Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai nyob rau hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm cov 19th caug xyoo (luv luv)

Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai nyob rau hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm cov 19th caug xyoo - ib tug tseem ceeb milestone nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm sab ntsuj plig thiab kev ncaj ncees qhov tseem ceeb ntawm Lavxias teb sab zej zog. Nws yog amazing li cas cov teev tau saws lub tswv yim tus txheej txheem, lub qhov tob ntawm nws cov ntsiab lus thiab richness. Rau ib nrab ib xyoo pua cov kev cai lub zej lub zos tau nce mus rau ib tug tshiab theem: multifaceted, polyphonic, cim.

KEEB KWM keeb kwm thiab kev loj hlob ntawm lub "golden hnub nyoog"

Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai nyob rau hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm cov 19th caug xyoo yog vim lub high degree ntawm lub teb chaws kev txaus siab. Humanitarian kev kawm ntawv pib rov qab nyob rau hauv Catherine II, muab impetus mus rau lub kev loj hlob ntawm kev kawm ntawv, qhib ib tug plurality ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv thiab empowerment ntawm kev paub tshiab.

Thawb rau ib thaj tsam ntawm lub xeev nyob rau hauv uas muaj txog 165 txawv haiv neeg nrog lawv lis kev cai thiab mentality. Txuas ntxiv cov kev lig kev cai ntawm nws predecessors, tshiab navigators thiab discoverers.

Lavxias teb sab-Fabkis ua tsov ua rog ntawm 1812 tus tsim ntawm patriotic tswv yim, kev coj tsis ncaj qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov Lavxias teb sab neeg. Art kab lis kev cai ntawm Russia nyob rau hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm cov xyoo pua puv 19, attracted cov paj ntawm lub teb chaws nco qab entrenched nyob rau hauv zej zog.

Txawm li cas los, cov nom tswv qhov teeb meem nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws tsis muab ua kom tiav txoj kev ywj pheej rau siv tag nrho cov tswv yim nyob rau hauv kos duab. Lub revolt ntawm lub Decembrists thiab cov kev ua ub ntawm daim card societies tau yuam Lavxias teb sab emperors tiv thaiv lub nkag mus ntawm advanced tswv yim nyob rau hauv tej kev cai kheej.

science

Improvement of Public Education pom tau hais tias ib tug kab lis kev cai ntawm Russia nyob rau hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm cov 19th caug xyoo. Luv luv nws yuav hu ua losxij. Nyob rau hauv ib tes, qhib tsev kawm ntawv tshiab, nyob rau lwm yam - tau ua tswvcuab nruj censorship ntsuas, piv txwv li, abolished cov zaj lus qhia ntawm philosophy. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, universities thiab cov txheej txheem lub tsev kawm ntawv twb tas li nyob rau hauv cov nruj saib xyuas ntawm tus Ministry of Education.

Dua li no, lub Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai nyob rau hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm cov 19th caug xyoo twb yus muaj los ntawm ib tug zoo kawg leap nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm science.

Biology thiab tshuaj

Sau rau thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19, cov khoom ntawm tus muaj thiab fauna yuav tsum tau rethinking thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov tshiab theories. Cov ua Lavxias teb sab naturalists KM Baer, IA Dvigubsky, IE Dyadkovsky.

ib tug nplua nuj sau ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj tau raug sau los ntawm ib ncig ntawm lub ntiaj teb no. Thiab nyob rau hauv 1812 yog qhib ntawm lub Botanical Garden nyob rau hauv Crimea.

Ib tug tseem ceeb pab rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov tshuaj nkag tau rau NI Pies. Ua tsaug rau nws selfless ua hauj lwm ntawm lub ntiaj teb no kawm tau hais tias ib tug tub rog teb phais.

Geology thiab astronomy

Txij thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua tos nyob rau hauv lub tis, thiab geology. Nws txoj kev loj hlob tau embraced tag nrho cov Lavxias teb sab pawg neeg thaj av.

Ib tug tseem ceeb kawm tau lub drafting ntawm cov thawj geological daim ntawv qhia ntawm Russia nyob rau hauv 1840. Kuv ua nws ib tug kev tshawb fawb paub txog NI Koksharov.

Astronomy demanded txhij txhua thiab kev kawm kev soj ntsuam thiab cov tswvyim. Nws coj ib tug ntau ntawm cov sij hawm. Cov txheej txheem zoo heev relieved thaum lub Pulkovo Observatory yog tsim los pab nyob rau hauv 1839.

Lej thiab Physics

Nyob rau hauv kev kawm txog zauv, lawv tau ua discoveries ntiaj teb no teev. Yog li ntawd, NI Lobachevsky ua nto moo rau nws "tsis-Euclidean geometry." PL Chebyshev muaj pov thawj txoj kev cai loj tus xov tooj, thiab MV Ostrogradsky koom nyob rau hauv kev tsomxam thiab kev xilethi-aus mechanics.

Tus thawj ib nrab ntawm cov 19th caug xyoo tej zaum yuav hu ua Golden lub sij hawm physics, txij thaum thawj thawj electromagnetic hlua taws xob (Schilling PL), qhov tshwm sim tau los ntawm lub fais teeb pom kev zoo kev (V. Petrov) yees electromotor twb tsim (Lenz EH).

architecture

Art kab lis kev cai ntawm Russia nyob rau hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm cov xyoo pua puv 19, attracted loj pej xeem txaus siab. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj feature ntawm nws txoj kev loj hlob yog cov ceev ceev hloov ntawm yeej, raws li zoo raws li lawv ua ke.

Nyob rau hauv lub architecture mus rau lub 1840s classicism reigned. Faj tim teb chaws style yuav muaj nyob rau hauv ib tug ntau yam ntawm cov vaj tse uas lub ob capitals, raws li zoo raws li ntau regional chaw zov me nyuam, hu ua ib tug lub xeev nroog.

Rau lub sij hawm no yog yus muaj los ntawm qhov kev siv ntawm architectural ntaus uake. Piv txwv li, lub tsev ua yeeb yam Square Moscow los yog nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg Senate.

Mas cov neeg sawv cev ntawm no style tau tsim kab lis kev cai ntawm Russia nyob rau hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm cov 19th caug xyoo. Architecture qhia nyob rau hauv lub ntawmv ntawm AD Zakharova, Ki Rossi, DI Gilardi, OI Beauvais.

Faj tim teb chaws twb hloov los ntawm Lavxias teb sab-Byzantine style, nyob rau hauv uas Khetos tus Cawm Seej Cathedral, lub Armory (kes duab vajtse kos Tuj) tau ua.

painting

Rau lub sij hawm no nyob rau hauv kos duab yog yus muaj los ntawm ib qho kev txaus nyob rau hauv tus neeg nruab nrab tus neeg. Ntxias yog txav deb ntawm cov tsoos biblical thiab mythological style.

Classicism nyob rau hauv painting twb sawv cev Karlom Bryullovym, uas nyob rau hauv nws duab tsom lub heroism, lub meej mom thiab lub greatness ntawm cov txiv neej. Lub nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm nws tej hauj lwm - yog "Lub Kawg ntawm Pompeii," "Tus Rider", "Self-Portrait", thiab lwm yam

Lub tragic txoj hmoo ntawm tus poj neeg pleev kob A. A. Ivanova, tus neeg sau txoj hauj lwm zoo, "Tus Zoo Tswv Yexus rau cov neeg." Saum nws, nws ua hauj lwm rau ntau tshaj 20 xyoo. Thiab nws tau tuag, yeej tsis paub txog dab tsi tshwm sim rau qhov ci ntsa iab triumph nyob rau hauv daim duab no.

Lub hauv paus ntawm realism muab P. A. Fedotov, leej twg, nrog nws ib hom ntawv nyeem paintings nrog kev cov ntsiab lus furor nyob rau hauv lub zej lub zos. Txhua leej txhua tus paub hais tias nws "tshiab cavalier" los yog "Courting Major".

duab puab

Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai nyob rau hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm cov 19th caug xyoo tsim nyob rau hauv tus ntawm lub yav dhau los ua tsov rog ntawm 1812 tawm tsam Napoleon. Cuam tshuam los ntawm no, thiab puab yamntxwv. Nto moo monument rau Minin thiab Pozharsky, uas sawv nyob rau hauv liab Square, cov artist IP Martos sculpted nyob rau hauv lub midst ntawm tsov rog.

Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm Lavxias teb sab monumental duab puab yuav tau tsis yooj yim sua yam uas tsis tau tus txiav Shchedrin, uas nws caryatids adorn lub Admiralty lub tsev.

Cov lwm tseem ceeb sculptors ntawm lub sij hawm twb II Terebenev ( "sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Poltava"), VI Demuth-Malinovsky, BI Orlowski (daim duab tim tswv nyob rau Alexander kem), etc.

music

Lossis loj tus ntawm lub heroic yav dhau los tej lub kab lis kev cai ntawm Russia nyob rau hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm cov 19th caug xyoo. Music tau undergone tus ntawm pej xeem cov melodies, raws li zoo raws li lub teb chaws tej teeb meem. Cov tiam sis muaj kev cuam tshuam cov opera "Ivan Susanin" kos Kavos, khoom AA Alyabiev, AE Varlamov.

MI Glinka nyob ib qho chaw central ntawm cov composers. Nws pom zoo ib tug tshiab kev lig kev cai thiab qhib unprecedented ua ntej no ib hom ntawv nyeem. Lub opera "A Life rau lub Tsar" siab qhia lub essence ntawm tag nrho cov tshuab raj tus creativity.

Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai nyob rau hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm cov 19th caug xyoo muab ntxiv rau tsis tau lwm ci ntsa iab composer uas qhia cov suab paj nruag ib hom ntawv nyeem ntawm lub hlwb ua yeeb yam. nws AS "Mermaid" Dargomyzhsky thiab nws kuj zoo kawg opera.

ua yeeb yam

Lavxias teb sab ua yeeb yam yuav qhib lub qhov rooj rau lub tswv yim, zoo tso tus neeg pej xeem ua yeeb yam nyob rau hauv lub classical style. Tam sim no muaj twb yeej los ntawm romantic motives, tragic cuab ntxhiab ntawm qhov kev ua si.

Ib qho ntawm feem nto moo neeg sawv cev ntawm lub theatrical puag ncig yog PS Mochalov, uas tau ua lub luag hauj lwm ntawm Hamlet thiab Ferdinand (Shakespeare).

Lavxias teb sab reformer ntawm acting, MS Shchepkin tuaj ntawm serfs. Nws tau sau ntawv ib tug kiag li lub tswv yim tshiab, los ntawm cov uas nws lub luag hauj lwm admired thiab Moscow Me yeeb yam yog tus nrov tshaj plaws lo lus uas peb ntawm cov neeg saib.

Xav zoo zoo style nyob rau hauv lub ua yeeb yam tau coj tuaj txog los ntawm tej hauj lwm ntawm AS Pushkin AS Griboyedov.

ntaub ntawv

Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj kev teeb meem muaj kev cuam tshuam cov kab lis kev cai ntawm Russia nyob rau hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm cov 19th caug xyoo. Literature ntxiv dag zog rau lub teb chaws yog leej twg, xa mus rau lub keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm lub teb chaws. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm no yog cov muaj tswv yim ua si ntawm NM Karamzin.

Romanticism nyob rau hauv cov ntawv nyeem yog hais los ntawm xws li mas nuj nqis raws li VA Zhukovsky, AI Odoyevski, thaum ntxov AS Pushkin. Lig theem ntawm Pushkin - yog realism. "Boris Godunov", "tus tauj ncov loj ntxhais", "Lub Bronze Horseman" inscribed nyob rau hauv no cov kev taw qhia. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, MU Lermontov tsim ib tug "Hero of Our Lub sij hawm", uas yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm realism ntaub ntawv.

Tseem ceeb heev realism los ua lub hauv paus ntawm creativity, NV Gogol ( "The lub tsho loj nraud," "soj ntsuam").

Ntawm cov lwm cov neeg ntawm phau ntawv uas ua rau nws tsim, yuav tsum tau hu ua lub AN Ostrowski, nrog nws unusually muaj tiag plays, YOG Turgenev, uas mob siab rau nws mloog mus rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub zos av thiab qhov, raws li zoo raws li DV Grigorovich.

Literature tau ua ib tug tseem ceeb pab rau cov kev cai kev loj hlob ntawm Russia. Tus thawj ib nrab ntawm cov 19th caug xyoo yog tsiag ntawv los ntawm tsim ntawm lub niaj hnub txawj lus los hloov hnyav thiab ornate cov lus ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th. Lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm sau ntawv thiab paj huam los ntawm lub sij hawm no yog tseem ceeb thiab tej yam nyob rau hauv lub ntxiv kev loj hlob ntawm tsis tsuas yog Lavxias teb sab, tab sis kuj ntiaj teb no kab lis kev cai.

Uas sib txuas ntxiv thiab rethink tej hauj lwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab thiab European civilizations, kab lis kev cai ntawm Russia nyob rau hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm cov 19th caug xyoo tsim ib tug muaj zog paus rau lub paaj txoj kev loj hlob ntawm science thiab art nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej.