Thaum rov qab nyob rau hauv 1330, Bertold Shvarts, ib tug German monk uas pheej nrhiav gunpowder propellant zog, nws yeej tsis xav hais tias yuav tsum yog tus txwv zeej txwv koob cov tshiab vajtswv - tus vaj tswv ua tsov ua rog.
Lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm artillery
Qhib monk sai sai thov nyob rau hauv cov tub rog tej xwm txheej, thiab tsis ntev muaj ob qhov chaw ntawm riam phom txoj kev loj hlob, nyob qhov twg ntuav lub thaj chaw ntawm gunpowder siv. Tus thawj ntawm cov yog los ua ib tug khaub-ncaws nyias tes tuav me me caj npab, lub thib ob - tus zus tau tej cov phom. Lub rov tshwm sim ntawm si tsis tau coj mus rau lub creation ntawm ib yam tshiab ntawm pab tub rog. Lawv cia li ua ntaj riam thaiv uas twb muaj lawm, hloov cov infantry thiab cavalry bows thiab lub teeb javelins - darts. Tab sis cov tsos ntawm cov phom tsim ib tug tshiab cov tub rog, uas nyob rau hauv Russia twb hu ua "hluav taws tiab", thiab hais tias lub Italian theorist Niccolo Tartaglia caj npab npaj siab mus hu cov artillery, uas nyob rau hauv translation txhais tau tias "lub kos duab ntawm shooting." Ib txhia soj ntsuam ntseeg tau hais tias lub corps nyob zoo ua ntej qhib ntawm lub German monk, nrog rau cov invention ntawm cov thawj propelling machinery - ballista. Txawm nws yog, Vaj tswv ua tsov ua rog artillery yog precisely nrog cov creation ntawm rab phom.
Cov kev loj hlob ntawm Vajtswv ua tsov ua rog
Thaum lub sij hawm, cov tub rog yog tsis sawv tseem, thiab lub artillery yog tsis tsuas zoo, tab sis kuj tshiab hom qhia: howitzers, mortars, ntau yam foob pob ua ntxaij launchers thiab lwm tus neeg. Nyob rau hauv lub thib nees nkaum xyoo pua artillery tiag yeej lub battlefields. Thiab nrog rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov cuab yeej tsim thiab artillery mos txwv.
hom neeg zoo li
Tus thawj plhaub, uas muab rau tus yeeb ncuab, yog tsis muaj lwm yam tshaj li cov pa pob zeb, ib tug rechargeable ballista. Nrog rau cov kev taw qhia txog cov phom pib siv tshwj xeeb pob zeb, thiab ces tus hlau tub ntxhais. Lawv thov tus nrog sib ntaus poob vim lub kinetic zog tau thaum lub sij hawm tua. Tab sis txawm nyob rau hauv lub kaum ob xyoo pua AD nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj peb siv heev projectile, methane tus nrog sib ntaus los ntawm catapult. Yog li ntawd, lub tswv yim los mus ua kom lub hollow tub ntxhais ntawm heev cov ntaub ntawv uas sab hauv yog tsis ntev nyob rau hauv los. Yog li ntawd, yog ib tug artillery heev projectile. Nws inflicts tseem ceeb kev puas tsuaj vim lub zog ntawm cov tawg thiab tawg ri niab splinters. Tom qab lub tsos ntawm armored lub hom phaj rau tshwj kom txhob muaj tshwj xeeb armor-tho, tho thiab cumulative mos txwv twb tsim. Lawv ua hauj lwm yog mus txeem armor thiab puas machinery thiab manpower uas yog nyob rau hauv zabronevom qhov chaw. Tseem muaj tshwj xeeb-lub hom phiaj zoo li: illuminating, caws nplaum, cov tshuaj lom, thiab lwm yam kev dag. Tsis ntev los no nkag mus rau hauv chaw ua munitions, uas lawv tus kheej kho nws davhlau mus rau ntau meej ntaus lub hom phaj.
concussive zoo li
Landmine nruab nrab yog heev xwb (heev) uas inflicts puas tsuaj los ntawm kev poob siab tsis, kub thiab tawg khoom (ib co explosives, piv txwv li, cia cov combustion ntawm tshuaj lom paug). Heev projectile suab tsis siv nyob rau hauv cov ntshiab daim ntawv. Heev xwb muab tso nyob rau hauv ib tug khoom hlau lub cev muaj peev xwm ntawm tiv kub siab nyob rau hauv lub bore. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv blasting heev plhaub ntawv ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov tawg tsam. Qhov no cov mos txwv twb muaj npe high-heev projectile (CFC). Feem coob ntawm cov artillery mos txwv yog cia li CFC.
shrapnel
Txij li thaum ntawm undermining lub pa FFS yog ib qhov nyuaj los xyuas kom meej ib yam dispersion ntawm thooj, nws yog tsim los ntawm high-heev zoo li nrog npaj-ciav ntsiab. Qhov no hom ntawm munition yog hu ua "shrapnel" (nyob rau hauv Honor ntawm tus inventor, lub British tub ceev xwm Henry Shrepnela). Feem ntau cov zoo thaum nws yog tshuab rau ntawm ib qhov siab ntawm ob peb meters los ntawm lub hauv av. Niaj hnub nimno cov mos txwv submunitions tau feathered daim ntawv pyramids, uas pub txawm ntaus maj mam armored lub hom phaj.
Landmine tiv thaiv armor
Nyob rau hauv lub lig 40-ies ntawm XX xyoo pua nyob rau hauv lub UK nws twb tsim heev projectile ua kom puas yeeb ncuab armored tsheb. Nws muaj ib tug vaj tsev nrog nyias cov phab ntsa, nyob rau hauv uas tau muab tso rau lub nplaum tawg xwb thiab ib tug detonator nrog ib tug retarder. Thaum kev sib cuag nrog lub nyias nws yog xim hlau armor sheath tsaus muag thiab flattened lub armor BB, capturing tus uas tau cheeb tsam. Tom qab lub lag luam no yog chiv los ntawm ib tug detonator thiab cov undermining ntawm explosives. Qhov no ua rau cov neeg coob thiab swb mechanisms zabronevom nrog qhov chaw tawg tsam thiab hlawv lub saum toj txheej ntawm tej cuab yeej. Qhov no hom yog hu ua high-heev taub hau. Txawm li cas los, nrog lub advent ntawm dynamic kev tiv thaiv thiab muaj ntau haiv neeg ntawm armor, nws twb pom yuav tawg paj txi txiv. Tam sim no, cov missiles yog nyob rau hauv qhov kev pab xwb nyob rau hauv lawv cov teb - nyob rau hauv lub UK.
Fuses heev zoo li
Tus thawj fuse high-heev mos txwv yog ib txwm wick uas yog nroj cig cuag thaum raug rho tawm haujlwm los ntawm ib rab phom thiab undermining BB pib tom qab lub sij hawm. Txawm li cas los, tom qab lub tsos ntawm rifled phom thiab zoo li conical zoo, uas guaranteed ib lub sij hawm nrog ib qho chaw khuam pem hauv ntej ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, muaj fuses percussion. Lawv kom zoo dua cov lus dag nyob rau hauv lub fact tias cov yaig ntawm BB tshwm sim tam sim ntawd tom qab kev sib cuag nrog ib qho chaw khuam. Rau cov kev puas tsuaj ntawm tej chaw tiv thaiv Percussion fuses nruab nrog retarder. Qhov no pub rau cov mos txwv, thawj txeem obstacles, li no dramatically nce nws efficiency. Outfitting foob pob uas muaj ntau loj heev fuse lub cev nrog tuab phab ntsa (tas, vim lub kinetic zog, txeem sib sib zog nqus mus rau hauv lub phab ntsa ntawm lub sij hawm ntev hluav taws ntsiab lus) tau txais betonoboynymi projectile.
Incidentally, nyob rau thawj zaug rau theem ntawm WWII tso tsheb hlau luam KV-2 siv 152-millimeter tus neeg zoo li betonoboynymi ntse tiv thaiv nrog German armor. Thaum txhaj mus rau hauv lub nruab nrab los yog lub teeb German tank plhaub vim nws hnyav, thawj rhuav tshem cov tsheb, dua tus pej thuam, thiab ces pob tawg lawm. Lub disadvantage ntawm percussion fuzes yog tias thaum tso tawm rau hauv lub nplaum av (xws li, cov hav iav), lawv tsis ua hauj lwm. Qhov teeb meem no yuav tshem tawm tej thaj chaw deb detonator tso cai ib tug tawg ntawm cov mos txwv ntawm ib tug tej yam kev ncua deb ntawm ntug ntawm lub phom chim. Tam sim no, qhov no hom ntawm detonator siv nyob rau hauv yuav luag tag nrho cov ntawm cov CFC. Nws tso cai rau, piv txwv li, lub firing ntawm tank cannons ntawm huab cua lub hom phaj (helicopters).
Combat siv heev projectiles
High-heev zoo li - lub ntsiab hom mos txwv siv los ntawm niaj hnub artillery systems. Lawv yuav siv los ua kom puas tiv thaiv, kev puas tsuaj thiab kev puas tsuaj los ntawm ntau yam kev sib ntaus los materiel, nws txhais tes, manpower. Nrog lawv pab, cov nqe vaj lug kub yog punched nyob rau hauv minefields thiab defensive engineering lug. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub kawg lub sij hawm ntawm lub Great Patriotic ua tsov ua rog ntawm lub Soviet self-propelled artillery installation mis-152, siv ib tug 152-hli high-heev projectile, ntse puas lawm German bunkers rau cov Seelow Heights, tshaj ib tug txhob ntawm lub 1st thiab 2nd tiv thaiv Tank Army Katukova thiab Bogdanov sab qaum teb-sab hnub tuaj ntawm Berlin. Txawm nyob rau hauv lub feem ntau haib uas tsis yog-nuclear riam phom ntawm hnub no (RZSO "twister") tshwm sim tawm lub hauv paus ntawm cov mos txwv foob pob ua ntxaij high-heev zoo li 9M55F uas thaum tawg shooting equated nrog rau riam phom uas huab hwm coj puas tsuaj.