Leej twg invented lub nyoob hoom qav taub, nyob rau hauv dab tsi xyoo?

Raws li keeb kwm qhia tau hais tias, tus neeg sau ntawm ntau yam tseem ceeb inventions yog tsis yog li ntawd ib qho yooj yim los yog tsis yooj yim sua rau nruab. Tom qab tag nrho, lub tib lub tswv yim yuav tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov neeg uas muab ib xyoo pua los yog txhiab tus kilometers. Qhov no yog muaj tseeb nyob rau hauv kev xav txog cov lus nug ntawm uas yees ua lub thawj nyoob hoom qav taub, raws li nws yog lub npe hu rau ntau yam feemxyuam kws tshawb fawb, engineers thiab designers, uas muaj ib tug txawv tswvyim ntawm creation ntawm aircraft nrog ntsug takeoff.

prehistory

Nws hais tias xyov yog dab tsi xyoo yees ua lub nyoob hoom qav taub, nws yog ib qhov nyuaj txaus raws li nws yog ib qhov nyuaj los mus txiav txim tus taw tes ntawm reference. Yog hais tias peb tham txog cov tswv yim ntawm cov ntaus ntawv yog tsa mas los ntawm cov saum toj kawg nkaus ntawm lub rotating cov ntsia hlau, feem ntau ancient sau ua ntaub ntawv txog qhov no ntau tshaj 1600 xyoo. Nws muaj ib tug me nyuam me me lub qho khoom ua si nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm nrog nrog ib tug ntsia hlau nyob rau thaum xaus, uas yog clamped ntawm lub xib teg, kev sib hloov ntawm daim ntawv thiab tso tawm, tom qab uas nws tau luv luv soared mus. Tej tswv yim daim ntawv thov ntawm no invention twb tsis tau pom, thiab nws ntev tsis nco qab lawm.

Leonardo da Vinci

Txawm hais tias lub npe ntawm cov loj tshaj ntse heev ntawm lub Renaissance tsis tshwm nrog cov neeg uas hu ua nyob rau hauv teb cov lus nug cov neeg uas invented lub nyoob hoom qav taub, rau ntawm ib lub drawings tau los ntawm nws tus kheej txhais tes nyob rau hauv 1475, yog ib qho aircraft nrog ib tug loj loj kiv cua. Leonardo tswv yim hais tias xws li ib tug mechanism yuav tsum tau coj tawm vertically, yog hais tias tus kiv cua nyob rau hauv tsab ntawv tsa suab, siv lub npag zog ntawm tus tsav.

M. Lomonosov

Tom qab 270 xyoo, ib tug mechanism uas yuav tsis yog yuav hu ua ib tsab mini-nyoob hoom qav taub, yog invented nyob rau hauv Russia. Nws sau yog Mikhail Lomonosov, uas txiav txim siab los mus tsim ib lub tshuab uas muaj peev xwm ntawm raising rau yawm heights thermometers thiab lwm yam kev seev tsim nyog rau meteorological kev tshawb fawb. Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias muaj tau txawm ua ib tug qauv uas sau los ntawm cov caij nplooj ntoos hlav mechanism, tab sis nws kev ntsuam xyuas ntawd tsis muaj kev vam meej. Txawm nws yog, txawm hais tias tsis yog vim li cas mus ntseeg tau hais tias ua ntej invented lub nyoob hoom qav taub M. Lomonosov yees lawv lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm them rov qab ntawm lub reactive torque ntawm lub teb-tis aircraft yog tseem siv thiab yog pom tias yuav tsum muaj ib tug paub tias nws classic.

Tus thawj ntsug davhlau

Nyob rau hauv 1860 nyob rau hauv Fabkis los ntawm G. Ponton d'Amekur tsim aircraft aeronef, uas muaj ob tug coaxial ntsia hlau thiab yog txawm peem rau nrog ib tug chav engine. Nws kev ntsuam xyuas ntawd tsis muaj kev vam meej, thiab lub tsheb twb tsis tau ua ib ntsug nqa raws li nws inventor vam.

Qhov teeb meem no tau hloov nrog lub advent ntawm cov roj av xyaw uas ntau haib thiab luj tsawg chav. Cuaj hlis 29, 1907 hosted thawj puas tau ntsug davhlau. Nws ua unmanned Gyroplane, ua los ntawm Louis thiab Jacques Breguet nrog lub theoretical kev pab txhawb nqa ntawm cov xibfwb S. richer. Nws ntawd kub ntev li tsawg tshaj li ib feeb. Lub tshuab yog tau txais tawm hauv av tsuas yog 50 cm. Txawm tias muaj kev vam meej, feem ntau cov kws txawj ntseeg tau hais tias cov lus teb rau lo lus nug ntawm uas yees ua lub nyoob hoom qav taub, koj yuav tsis hu lub npe ntawm creators Gyroplane, raws li nws ya davhlau twb tsis yog tswj, thiab lub tsev nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm rov qab yog nyob rau hauv ib tug hlua khi.

Tus thawj manned sib ntaus

Nyob rau hauv 1907, Frenchman Paul Cornu yog tus thawj uas yees ua lub nyoob hoom qav taub, uas tsa nws creator nyob rau hauv cov huab cua. Lub tshuab yog nyob rau hauv lub davhlau xwb 2 vib nas this thiab mus txog ib qhov siab ntawm 50 cm. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, Cornu sim los tswj lub ntaus ntawv, tab sis tsis tau hais tias nws ua tau zoo.

Lub tom ntej keeb kwm ntawm lub invention ntawm lub nyoob hoom qav taub

Rau ob peb lub xyoo, designers thiab engineers tsis tau los mus daws cov teeb meem ntawm cov tswj xws aircraft. Lub raws taw tes rau tuaj nyob rau hauv 1911 thaum lub B. N. Yurev yog ib tug uas yees ua lub nyoob hoom qav taub nrog tus Tsov tus tw rotor. Cov yav tas mechanism yog siv nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho ntawm aircraft rau hnub no.

Nyob rau xyoo 1922 xibfwb G. Botezat hais tias tom qab lub kiv puag ncig, nws emigrated los ntawm Russia mus rau lub teb chaws USA, ua los ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm lub US Army thawj ruaj khov tswj nyoob hoom qav taub nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no. Txawm li cas los, nce nyob rau hauv cov huab cua ntawm ib lub qhov siab ntawm 5 m, nws yuav yog ib ob peb feeb nyob rau hauv cov huab cua.

Nce qib nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm nyoob hoom qav taub

ob peb cov ntaub ntawv rau lub caij thiab ntau yam thiaj raug muab nyob rau hauv lub tom ntej xyoo. Ntawm lawv yog cov:

• Cov ntaub ntawv Argentine Raul Paterasa Pescara, kov yeej ib qhov siab ntawm lawv tus kheej tsim deb ntawm 736 m;
• tus coos nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm (1924) lub davhlau ntev ntawm 7 feeb thiab 40 vib nas this, ib tug zoo meej Frenchman E. Emishenom;
• cov ntaub ntawv Italian nyoob hoom qav taub D'Ascanio, kov yeej ib tug deb ntawm dua 1 km nyob rau hauv 1930;
• cov ntaub ntawv ceev (100 km / h) teev nyob rau hauv 1935 godu aircraft Gyroplane.

Leej twg invented thawj nyoob hoom qav taub nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no?

Nws yog ntseeg hais tias cov lus teb rau lo lus nug no yuav tsum tau hu ua lub npe ntawm tus paub txog thiab aircraft designer Igorya Ivanovicha Sikorskogo. Ntev ua ntej lub invention ntawm nws lub ntsiab creation - lub ntiaj teb no tus thawj lawm nyoob hoom qav taub - nws tsim lub feem ntau tshaj nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm 4-engine dav hlau "Lavxias teb sab Vityaz". Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws kuj yog mus rau lub primacy ntawm qhov teeb meem ntawm tus tsim ntawm transatlantic seaplanes.

Rov qab nyob rau hauv 1931, Sikorsky tau patented ib tug ya tshuab project, siv uas yog yeej tseem zoo tsis ntau sib txawv los ntawm ib tug nyoob hoom qav taub qauv siv niaj hnub no. Nyob rau hauv kev, nws pom tias cov kev siv ntawm cov kiv cua 2: lub ntsiab - nyob rau hauv lub ru tsev thiab them nyiaj yug - nyob rau hauv tus Tsov tus tw.

Tus thawj sim nyoob hoom qav taub Sikorsky - VS-300, tswj los ntawm nws tus kheej, coj mus rau lub skies nyob rau hauv 1939. Nws muaj ib tug loj lub cheeb hlau yeeb nkab nrog qhib cockpit rau tus tsav. Ib tug aircraft muaj ib tug muaj peev xwm ntawm 65 liters. ib tug. thiab nws tau powered Lycoming, 3-rotating ntsiab rotor hniav.

Ntxiv kev kawm Sikorski

Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-caij nplooj ntoos hlav ntawm 1941 aircraft ua ib tug kev nthuav qhia ntawm cov thawj amphibious nyoob hoom qav taub nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no kom ntab lub chassis, uas yog ib tug kev hloov kho ntawm lub twb zoo-paub nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm lub aircraft VS-300. Helicopters coj tawm ntawm tus nto ntawm cov dej thiab tsaws yam xyuam xim rau daim av. Lub hom phiaj ntawd kub ntev li 1 teev 35 feeb, thiab cov kev ceev mus txog 100 km ib teev.

Tom qab, lub aircraft designer tau tsim 18 hom ntawm helicopters, uas twb loj-ua. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lawv tau raug tsim turbine qauv, amphibious nrog retractable tsaws iav, raws li zoo raws li lub thiaj li hu ua ya cranes. Helicopters, tsim los ntawm Sikorsky, tau nqa transatlantic thiab transpacific flights nrog refueling nyob rau hauv cov huab cua. EGI tshuab siv rau ntau yam ntawm cov laj thawj. Nws cov hauj lwm ua ntej retiring Sikorski tau ua kom tiav cov creation ntawm S-58 nyoob hoom qav taub, yog suav tias yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws nyoob hoom qav taub ntawm lub 1 tiam.

Tam sim no koj paub yog vim li cas nws yog assumed tias Igor Sikorsky yees thawj nyoob hoom qav taub. Qhov no yog tsis ua rau luag los ntawm cov hauj lwm zoo ntawm lwm yam engineers thiab designers uas muaj nplooj siab ntau xyoo ntawm nws lub neej mus rau lub creation thiab kev txhim kho ntawm lub rotorcraft.