Mid-dej hiav txwv ridges. Tectonic qauv median caj

Qauv thiab evolution ntawm lub ntiaj teb ua kiav txhab yog txiav txim los ntawm tsis tsuas cov kev loj hlob tab sis kuj lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm cov kev topography ntawm lub hiav txwv pem teb. Ob pawg neeg txawv nyob ntawm no: Oceanic toj siab raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm ib tug hloov hom qauv ntawm cov kaub puab thiab theem nrab caj nrog abyssal nras thiab trenches.

npaj siab mus cais

Rau generalization ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov qauv ntawm cov dej hiav txwv pem teb ib zaug xwb qhov system planetary yog ntsia. Mid-dej hiav txwv ridges nyob yuav luag nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub ntsiab Oceanic tej qhov chaw, faib lawv mus rau hauv sib npaug zos qhov chaw. Muaj ntau ntau cov me nyuam ntawm cais. Menard, e.g., distinguishes lawv raws li nram no:

• dav underwater ridges nrog pronounced seismicity (xws li East Pacific.);
• Underwater nqaim ridges nrog ntxhab qhov chaw siab tshaj thiab seismic yam kev ua si (e.g. Mid-Atlantic Ridge.);
• nqaim thiab ntxhab, tab sis tsis muaj ridges underwater seismic yam kev ua si (xws li., thiab nruab nrab Pacific Tuamotu).

Raws li GB Udintsevu, nruab nrab-dej hiav txwv ridges tsis muaj analogues rau daim av. D. G. Panov dlhos underwater ridges nyob rau hauv lub hiav txwv Pacific rau hauv lub ces kaum ntawm lub platform - sab hauv thiab sab nraud - thiab hlub lawv raws li analogues ntawm continental platforms. Cuaj kaum, theem nrab caj tectonic qauv tsis tau dej num raws li terrestrial tectonics. Siab dhau heev lawm amplitude ntawm tectonic hloov thiab grandly tshaj ib tus continental - av lug.

tsim

Ib qho ntawm feem ntau hom ntawm cov pob zeb formations nyob rau hauv lub hiav txwv - dej hiav txwv shafts. Feem ntau ntawm tag nrho cov, lawv yog cov dej hiav txwv Pacific. Muaj ob hom:

• anticlinal uplifts ntaus nrog rau feem ntau ancient pob zeb nyob rau hauv cov tub ntxhais;
• Oceanic tshwm sim shafts ntawm volcanic cones, nrog rau cov tu noob volcanoes (Guyot).

tsim lub sij hawm

Middle-hnub nyoog ntau yog txiav txim los ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov kiav txhab - continental los yog Oceanic nws. Koj yuav saib tau ntau qhov chaw nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog cov Alpine lug, xav fractured thiab tsaug nws txo qis mus rau hauv lub hiav txwv. Piv txwv li, lub cheeb tsam uas nyob ib sab mus rau lub hiav txwv nyob rau hauv Fiji.

Mid-dej hiav txwv ridges anticlinal - maj slopes, thiab ib co yog heev tsawg underwater volcanoes - yuav luag dismembered. Qhov no yog ib tug tshiab khiv tsim, thiab qhov nyuaj hom deformation ntawm lub hiav txwv pem teb nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm fragmentation ntawm platforms thiab mob siab heev seismic thiab volcanic kev ua si. Raws li koj paub, nws tag nrho cov pib thaum lub sij hawm Cenozoic Quaternary. Anticlinal kawm ntawv - nruab nrab-dej hiav txwv ridges - yog tsim thiab loj hlob thiab tam sim no.

Qhov thib ob hom pob zeb formations nyob rau hauv lub hiav txwv - dej hiav txwv ntoo - yog ntau nyob rau hauv qhov siab thiab ntev. Linearly elongate lifting nrog tiaj slopes muaj ib tug ntau me me thickness ntawm lub cortex. Qhov no qauv muaj ntau mid-dej hiav txwv ridges. Piv txwv: South Pacific, East Pacific thiab lwm tus neeg.

Qhov no yog ib tug ntau ancient tsim, volcanoes raug tsim nyob rau hauv lawv lub sij hawm Tertiary lub sij hawm, thiab tom qab ntawd ua ib tug seamount txuas ntxiv. Fragmentation ntawm sib sib zog nqus faults twb rov qab ob peb zaug.

Tus qauv ntawm nruab nrab-dej hiav txwv caj

Dej hiav txwv ridges nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam ntawm fragmentation - yog lub feem ntau nyuaj struts. Lub sharpest division qauv yog nyob rau hauv qhov chaw nyob qhov twg hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov Mid-dej hiav txwv ridges, xws li cov Atlantic thiab Indian dej hiav txwv, rau sab qab teb Pacific, lub yav qab teb dej hiav txwv los ntawm cov neeg Asmeskas tsam ntawm teb chaws Australia thiab Antarctica.

Ib qho ntawm feem yam ntxwv nta ntawm no hom ntawm cov qauv - grabens (sib sib zog nqus nram hav), flanking ib tug series ntawm siab (txog li peb kilometers) peaks, alternating dheev towering volcanic cones. Ib me ntsis zoo li cov alpine cim ntawm lub qauv, tab sis lub contrasts ntau dismemberment ntau pronounced tshaj nyob rau hauv lub continental qauv ntawm lub roob koj cov menyuam.

Nyob rau hauv lub qhaj ntawv ntawm ib tug thib ob (thiab fractional) muab faib, uas muaj ib tug nruab nrab ntug thiab tag nrho nws cov slopes, peb yuav tham txog tej yam uas yuav tsis ntev los no tsim ntawm ib tug nyem. Ces tus hauv qab ntawm tus nqes hav yog tam sim no terraced tiaj nrog cov kauj ruam, cais los ntawm txhua lwm yam. Qhov no yav tas los kauj ruam faults. Tsim hnog - Rift Valley, uas cais lub median caj ib nrab.

Yuav ua li cas extends planetary Oceanic puas, txiav txim los ntawm lub pob txha lov ua aav. Qhov no yog lub feem ntau cov lus hais hauv daim ntawv ntawm manifestation ntawm tectonics rau tus ceg kawg ntawm ib tug loj geological lub sij hawm. Tectonic qauv median caj tej zaum yuav txawv. Piv txwv li, Kamchatka - lub cheeb tsam ntawm active tectonic dab, volcanism muaj niaj hnub thiab qhov. Okhotsk thaiv lithospheric daim hlau ua Oceanic ua kiav txhab txoj kev continental thiab theem nrab caj ntawm Kamchatka - tus kwv uas mus xyuas ntawm tus txheej txheem.

qhov chaw

Lithospheric phiaj no yuav nyob rau hauv tsab ntawv tsa suab thiab thawb (thiaj li hu ua divirgentsii) hloov dua siab tshiab lawv Oceanic ua kiav txhab. Lub txaj ntawm lub oceans ntawm lub nce, txoj kev ua ib tug nruab nrab-dej hiav txwv ridges. Lawv tau txwv kom muab zais nyob rau hauv lub fifties ntawm lub thib nees nkaum xyoo pua nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no system muaj tus nquag koom tes los ntawm cov Soviet Union.

Mid-dej hiav txwv ridges muaj ib tug tag nrho ntev ntawm ntau tshaj li rau caum txhiab kis lus mev. Koj yuav tau pib nrog lub Gakkel Ridge nyob rau hauv lub Arctic hiav txwv - los ntawm lub Laptev hiav txwv kom Spitsbergen. Ces ntxiv tsis cuam tshuam nws txoj kab rau sab qab teb. Muaj, lub Mid-Atlantic Ridge stretches rau Bouvet Island.

Tom ntej no Pointer ua thiab sab hnub poob - nws yog American-Antarctic Ridge, thiab sab hnub tuaj - los ntawm lub African-Antarctic, txuas ntxiv sab qab teb-western Indian dej hiav txwv. Ntawm no dua, ib tug triple hlws ris - lub Arabian-Indian Ridge yuav tsum yog tus meridian, thiab Southeast Indian dej hiav txwv extending mus rau lub Australasian Antarctic.

Qhov no yog tsis yog qhov kawg ntawm txoj kab. Txuas ntxiv los ntawm lub South Pacific sawv, dov nyob rau hauv lub sab hnub tuaj Pacific sawv, uas mus rau sab qaum teb, rau California, nyob rau hauv lub San Andreas Txhaum. Qhov no yog ua raws li los ntawm ib tug nruab nrab ntug Juan de Fuca - mus Canada.

Belted ntiaj chaw ntau tshaj li ib zaug, lub kab nteg pointer, kom meej meej qhia nyob qhov twg hauv daim ntawv ntawm nruab nrab-dej hiav txwv ridges. Lawv yog qhov txhia chaw.

nyem

Mid-dej hiav txwv ridges tsim rau lub ntiaj teb raws li ib tug loj heev saw caj dab thiab ib tug ib nrab txhiab kilometers nyob rau hauv dav, lub qhov siab ntawm lub basins lawm thiab peb, thiab plaub kis lus mev. Tej zaum vreshiny protrude los ntawm lub depths ntawm lub hiav txwv, txoj kev ua Islands tuaj, feem ntau volcanic.

Txawm lub Crest ntawm lub caj nce mus txog ib tug dav ntawm ib puas kilometers. Tshwj xeeb kev zoo nkauj los muab hnyav ruggedness ntawm lub teb thiab me me-thaiv qauv. Raws caj axis extends feem ntau Rift Valley peb caug kilometers nyob rau hauv dav nrog lub axial rift (plaub-tsib-kilometer dav txoj kab txiav siab yog ntau pua pua ntawm meters).

Tom qab ntawm lub rift tam sim no cov tub ntxhais volcanoes, surrounded hydrotherms - kub springs uas paim hlau sulfides (silver, hmoov txhuas, cadmium, hlau, tooj liab, zinc). Muaj qhov me me av qeeg txhua.

Nyob rau hauv axial rifts magma lag yog kev cob cog rua kilometer, uas ua rau lawv nqaim zaj nrog lub central eruptions nyob rau hauv qab ntawm lub txoj kab txiav. Tes yog hom twg ntau npaum li cas wider Crest - pua pua thiab pua pua ntawm kilometers. Lawv yuav them rau khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg ntawm lava deposits.

Tsis yog txhua txhua qhov chaw ntawm lub cev yog tib yam: ib co nruab nrab-dej hiav txwv ridges yog wider thiab dag ntxias, tsis txhob Rift Valley muaj ib tug projection ntawm lub Oceanic ua kiav txhab. Piv txwv li, rau sab hnub tuaj Pacific Sawv thiab lub South Pacific thiab lwm tus neeg.

Txhua nrub nrab caj dissected raws txia (ie, transverse) faults nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw. Rau cov faults, lub caj axis txav los ntawm qhov kev ncua deb ntawm pua pua ntawm kilometers. hla tej thaj chaw yog qhov muag plooj nyob rau hauv lub trough, piv txwv li, depressions, ib co kev uas dostinayut yim kilometers nyob rau hauv qhov tob.

Cov coos underwater roob saw

Lub ntev ntawm nruab nrab-dej hiav txwv caj yog nyob rau hauv qab ntawm lub Atlantic dej hiav txwv. Nws txoj North American thiab Eurasian tectonic daim hlau. Nws yuav siv sij hawm lub Mid-Atlantic Ridge 18 000 kis lus mev. Qhov no yog ib feem ntawm lub cev ntawm Oceanic ridges nyob rau hauv lub plaub caug txhiab kilometers.

Nws muaj pestsawg caj ntawm lub Atlantic los ntawm ib tug xov tooj me ntsis me me: Knipovich ridges thiab Mona, Iceland-Yanmayetsky thiab Reykjanes, raws li zoo raws li ib tug heev loj - qhov ntev ntawm ntau tshaj yim txhiab kilometers ntawm lub North Atlantic Ridge thiab kaum thiab ib tug ib nrab txhiab kilometers - lub South Atlantic.

Ntawm no yog lub roob thiaj muaj siab, hais tias lawv tsim ib cov saw ntawm islands: nws yog ib lub Azores thiab Bermuda, thiab txawm Iceland, Saint Helena, cov kob ntawm Ascension, Bouvet, Gough, Tristan da Cunha, thiab ntau me me uas sawv daws yuav.

Geological suav hais tias nruab nrab ntug tsim nyob rau hauv lub Triassic lub sij hawm. Transverse pob txha lov yog moog axis rau kis lus mev. Lub sab saum toj ntawm lub caj complex muaj tholeiitic basalts, thiab hauv qab - yog amphibolites thiab ophiolites.

Ntiaj teb no Tig cev system

Qhov tseem ceeb qauv nyob rau hauv lub hiav txwv - stretch rau caum txhiab kilometers ntawm nruab nrab-dej hiav txwv ridges. Lawv tau muab faib ua ob yuav luag sib npaug halves Atlantic dej hiav txwv thiab cov Indian - mus rau hauv peb qhov chaw. Nyob rau hauv lub Pacific middleness maj mam pumped txog: Saw ridges tsiv los rau hauv lub sab, rau South America thiab ces mus rau lub Isthmus ntawm lub continents kev khiav nyob rau hauv lub mainland ntawm North America.

Txawm nyob rau hauv ib tug me me Arctic hiav txwv muaj lub Gakkel Ridge, uas yog kom meej meej pom tectonic qauv ntawm nruab nrab-dej hiav txwv Ridge, uas yog sib npaug rau raising rau hauv nruab nrab-dej hiav txwv.

Lossis loj o ntawm lub hiav txwv pem teb - yog rau ib thaj tsam ntawm lithospheric daim hlau. Lub ntiaj teb nto yog them nrog phiaj cov phiaj, uas tsis lezhitsya rau ntawm qhov chaw: lawv tas li nkag rau txhua lwm yam, rhuav lub npoo, tso magma thiab lub tsev nrog rau cov kev pab los ntawm nws lub cev tshiab. Piv txwv li, North American Phaj them nrog nws ntug ntawm ob tug neeg nyob ze, txoj kev ridges Strait ntawm Juan de Fuca thiab Gorda. Nthuav, lithospheric phaj feem ntau infringes li thiab absorbed rau hauv ib ncig ntawm daim hlau dag nyob ib ncig ntawm. Continents kuj raug kev txom nyem los ntawm nws feem ntau ntawm tag nrho cov. Lawv yog cov nyob rau hauv qhov kev ua si zoo li ridges: ib sab av loj lawm Oceanic ua kiav txhab, lifting nws, crushing thiab tawg.

rift

Nyob rau hauv lub center ntawm txhua nqe lus yog hom twg cov kwj ntawm cov magma sawv, ncab ib ce lub ntiaj teb ua kiav txhab los ntawm tawg cov npoo. Pouring nyob rau hauv qab, lub magma cools, ua qhov loj ntau yam. Ces ib tug tshiab daim mantle yaj so thiab crushes tshiab foundation, thiab txhua yam yog rov qab. Yog li ntawd nyob rau hauv lub hiav txwv yog nce rau hauv lub ntiaj teb ua kiav txhab. Qhov no yog hu ua kis.

kis tus kab mob ceev (ntawm lub hiav txwv hauv qab) thiab txiav txim seb cov kev hloov tsos ridges los ntawm ib nqe lus mus rau lwm lub. Thiab nws yog nyob rau tib lub tsev. Qhov twg sib txawv ceev ntau nyob rau hauv lub nyem kuj hloov nkaus.

Nyob qhov twg lub kis tus nqi yog tsawg (eg. Rift Tajura) tsim loj loj submarine nram hav nrog active volcanoes nyob rau hauv qab. Lawv ntsaub hauv qab no lub Crest txog plaub meters, nyob qhov twg muaj ib tug gradual lifting los ntawm terraced kauj ruam nyob rau ib puas - ib puas thiab tsib caug meters txhua. Qhov no rift yog nyob rau hauv lub hiav txwv liab, thiab nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm lub Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Tej Oceanic roob loj hlob maj mam, ob peb centimeters ib xyoo.

Thaum cov kev kub ceev kis yog hom twg (tshwj xeeb yog nyob rau hauv tus ntoo khaub lig-section) yog raws li nram no: central lifting ib nrab ib tug kilometer thiab saum toj no lub ntsiab nyem dai kom zoo nkauj volcanic saw. Xws li, piv txwv li, rau sab hnub tuaj Pacific sawv. Ntawm no yog lub hav tsis muaj sij hawm rau, thiab tus nqi ntawm kev nce ntawm lub ntiaj teb ua kiav txhab nyob rau hauv lub hiav txwv yog heev - 18-20 centimeters ib xyoo. Yog li ntawd nws yog tau los mus txiav txim lub hnub nyoog thiab theem nrab caj.

Ib cim tshwm sim - "dub haus luam yeeb"

Tectonic qauv median caj pub kom tshwm sim nthuav phenomenon xws xwm raws li ib tug "dub haus luam yeeb". Kub lava heats lub hiav txwv dej rau peb puas tsib caug degrees. Cov dej tuaj tawm mus rau lub ferry, yog hais tias muaj xws ib qho zoo kawg dej hiav txwv siab ntawm ntau kilometers tuab.

Lava yog ib tug txawv tshuaj yeeb tshuaj, uas yaj nyob rau hauv dej, los ntawm reacting tsim sulfuric acid. Sulfuric acid, nyob rau hauv lem, yaj ntau minerals streamed lava, ua num ua ke nrog lawv thiab ntaub ntawv leej faj thiab hlau tebchaw (sulfides).

Lub precipitate ntawm lawv ntog mus rau hauv ib tug lub khob hliav qab qhov siab ntawm txog xya caum meters, hauv uas tag nrho cov saum toj no haum mus ntxiv. Sab saum toj lub khob hliav qab sawv incandescent sulphide kev daws teeb meem thiab yuav pom dub huab.

Heev spectacular. Txawm li cas los, lub nce kev txaus ntshai. Cov feem nthuav yog hais tias lub zais thiab feem ntau active ib feem ntawm txhua tus lub khob hliav qab yog ntau pua pua ntawm meters siab. Thiab nyob deb saum toj no lub Ostankino ntauwd piv txwv li. Thaum lub cones ntau ntau, nws nkawd hais tias muaj yog ua hauj lwm underground (thiab underwater) daim card nroj tsuag. Feem ntau cov feem ntau lawv muaj nyob rau hauv pab pawg.

Central Ntau yam Kamchatka

Cov toj roob hauv pes ntawm cov ceg av qab teb uas yog nws. Lub roob ntau, uas yog lub watershed caj rau lub Kamchatka ceg av qab teb - Central Ntau. Nws ntev yog 1200 km, sau los ntawm sab qaum teb mus rau sab qab teb, thiab yog rau ib tug loj loj tus naj npawb ntawm volcanoes - feem ntau ntawm cov thyroid thiab stratovolcanoes. Nws yeej nyob ntawd thiab hauv toj siab ntawm lava, thiab ib co roob ranges thiab raug rho tawm peaks them nrog nyob mus ib txhis glaciers. Nws sawv tawm feem ntau kom meej meej Bystrinsky, Kozyrevsky Malkinskiy thiab ridges.

Qhov siab tshaj plaws taw tes - 3621 m - Ichinsky. Yuav luag theem nrog nws muaj ntau volcanoes: Alna, Khuvkhoitun, Shishelov, Mob Sopka. Lub caj no yog muaj li ntawm nees nkaum-yim ntawm kaum ib kis thiab peaks, feem ntau ntawm uas yog nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb sector. Lub hauv paus ib feem muaj ib tug txiav txim kev ncua deb ntawm lub sab saum toj, nyob rau hauv lub yav qab teb ib feem - siab ruggedness rau asymmetric arrays.

Theem nrab tectonic qauv Kamchatka caj tsim thaum lub sij hawm heev sis coob lithospheric daim hlau - Pacific, Kula, Eurasian thiab North American.