Ua lag ua luamKev lag luam

Refining: yooj yim txoj kev

Roj av thiab natural gases, cov cim minerals, yog loj qhov chaw ntawm hydrocarbons. Crude roj - ib tug complex sib tov ntawm hydrocarbons nrog rau lwm cov tebchaw. Refining tau nyob rau hauv cov khoom uas yog ces thov nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov sectors ntawm kev lag luam, lub zog, ua liaj ua teb thiab cov tsev neeg.

Lub crude roj yog sib cais rau hauv Cheebtsam ntawm tej yam yooj yim fractional distillation thiab lub tshuab nqus tsev. Muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub tau cov zauv feem nyob rau nyob tus yeees ntawm cov thawj crude roj.

Refining kis ob peb theem: fractional distillation, reforming, ntes thiab cov leej faj kev kho mob.

Fractional distillation yog thawj ua kauj ruam, uas cais nws mus rau hauv cov zauv feem, roj, lub teeb, medium thiab hnyav roj. Yog li, cov thawj ua cov roj tso cai rau kom sai li sai tau qhia hais tias tus nqi ntau tshaj cov zauv feem.

  • Cov pa roj feem yog qhov nyuaj unbranched hydrocarbons: butane, hluav taws roj zeb thiab ethane.
  • Roj av los yog lub teeb feem - ib tug sib tov ntawm ntau yam teeb hydrocarbons, xws li branched thiab unbranched alkanes.
  • Roj roj seem tom qab distillation ntawm tag nrho cov lwm yam sib zog fractions.

Ntxiv kev cai yog ua los ntawm ntes. Yog li muaj ib tug splitting ntawm crude roj macromolecular tebchaw rau hauv me me, tsawg kub fractions yog raug. Qhov no yog ib qho tseem ceeb txoj kev ua yuav ua rau nws tau mus nrhiav tau ib tug ntxiv nqi ntawm tsawg-boiling roj av fractions, qhov yuav tsum tau rau cov uas, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv roj, kws muaj.

  • Cov kev lag luam siv ntau hom cracking: catalytic, thermal thiab reforming. Nyob rau hauv lub thermal cracking siab molecular yuag tebchaw ntawm hnyav roj fractions raug tawg cia rau hauv uas tsis muaj molecular yuag nyob rau hauv kub muaj peevxwm. Refining los ntawm ob thermal cracking thiab catalytic yields ib tug sib tov ntawm unsaturated thiab nyeem hydrocarbons. Nyob rau hauv Piv txwv li octadecane ntes txheej txheem yuav tsum tau piav los ntawm lub mis:

C 18 H 38 -> C 9 H 20 + C 9 H 18

Thaum kub txog li 1000 ° C ua thermal decomposition ntawm high-molecular roj, li no ua ib tug tshuam teeb alkenes thiab uas muaj ntxhiab hydrocarbons.

  • Catalytic cracking yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw nyob rau kuj tsis tshua muaj kub, nyob rau lub catalyst yog ib tug sib tov ntawm alumina thiab silica. Tsis tas li ntawd nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no ib tug sib tov ntawm nyeem thiab unsaturated hydrocarbons. Kho kom txoj kev no yog siv los tsim zoo roj av.
  • Reforming hloov cov qauv ntawm cov molecules thiab combines lawv mus rau hauv loj. Thaum lub sij hawm uas tsis muaj-zoo uas tsis muaj molecular yuag roj fractions yog hloov, nyob rau hauv particular high-qib roj av feem.

Ntuj thiab txuam gases - ib tug sib tov ntawm methane (90% los ntawm volume) thiab nws cov ze tshaj homologues, raws li zoo raws li me me ntawm impurities.

Lub ntsiab hauj lwm ntawm qhov kev roj - muaj nyob rau ntawd converting nyeem hydrocarbons rau unsaturated, uas muaj peev xwm tom qab yuav siv nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj synthesis.

Yog li, roj thiab cov nkev ua enables ib tug tsis tshua loj ntau yam ntawm ntau yam roj khoom, ntawm uas tshwm sim ntawm cov tshuaj synthesis puv ib tug lossis loj ntau yam ntawm tshuaj uas yog siv nyob rau hauv ib tug ntau yam ntawm sectors.

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