Txhua lub caij muaj peev xwm sawv ntawm txoj kev ib tug yooj yim tshuaj nyob rau hauv cov dawb lub xeev. Nyob rau hauv lub xeev no, lub zog ntawm atoms yog tib yam, lawv yog symmetrical. Nyob rau hauv lub complex tshuaj qhov teeb meem no yog ntau npaum li cas complicated. Cov tshuaj bonds nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, asymmetric, complex molecules nyob rau hauv txoj tebchaw tsim covalent bonds.
Yuav ua li cas yog meant by oxidation
Muaj xws li tebchaw nyob rau hauv uas lub electrons yog unevenly faib li sai tau, i.e. thaum lub sij hawm tsim ntawm complex tshuaj valence electrons txav los ntawm atom rau atom. Nws yog qhov no sis tsis ncaj tis ntawm cov complex tshuaj hu ua oxidation los yog oxidation. Tsim nrog rau cov saib xyuas ntawm ib tug atom nyob rau hauv ib tug qauv hu ua cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm oxidation ntawm lub ntsiab. Nyob ntawm seb qhov xwm ntawm tus electron hloov los ntawm ib tug atom paub qhov txawv ntawm ib tug tsis zoo los yog zoo degree. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv yog cov rov qab kev txiav txim siab caij atom ob peb electrons generated feem zoo thiab tsis zoo oxidation xeev tshuaj ntsiab (E E + los yog -). Piv txwv li, ib tug ntaub ntawv K txhais tau tias cov poov tshuaj atom xa ib electron. Nyob rau hauv txhua organic compound central nyob carbon atoms. Lub valency ntawm lub caij sau raws nkaus Ii 4-m nyob rau hauv tej compound, tab sis nyob rau hauv txawv carbon tebchaw lub oxidation degree yuav tau sib txawv, nws yuav ua ncaj rau -2, +2, ± 4. Qhov no qhov kev sib txawv valence qhov tseem ceeb thiab cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm oxidation yog cai nyob rau hauv yuav luag txhua ob leeg.
Kev txiav txim degree ntawm oxidation
Yuav kom txiav txim seb qhov degree ntawm oxidation, nws yog tsim nyog los paub qhov siv postulates. Co yog tsis tau muaj ib tug rho tawm degree, tab sis muaj tsawg tsawg zam thaum lub hlau ntaub ntawv ib tug compound nrog cov hlau. Nyob rau hauv lub periodic system pab pawg neeg tus naj npawb ntawm atoms sau raws nkaus Ii lub siab tshaj plaws tau oxidation xeev: carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, thiab lwm yam neeg. Electronegative atom nrog xaav ntawm ib leeg atom electron tau txais ib tug nqi ntawm -1, -2, thiab lwm yam ob electrons Qhov no txoj cai no tsis muaj feem xyuam rau cov tib atoms. Piv txwv li, kev sib txuas lus HH nws yuav ua ncaj rau 0. Kev sib txuas lus C-H = -1. Lub degree ntawm oxidation ntawm cov pa roj carbon nyob rau hauv lub C-D = + 2. Ib tug thiab tib yam nqi ntawm cov co yog cov thawj thiab thib ob pawg ntawm cov periodic system thiab Fluoro (-1). Nyob rau theem no ntawm hydrogen nyob rau hauv yuav luag tag nrho cov tebchaw yog +1 tsuas yog hydrides nyob rau hauv uas nws yog -1. Rau ntsiab muaj ib tug uas tsis yog-qhov li, nws yog tau los xam, paub cov mis compound. Cov yooj yim txoj cai, uas hais tias tus lej ntawm cov degrees nyob rau hauv tej molecule yog 0.
Ib qho piv txwv ntawm xam xyuas cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm oxidation
Xav txog ib tug muab xam los ntawm cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm oxidation rau cov nyob rau hauv Piv txwv li CH3CL compound. Siv lub hauv paus cov ntaub ntawv: cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm hydrogen yog +1, y -1 chlorine. Rau kom yooj yim, peb yuav tsum xav tias x xam cov degree ntawm oxidation ntawm cov pa roj carbon. Ces, rau CH3CL yuav tshwm sim kab zauv x + 3 * (+ 1) + (- 1) = 0. Ua tej yam yooj yim xam ua hauj lwm, nws yuav tsum tau txiav txim hais tias cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm oxidation ntawm cov pa roj carbon yuav +2. Qhov no txoj kev koj yuav ua tau cov lus teb rau txhua lub caij nyob rau hauv lub complex compound.