Kom npe: piv txwv. Npe - lawv tus kheej thiab cov npe

Txhua tus neeg siv rau ib tug txhua txhua hnub pua pua ntawm cov npe nyob rau hauv lawv tej lus hais. Txawm li cas los, tsis yog txhua tus yuav tau teb cov lus nug raws li uas qeb belongs rau ib tug los yog lwm lo lus rau npe los yog mus rau ib tug neeg hauv tsev neeg lub npe, thiab seb puas muaj cov sib txawv nruab nrab ntawm lawv. Thiab tsis tau, los ntawm cov yooj yim kev txawj ntse nws nyob tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv sau ntawv, tab sis kuj muaj peev xwm kom to taub li cas lawv nyeem, vim hais tias feem ntau tsuas nyeem cov lus, koj yuav saib tau lub npe ntawm nws los yog cia li lub npe ntawm tej yam.

Tus: nws

Ua ntej koj yuav to taub li cas npe hu ua kom zoo thiab ntau npe uas, yog tsim nyog nco ntsoov tias nws yog.

Npe yog lo lus uas teb cov lus nug "Dab tsi?" "Leej twg?" Thiab qhia lub npe ntawm tej yam los yog cov neeg ( "rooj", "txiv neej"), lawv sib txawv nyob rau hauv poob, tub los ntxhais, xov tooj thiab cov ntaub ntawv. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, cov lus hais txog qhov no ib feem ntawm tus hais lus, muaj cov private / tsev neeg lub npe.

Lub tswvyim ntawm ib tus: common npe thiab kom

Sib nrug los ntawm tsawg zam, tag nrho cov npe yuav mus rau hauv qeb los yog tej khoom vaj tse, los yog lub ntsej muag.

Mus rau npe rau ib tsev neeg yog sau ua ke homogeneous yam los yog tshwm sim, uas tej zaum yuav txawv los ntawm txhua lwm yam nyob rau hauv ib co nta, tab sis nws tseem yuav tsum tau hu ua ib lo lus. Piv txwv li, lub noun "qho khoom ua si" - ib tug ntau nouns, tab sis nws sums rau hauv cov npe ntawm cov sib txawv khoom: tsheb, me nyuam roj hmab, teddy bears thiab lwm yam los ntawm pab pawg neeg no. Nyob rau hauv lub Lavxias teb sab lus, raws li nyob rau hauv feem ntau lwm yam ntau npe yeej ib txwm sau nyob rau hauv me me ntawv.
Proper nouns npe - cov npe ntawm cov neeg uas uas sawv tawm ntawm tej yam uas, qhov chaw los yog cov neeg. Piv txwv li, lo lus "menyuam roj hmab" - ib tug ntau nouns, naming ib qeb ntawm cov khoom ua si, tab sis lub npe ntawm ib tug nrov hom "Barbie" menyuam roj hmab yog ib tug zoo lub npe. Tag nrho cov npe sau nrog ib tug capital.
Nws yuav tsum muab sau tseg tias ntau nouns, tsis zoo li lawv tus kheej, nqa ib tug tej yam lexical lub ntsiab lus. Piv txwv li, thaum lawv hais tias "menyuam roj hmab", nws yuav paub tseeb hais tias nws yog ib tug khoom ua si, tab sis thaum raug xa mus rau cias li lub npe "Mary" sab nraum lub ntsiab lus teb ntawm ntau npe yog tsis meej leej twg los yog nws yog dab tsi - ib tug hluas nkauj, ib tug menyuam roj hmab, ib hom tshuaj lub npe, ib tug kws caws plaub hau los yog chocolates.

ethnonyms

Raws li twb hais saum toj no, muaj tus kheej npe thiab cov npe. Linguists, zaum tseem tsis tau tuaj mus rau ib tug kev pom zoo nyob rau hauv lub qhov teeb meem ntawm kev sib txuas lus nruab nrab ntawm ob qhov chaw. Kis 2 saib lo lus nug no: raws li ib tug, nruab nrab ntawm ntau npe thiab npe ntawm lawv tus kheej muaj ib tug meej Paub Faib kab; nyob rau hauv lwm, lub Paub Faib kab nruab nrab ntawm cov ntswg yog tsis txog vim nquag hloov npe los ntawm ib tug me ntsis mus rau lwm lub. Yog li ntawd, muaj thiaj li hu ua "intermediate" lo lus uas tsis yog lawv tus kheej, los yog mus rau ib tug neeg hauv tsev neeg tus, tab sis muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm ob pawg. Cov npe yog ethnonyms - lo lus uas txhais hais tias lub npe ntawm haiv neeg, haiv neeg, pab pawg neeg, thiab lwm yam zoo xws tswv yim.

Common npe npe piv txwv thiab hom

Nyob rau hauv cov lus ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus feem ntau npe. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv muaj peev xwm yuav muab faib ua plaub hom.

1. Kev - sawv cev rau cov khoom los yog phenomena uas yuav raug suav (cov neeg, cov noog thiab cov tsiaj, paj). Piv txwv li, "neeg laus", "tus me nyuam", "Blackbird," "Shark", "tshauv", "violet". Cov common npe yog yuav luag ib txwm ntau tshaj thiab zoo tshaj cov ntaub ntawv thiab combines ntau numerals "neeg laus - ob tus neeg laus", "ib tug violet - tsib violets."

2. Abstract - sawv cev rau cov tswv yim, kev xav, tej yam uas yuav tsis raug suav, "kev hlub", "noj qab haus huv", "ingenuity". Feem ntau cov feem ntau hom ntau npe tsuas yog siv nyob rau hauv lub zoo tshaj. Yog hais tias yog ib tug vim los yog lwm tus ntawm no zoo tau ua ntau tshaj ib ( "ntshai - ntshai"), nws loses nws paub daws teeb kev txiav txim zoo.

3. Khoom siv - txhais tshuaj homogeneous nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg muaj tsis muaj cais cov khoom: tshuaj ntsiab (mercury), khoom noj khoom haus (macaroni), tshuaj (Citramonum) thiab lwm yam zoo xws tswv yim. Real npe tsis kam txais lawv tus kheej mus rau lub account, tab sis lawv yuav tsum tau ntsuas (kilograms ntawm cov nplej zom). qhov no zoo ntawm ntau npe lus muaj tsuas yog ib daim ntawv ntawm tog twg los ntau los yog tib: "oxygen" - ib zaug xwb tus xov tooj, cov "kua" - ntau tshaj.

4. Ib - ib tug noun, txhais tau tias cov totality ntawm zoo xws li cov khoom los yog cov neeg, raws li ib tug xwb, indivisible tag nrho, "cov kwvtij nkauj muam", "tib neeg". Npe ntawm no zoo yuav ua tsis tau lub account thiab tsuas yog siv nyob rau hauv lub zoo tshaj. Tab sis nrog lawv koj yuav siv lo lus "me ntsis", "ntau", "me me" thiab cov zoo li: ib tug ntau rebyatni li infantry thiab lwm tus neeg.

Kom npe: piv txwv thiab hom

Nyob rau hauv lub lexical tus nqi yog faib rau cov npe npe: 1. Anthroponyms - npe, Aliases, nicknames thiab nicknames neeg: Vasileva Anastasiya, Zhorzh Xuab zeb.
2. theonyms - lub npe thiab cov npe ntawm gods: Zeus, hauj sam.
3. Lub npe ntawm cov tsiaj - surnames thiab nicknames ntawm cov tsiaj: Mongrel aub, miv Marie.
4. Tag nrho cov hom ntawm cov npe - qhov chaw npe, lub zos (Volgograd), reservoirs (Baikal), txoj kev (Pushkin), thiab hais txog.
5. Aeronautonimy - lub npe ntawm ib tug ntau yam ntawm qhov chaw thiab aircraft: lub spaceship "Vostok", inter-orbital chaw nres tsheb "Mir".
6. Lub npe ntawm tej hauj lwm ntawm cov kos duab, ntaub ntawv, movies, TV cov kev pab cuam, "Mona Lisa", "Kev ua txhaum thiab rau txim rau", "Vertical", "jumble".
7. Lub npe ntawm cov koom haum, cov websites, hom, "Oxford", "Vkontakte", "Milavitsa".
8. npe los ntawm ob tog thiab lwm yam kev cov txheej xwm: Christmas, Independence hnub.
9. Cov npe ntawm cov cim ntuj phenomena: nag xob nag cua Isabel.
10. Cov npe ntawm cov cim vaj tse thiab chaw: xinesmas "Rodina", cov kev ua si complex "Olympic".

Hloov ntawm cov tswv cuab nyob rau hauv cov npe thiab vice versa

Txij li thaum cov lus tsis yog ib yam dab tsi paub daws teeb thiab lossi tau los ntawm tag nrho ob qho sab nraud thiab sab hauv yam, cov lus feem ntau hloov lawv me ntsis: cov cuab yeej kis tau mus rau hauv ntau npe thiab cov npe ua cov cuab yeej ntawm npe. Piv txwv ntawm no yog heev. Yog li ntawd tej yam ntuj tso phenomenon "te" - los ntawm ntau tus muab rau hauv ib tug zoo noun, lub npe te. Tus txheej txheem ntawm tsiv ib tsev neeg lub npe nyob rau hauv lawv tus kheej hu ua onimizatsiey.

Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm lub npe ntawm tus naas ej German physicist Wilhelm Roentgen thawj sab X-rays, tau ntev ua nyob rau hauv lub npe ntawm kev tshawb fawb dab tsi nrog cov pej xeem lawv tawg "X-ray" nyob rau hauv txhua hnub hais lus ntawm lub Lavxias teb sab lus. Qhov no yog hu ua apellyativatsiey thiab cov lus - eponyms.

Yuav ua li cas kom paub qhov txawv

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus semantic sib txawv, tseem muaj grammatical, uas ib tug ntshiab qho uas txawv ntawm npe thiab cov npe tus kheej. Lavxias teb sab lus nyob rau hauv no hais txog yog heev tswv yim. Tawm ntau nouns, tsis zoo li lawv tus kheej, raws li ib tug txoj cai, nws muaj ib tug duab thiab ntau tshaj thiab zoo tshaj xov tooj: "artist - ntxias."

Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, lwm qeb yog yuav luag ib txwm siv xwb nyob rau hauv lub zoo tshaj: Picasso - cov artist lub npe, ib tug tshwj xeeb tooj. Txawm li cas los, muaj kev zam, thaum nws yog tau siv ntau tshaj ib tus npe tus kheej. Piv txwv ntawm no title, kev siv chiv nyob rau hauv lub plural: lub zos ntawm Great boars. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, tus kheej npe yog feem ntau deprived ntawm lub zoo tshaj: Carpathian roob.
Tej zaum npe yuav siv tau nyob rau hauv lub plural, yog hais tias lawv xaiv uas sib txawv los yog cov txheej xwm, tab sis, nrog tib yam npe. Piv txwv li: Nyob rau hauv peb cov chav kawm ntawv peb Xenia.

Yuav ua li cas koj sau

Yog hais tias kev sau ntawv ntawm ib qho npe npe yog heev yooj yim: lawv sau nyob rau hauv me me tsiaj ntawv, thiab tus so yuav tsum ua raws li cov qub kev cai ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus, nyob rau hauv lwm qeb, muaj ib co nuances uas yuav tsum tau paub nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav kom sau lawv tus kheej npe. Piv txwv ntawm cov neeg pluag sau ntawv tau feem ntau yuav pom tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv phau ntawv sau tsis tau saib xyuas schoolchildren, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov neeg laus thiab neeg uas luag hwm.

Kom tsis txhob zoo li no yuam kev yuav tsum kawm ib ob peb yam yooj yim cov kev cai:

1. Tag nrho cov npe, tsis muaj kev zam, yuav sau ntawv nrog ib tug capital, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum nws tawm los rau nicknames ntawm legendary heroes: Richard lub Lionheart. Yog hais tias lub npe, lub xeem los yog qhov chaw lub npe muaj ob los yog ntau tshaj nouns, tsis hais seb lawv sau nyias los yog hyphenated, txhua tus ntawm cov lus no yuav tsum pib nrog ib tug capital tsab ntawv. Ib tug interesting cov piv txwv yog lub npe menyuam yaus ntawm lub ntsiab phem ntawm lub epic Harry Potter - Voldemort. Ntshai yuav tau hu rau nws los ntawm nws lub npe, lub heroes ntawm lub siab phem wizard hu ua "Nws Leej twg tsis tau hu ua." Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, tag nrho plaub cov lus sau nrog capital cov tsiaj ntawv, vim hais tias nws yog lub npe menyuam yaus ntawm cov ua cim.

2. Yog hais tias lub npe los yog lub npe muaj cov khoom, hais thiab lwm yam hais official lus, lawv sau nyob rau hauv me me tsiaj ntawv: Albrecht von Graefe, Leonardo da Vinci, tab sis Leonardo DiCaprio. Nyob rau hauv lub thib ob daim, "di" piv txwv yog sau ntawv nrog ib tug capital tsab ntawv, raws li nyob rau hauv tus thawj hom lus nws yog sau ua ke nrog Leonardo DiCaprio lub npe. Qhov no txoj ntsiab cai no siv rau ntau yam npe ntawm txawv teb chaws tuaj. Nyob rau hauv lub sab hnub tuaj npe qhia cov kev sib raug raws li txoj cai ntawm tus hais "hit", "Suhl", "Zadeh", "Pasha", thiab cov zoo li, tsis hais nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm ib lo lus, lawv yog qhov kawg los yog sau ntawv nyob rau hauv me me ntawv. Cov ntsiab cai tib yam rau qhov txawv ntawm npe nrog hais nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus. German "tom qab", "zu", "auf"; Mev "de"; Dutch "van", "ter"; Fabkis txoj "des", "du", "de la".

3. nyob rau ntawm thaum pib ntawm lub npe ntawm txawv teb chaws keeb kwm hais "San", "Saint", "Saint", "Ben" yog sau nrog ib tug capital thiab ib tug hyphen (Saint Zhemenei); tom qab txog ib txwm muaj nqis rau tus apostrophe thiab tom ntej no tsab ntawv - title (O. Henry). Ib feem ntawm "macro-" yuav tsum muab sau tig hyphens, tiam sis feem ntau nws yog sau ua ke vim hais tias ntawm qhov sib thooj rau tus thawj sau ntawv: McKinley, tab sis McLain.

Thaum hais txog nrog no ib zaug haum yooj yim ntsiab (dab tsi noun hom npe thiab cov piv txwv), peb yuav ib zaug thiab rau tag nrho cov tshem lawv tus kheej ntawm ua dag, tab sis kuj tsis kaj siab spelling yuam kev thiab yuav tsum tau mus tas li saib nyob rau hauv phau ntawv txhais lus rau kev ntsuam xyuas koj tus kheej.