Ib suam ntawm particle

Yuav ua li cas muaj ntau haiv neeg elementary hais yog li ntawd, varied thiab lawv cov yam ntxwv. Nws yog raws li nyob rau hauv cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov kev faib thiab muaj li ntawm elementary hais.

Ib tug ntawm cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws indicators - yog tus luj. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb coj mus rau hauv tus saib xyuas yog cov particle so loj, txij thaum lub sij hawm ntawm lub zog, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum muaj kev kub ceev, nws ho tsub kom. Tej zaum, tsis noj mus ua nyiaj no fact, tej zaum tau tshaj tawm cov lus qhib ntawm tshiab hais, tab sis yuav tsum tau kam nrog qhov ntev-paub. Lub tsev ntawm reference yog xav tau qhov loj ntawm ib tug electron ntawm so, vim hais tias nws yog ib qho yooj yim ntawm lawv. Nyob rau hauv peb lub sij hawm, lub kev faib ntawm elementary hais raws li lawv so masses raws li nram no:

• photons uas tsis muaj so loj, vim hais tias lawv tas li tsiv ntawm cov kev ceev ntawm lub teeb;
• teeb hais - leptons, uas muaj xws li electrons thiab neutrinos;
• nruab nrab hais tias luj los ntawm ib tug rau txhiab tus electron loj;
• hnyav - baryons, muaj ib tug loj ntawm ntau tshaj li ib txhiab ntawm loj ntawm lub electron, uas muaj xws li neutrons, protons, Hyperion.

Ib tug ntxiv feature, uas yog tsim los rau cov kev faib ntawm elementary hais - lawv hluav taws xob xwb. Nws yog ib tug ntau yam ntawm tus nqi ntawm ib tug electron (-1) ib txwm. Raws li qhov no yam ntxwv, tag nrho cov hais raug muab faib ua zoo them, zoo them thiab nrog pes tsawg xwb. Nws tseem yog lub hav zoov ntawm hais nrog fractional xwb.

Lwm cov yam ntxwv uas tsim los pab cov kev faib ntawm elementary hais - lub sij hawm ntawm lawv lub neej:

• ruaj khov hais, uas yog electron neutrino photon thiab proton, neutron tseem ruaj khov raws li ntev raws li yog nyob rau hauv nyob tus yeees ntawm cov atomic nucleus, tab sis nyob rau hauv ib tug dawb lub xeev nws disintegrates tsis pub dhau 15 feeb;
• tsis ruaj tsis khov hais - tag nrho cov so. Lub neej lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv uas 10 (-10) - 10 (-24) vib nas this, thiab tus hais nrog lub shortest ntev ntawm lub neej - resonances collapsing txawm ua ntej lub sij hawm tawm mus rau hauv lub nucleus los yog atom. Lawv nyob 10 (-25) - 10 (-26) vib nas this. Txawm tias lub hav zoov ntawm xws hais yog xam raws, tab sis suab tsis muaj ib tug yog kaw. qhov tseem ceeb tshaj lub luag hauj lwm mus ua si nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub neej, ntawm chav kawm, ruaj khov hais, tom qab tag nrho cov ntawm lawv thiab tag nrho cov loj heev-lub cev yuav ua tau.

Cov nram qab no kev faib yam ntxwv - lub hom kev sis raug zoo:

• leptons - hais tias yog muab kev koom tes xwb nyob rau hauv lub muaj zog thiab lub electromagnetic sis;
• hadrons - hais uas, nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau saum toj, yog koom nyob rau hauv lub muaj zog cov kev sib tshuam.

Tab sis tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yam ntxwv ntawm elementary hais - yog tig (piav qhia ntawm particle momentum). Qhov no tus nqi nyob rau hauv classical mechanics qhia txog cov kev sib hloov ntawm lub cev xeeb ceem. Tab sis physics, xav tias lub thaj chaw ntawm elementary hais, kiv characterizes txawv - raws li ib tug nrog degree ntawm txoj kev ywj pheej ntawm cov particle. Nws tsuas nqa tau zoo qhov tseem ceeb, uas yog xwm yeem mus rau Planck tus tsis tu ncua, nyob rau hauv sib piv rau lub kiv mechanics uas yuav coj tej nqi. Qhov zoo tshaj yuav tau hnov txog nws proportionality yog hu ua tus quantum tig tooj. Rau ib txhia hais tias nws yuav muaj integer (0, 1, 2), thaum lub lwm yam - lub ib nrab-integer (1/2, 3/2) qhov tseem ceeb. Lub particle, muaj 0-vym kiv zoo tib yam thaum rotating nws thaum twg kaum sab xis ntawm tig ib chav tsev - yuav siv sij hawm tib daim ntawv tom qab xa nws los ntawm 360 degrees, thiab nrog kiv sib npaug zos rau 2 - tom qab txoj siav 180 degrees, nrog kiv nyob rau hauv ½ - ntawm 720 degrees. Tag nrho cov hais nrog ib tug uas tsis yog-integer qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev tig yog hu ua - fermions. Cov no yog cov tag nrho cov uas nquag hu hais, xws li protons, electrons thiab neutrons. Lawv rov qab yog 1/2. Thiab nrog integer - bosons. Cov tshuaj, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, yog cov quanta ntawm lub teb, tab sis txawm nrog corpuscular zog tseem pab raws li liaj teb nyob rau hauv lub classical txwv. Ib tug piv txwv yog lub photon bosons, uas nws kiv yog 1 thiab mesons nrog pes tsawg kiv.