence oxides yeej ib txwm ua raws li ob tug, nws yuav ua tau txiav txim raws li hais ntawm cov periodic rooj D. I. Mendeleeva. Qhov no yog ib tug raug uas tsis yog-hlau ua pa, thaum nyob rau hauv pab pawg neeg 6 yam ntawm lub periodic rooj ntawm lub ntsiab pab pawg, lees txais ob electrons, nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim siab ua kom tiav nws cov txheej zog. Tsis-co nyob rau hauv cov pa tebchaw feem ntau muaj lub siab tshaj plaws valency uas sau raws nkaus Ii mus rau lub xov tooj ntawm cov pab pawg neeg xwb. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau nco ntsoov tias cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm oxidation ntawm cov tshuaj lub ntsiab yog ib tug qhia piv txwv tias yog ib tug zoo (tsis zoo) tus naj npawb.

Nonmetal sawv ntawm pib ntawm ib lub mis muaj ib tug zoo oxidation lub xeev. Tsis-hlau oxides nyob rau hauv cov pa-ruaj khov, nws refractive -2. Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav tau soj ntsuam xyuas cov neeg ntawm lub kawm tuab si lug ntawm qhov tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv acid oxides tau muab tag nrho cov zauv uas koj muab tso rau hauv lub indices ntawm cov caij. Cov suav yog xam tau tias yog siv tau yog hais tias tus sum tag nrho ntawm tag nrho cov pros thiab cons ntawm lub teeb 0 degrees yog tau.

Kev npaj ntawm ob-lub caij qauv

Lub degree ntawm oxidation ntawm atomic ntsiab muaj ib lub caij nyoog los tsim thiab sau ib tug compound ntawm ob ntsiab. Thaum tsim tau ib tug formula rau kev pib ob leeg cim nyob ze tshuaj, ua tib zoo thib ob muab oxygen. Nyob rau sab saum toj ntawm txhua tus ntawm cov kaw tias tus kws kho nqi ntawm cov degrees ntawm oxidation, ces nyob ntawm cov zauv yog lub xov tooj uas yuav tsum tsis muaj kev sib faib los ntawm ob tus xov tooj. Tus cim yuav tsum tau muab faib ib lub zuj zus los ntawm cov zauv tus nqi ntawm cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm oxidation kom tau indices rau tus thawj thiab thib ob lub Cheebtsam ntawm lub ob-lub caij khoom. Dua oxidation lub xeev yog txaus sib npaug zos rau cov nqi siab dua valence raug nonmetal yog zoo tib yam rau cov pab pawg neeg tus xov tooj, nyob rau lub PS yog ib tug nonmetal.

Lub algorithm nrug suav qhov tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv qhov yooj yim oxides

Tej tebchaw no yog raug hlau oxides. Lawv yog cov nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov tebchaw muaj ib tug tus nqi ntawm lub oxidation lub xeev ntawm tsis ntau tshaj ib tug los yog ob tug. Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav to taub dab tsi yuav tsum yog tus degree ntawm oxidation ntawm cov hlau, nws yog ua tau coj kom zoo dua ntawm lub periodic system. Nyob rau hauv cov hlau lub ntsiab pab pawg ntawm cov thawj pab pawg neeg, qhov kev xaiv no yog yeej ib txwm tsis tu ncua, nws yog zoo li cov pab pawg neeg tus xov tooj, uas yog ib tug.

Co ntsiab pab pawg ntawm lub thib ob pab pawg neeg no kuj yus muaj los ntawm ib tug ruaj khov oxidation xeev +2 txaus. Lub degree ntawm oxidation nyob rau hauv tus nqi ntawm cov oxides nyob rau hauv view ntawm lawv indices (numbers) yuav tsum tau muab pes tsawg, vim hais tias cov tshuaj yog suav tias yog ib tug nruab nrab molecule, devoid ntawm ib tug them nyiaj particle.

Cov kawm tuab si lug ntawm oxidation nyob rau hauv cov pa uas muaj acids

Acids muaj txoj substance muaj li ntawm ib los yog ntau tshaj hydrogen atoms uas yog txuam nrog ib co acid residue. Muab hais tias cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm oxidation yog ib tug hais txog zauv hom phaj rau lawv xam yuav tsum tau ib co lej. Xws li ib tug qhia rau hydrogen (proton) yeej ib txwm ruaj khov nyob rau hauv acids, yog +1. Ntxiv nws yog ua tau yuav qhia tau cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm oxidation ntawm qhov tsis zoo pa ion, nws yog tseem ruaj khov, -2.

Tsuas yog tom qab no cov kauj ruam, yog nws ua tau los mus laij lub degree ntawm oxidation ntawm lub hauv paus feem ntawm lub mis. Raws li ib tug kev qauv xav hais kev txiav txim degree ntawm oxidation nyob rau hauv sulfuric acid, H2SO4. Muab hais tias nyob rau hauv lub molecule ntawm lub complex tshuaj muaj ob hydrogen proton, 4 pa atoms, peb tau ib qho kev qhia ntawm daim ntawv no + 2 + X-8 = 0. Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav sum tsim pes tsawg, y yog cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm cov leej faj oxidation + 6

Cov kawm tuab si lug ntawm oxidation nyob rau hauv lub ntsev

Ntsev muaj txoj tebchaw uas muaj hlau ions thiab ib los yog ntau tshaj anions. Txoj kev txiav txim cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm oxidation ntawm txhua tus ntawm lub Cheebtsam nyob rau hauv lub complex ntsev yog tib yam li nyob rau hauv cov pa uas muaj acids. Muab hais tias cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm oxidation hais - ib cov qhov taw qhia, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb yuav qhia tau cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm oxidation ntawm cov hlau.

Yog hais tias cov hlau txoj kev ua rau ntsev yog nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab pab pawg, nws oxidation lub xeev yog ruaj khov, sib nug xov mus rau lub pab pawg neeg tus xov tooj yog zoo. Yog hais tias lub ntsev muaj ib tug hlau xws pab pawg PS seeb txawv valences txiav txim seb tus valence ntawm cov hlau tej zaum yuav nyob rau hauv lub acid residue. Thaum cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm oxidation ntawm cov hlau yuav tsum tau ntsia, muab tso rau cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm oxidation ntawm oxygen (-2), ua raws li los ntawm xam xyuas cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm oxidation ntawm lub hauv paus lub cev los ntawm kev siv cov tshuaj kab zauv.

Raws li ib qho piv txwv, xav txog lub ntsiab txhais ntawm oxidation kas rau lub ntsiab nyob rau hauv lub sodium nitrate (qub ntsev). NaNO3. Sol ntsiab pab pawg ntawm cov pab pawg neeg 1 hlau yog tsim, yog li ntawd, cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm oxidation ntawm sodium yog +1. Thaum oxygen nyob rau hauv nitrate oxidation lub xeev ntawm -2. Yuav kom txiav txim seb qhov hais txog zauv nqi ntawm cov oxidation equates + 1 + X-6 = 0. Daws no kab zauv, peb tau hais tias X yuav tsum muaj 5, qhov no yog qhov degree ntawm oxidation ntawm nitrogen.

Ntsiab cov nqe lus nyob rau hauv lub iAd

Tshwj xeeb cov nqe lus uas yuav tsum tau mus kawm cov menyuam kawm ntawv rau lub oxidation thiab yuav txo tau txoj kev.

Lub degree ntawm cov oxidation yog nws muaj peev xwm mus ncaj xa mus rau nws tus kheej (muab sib txawv) electrons los ntawm ib co ntawm cov ions los yog atoms.

Lub oxidant yog suav tias yog nruab nrab atoms los yog ions thaum lub sij hawm cov tshuaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nws tus kheej koom electrons.

Lub txo neeg sawv cev yuav uncharged atoms los yog ions hais tias, nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm cov tshuaj sis poob lawv tus kheej electrons.

Cov oxidation txheej txheem yog muaj tuaj raws li electron tej yam.

Rov qab yog txuam nrog rau cov me nyuam los tu ntxiv electrons uncharged atom los yog ion.

Redox txheej txheem yog yus muaj los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm uas tas hloov lub degree ntawm oxidation ntawm ib tug atom. Qhov no txhais pub rau peb to taub yuav ua li cas nws yog ua tau los mus txiav txim seb qhov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm ISI.

OVR parsing cai

Siv no algorithm, lub coefficients yuav txheej txheem ntawm nyob rau hauv tej tshuaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.

1. Ua ntej koj yuav mus rau qhov chaw nyob rau hauv txhua tshuaj oxidation lub xeev. Nco ntsoov tias ib tug yooj yim teeb meem oxidation lub xeev ntawm xoom, raws li muaj yog tsis muaj zis (kev twb kev txuas) ntawm tsis zoo hais. Cov ntsiab lus uas kev tso kawm ntawm oxidation nyob rau hauv binary thiab peb-lub caij tebchaw tau soj ntsuam los ntawm peb saum toj no.

2. Ces nws yog tsim nyog los qhia cov atoms los yog ions, uas tau tshwm sim thaum lub sij hawm hloov dua siab tshiab, oxidation hloov.

3. Kaw los ntawm sab laug sab ntawm lub kab zauv cais atoms los yog ions, uas tau hloov lawv lub degree ntawm oxidation. Nws yog tsim nyog rau qhov nqi koj tshuav ntawv. Nyob rau lub ntsiab yuav tsum tau qhia lawv cov nqi.

4. Ntxiv sau cov atoms los yog ions uas tsim thaum lub sij hawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, ib tug + kos npe rau hais tias tus naj npawb ntawm cov electrons txais atom, - tus naj npawb ntawm cov cam khwb cia tsis zoo hais. Yog hais tias tus txheej txheem ntawm kev sis raug zoo yog txo oxidation lub xeev. Qhov no txhais tau tias electrons raug coj atom (ion). Thaum cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm oxidation atom (ion) mus pub electrons thaum lub sij hawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.

5. Tus me tshaj tag nrho cov coj mus rau faib cov thawj, ces cam khwb cia thaum lub sij hawm electrons tau coefficients. Point xov tooj yog cov yuav tsum tau stereochemical yam.

6. Txiav txim seb oxidant, reductant, dab uas tshwm sim thaum lub sij hawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.

7. Cov kauj ruam kawg yuav tsum yog tus kawm tuab si lug ntawm stereochemical yam nyob rau hauv no cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.

   Piv txwv li OVR

Cia peb xav txog ib cov tswv yim rau daim ntawv thov ntawm cov algorithm nyob rau hauv ib tug kev tshuaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.

Fe + CuSO4 = Cu + FeSO4

Peb xam tag nrho tej yam yooj yim thiab complex tshuaj.

Txij li thaum Fe thiab Cu yog yooj yim tshuaj, lawv oxidation lub xeev yog 0. Nyob rau hauv CuSO4, lub Cu + 2, ces 2 oxygen, sulfur thiab nyob + 6. Nyob rau hauv FeSO4: Fe +2, yog li ntawd, rau ib tug O 2, calc S + 6.

Yog tam sim no tab tom nrhiav rau tej yam uas yuav hloov cov nuj nqis, nyob rau hauv peb qhov teeb meem no, lawv yuav tsum tau ntawm Fe thiab Cu.

Txij li thaum tus nqi tom qab cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv lub hlau atom yog 2, 2 electron tau muab nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Tooj lawv indices hloov mus rau 0 mus rau 2, thiaj li cov tooj liab coj 2 electrons. Tam sim no peb txhais tau cov naj npawb ntawm cov electrons tau txais, thiab cam khwb cia hlau atom thiab cupric ntawv. Thaum lub sij hawm hloov dua siab tshiab coj ntawv ob electrons cupric tib electron muab hlau atom.

Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem no tsis tseem ceeb los mus txiav txim qhov tsawg kawg nkaus ib qho ntau yam, raws li noj thiab muab lub sij hawm hloov dua siab tshiab sib npaug zos xov tooj ntawm electrons. Stereochemical yam yuav tseem yoog mus rau ib tug. Nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm lub txo neeg sawv cev yuav muaj thaj chaw ntawm hlau, thaum nws yog oxidized. Ntawv divalent tooj liab yog txo rau dawb huv tooj liab nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nws muaj lub siab tshaj plaws degree ntawm oxidation.

Daim ntawv thov txheej txheem

Formula degree ntawm oxidation yuav tsum tau hu mus rau txhua txhua schoolboy 8-9 cov chav kawm ntawv, raws li qhov no qhov teeb meem yog muaj nyob rau hauv txoj hauj lwm OGE. Tej dab uas tshwm sim nrog oxidizing, txo cov tsos mob, plays ib qho tseem ceeb ib feem nyob rau hauv peb lub neej. Lawv yog cov tseem ceeb metabolic dab nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev.