Autecology - nws yog hais tias science?

Los ntawm lub sij hawm thaum nyob rau hauv 1866 lub German biologist Ernst Haeckel , kawm cov kev sib raug zoo ntawm kab thiab ib puag ncig, kev txawj ntse nyob rau hauv koj daim teb no muaj txhab considerably (1834-1919) qhia cov tswvyim ntawm scientific terminology ntawm ecology raws li ib tug science. Sawv raws li ywj siab ceg ntawm kev txawj ntse nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XX, nws maj mam tuaj mus rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm ntau yam specializations thiab qhov qee ntawm tej ib puag ncig lus qhia.

Nyob rau hauv no qhov teeb meem no, lub tswvyim ntawm classical ecology, nws cov ntsiab tivthaiv - lom ib puag ncig - poob nyob rau hauv ib tug ntau yam ntawm cov npe thiab cov ntsiab lus uas, ua tsis meej pem. Yuav kom systematize cov kev txawj ntse ntau los ua kom pib seem kev kawm sis raug zoo ntawm ib tug kab mob uas muaj qhov chaw (autecology). Nws yog txoj cai nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm nyiaj ntawm peb loj tiam sis nyob rau hauv science yog: kawm ntawm lub biosphere raws li ib tug tag nrho, ib tug neeg coob thiab, thaum kawg, cov kev hom.

Ib tug txheej txheem cej luam ntawm lub tswv yim

Ecology raws li ib tug science txog tus sis ntawm kab thiab ib puag ncig tau ntev tau muab faib ua ntau lub ywj siab ceg. Ib txhia twb tsim nyob lub hlws ris nrog rau lwm cov kev txawj ntse. Nws yog cais pawg xws li: cov tswv yim thiab kev ecology, zauv, thiab lwm yam geo-ecology. A tsoos ib feem ntawm lub npe yog ib qho thiab yog ib ceg ntawm biology.

Nyob rau hauv lem, qhov tseeb puag ncig nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no ntawm nws kev kawm raws li ib lub hauv paus rau kev noj ntau hom kev faib:

• rau lub hauv paus ntsiab ntawm lub private sis kev lom chaw (autecology, synecology, pejxeem ecology, eydekologiya);
• Systematics ntsiab cai taxonomic units (ecology ntawm cov nroj tsuag, tsiaj txhu, fungi thiab thiaj li nyob);
• rau lub hauv paus ntawm tej vaj tse (terrestrial ecology, dej hiav txwv).

Cov kev kawm teeb meem ntawm qhov tsab xov xwm - yog tej seem: autecology, synecology, pejxeem ecology thiab eydekologiya.

Lub hauv paus ntawm ib puag ncig qauv

Autecology - ib tug sawv ntawm ib puag ncig kev kawm, uas kawm cov sis raug zoo nrog cov ib puag ncig ntawm tej hom ntawm tus neeg sawv cev kab mob. Ntawm ib lo lus tsim los ntawm cov Greek autos - "kuv tus kheej." Lub sij hawm nkag tau rau hauv 1896 los ntawm cov botanist los ntawm Switzerland K. Schroeter.

Piv txwv li, ciliates khau nyob rau hauv ib tug ib puag ncig. Yuav ua li cas tshwm sim thaum nws hloov thiab yuav ua li cas nws yuav ua rau lub sia? Lub ntsiab txoj kev kawm, uas siv autecology - yog ib tug kuaj xyaum ua tej yam. Piv txwv li, tej yam rau cov ib puag ncig infusorian oxidation? Thiab dab tsi yog qhov kev txwv qhov tseem ceeb ntawm acidity tsis ua mob rau qhov tseem ceeb heev functions ntawm tus kab mob?

Autecology kawm txwv qhov tseem ceeb ntawm ib puag ncig yam tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv qhov kev soj ntsuam ntawm lawv cov yam nyob rau hauv lub qub hauj lwm ntawm ib tug nyob qab. Nyob rau cov ntaub ntawv no nws yog raws li tag nrho cov system ntawm ntau permissible ntau ntawm tshuaj nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim sustainability ntawm khoom noj khoom haus. Yog li, autecology - yog lub hauv paus ntawm uas twb muaj lawm tej qauv ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv niaj hnub labeling.

Muaj kev ruaj ntseg nyob rau hauv xov tooj

Pejxeem ecology (los ntawm cov Greek demos - "tus neeg") - ntau dua qhov theem ntawm lub koom haum ntawm cov pawg tej disciplines. Lub homphiaj ntawm txoj kev tshawb no nyob rau hauv koog no yuav muaj coob txog cov kab mob no raws li ib tug homogeneous pab pawg neeg, uas twb muaj lawm nyob rau hauv ib tug muab ib puag ncig. Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias nyob beings tsis nyob hauv kev rho tawm. Lawv zoo txog rau txhua tus lwm yam, nyob rau hauv lwm yam kab mob thiab cov ib puag ncig.

Nws cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev kawm ntawv, cov kev sib raug zoo nyob rau hauv lub pab pawg neeg thiab tus naj npawb ntawm coob txog ib hom kev hloov muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv cov pejxeem ecology. Yog li ntawd, cov kev tshawb xav ntawm ntau permissible qauv thiab tej qauv yuav tsum muab xav nyob rau hauv "autecology - pejxeem ecology". Ntaub ntawv kev kawm Nkij los txuam rau ib tug lwm yam database, thiab vice versa.

Saib - ntxwv tsev ntawm evolution

Niaj hnub no, peb paub txog yuav ua li cas rau tsim ib tug system ntawm lub neej nyob rau lub ntiaj chaw nthuav kev txawj ntse ntawm noob caj noob ces, biochemistry, biophysics thiab lwm yam sciences ntawm lub xeem xyoo lawm. Qhov ntau ntaub ntawv uas peb tau txais, qhov ntau qhov muag plooj nws ua heev tswvyim ntawm hom raws li ib pab pawg neeg ntawm cov kab mob uas zoo sib xws nyob rau hauv ib tug xov tooj ntawm tej yam tshwm sim (los ntawm lub morphological rau kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic) tau rau cov me nyuam lawv tus kheej zoo, thiab cov neeg nyob rau hauv ib tug cheeb tsam. Yog li ntawd, muaj ib tug heev cov tub ntxhais sawv ntawm Sciences - eydekologiya (los ntawm cov Greek eidos - "duab" los yog "view"). Nws tseem tsim thiab noog kev tshawb fawb puag.

lub zej lub zos Ecology

Synecology (los ntawm cov Greek txoj kev txhaum - "ua ke") - ib tug sawv ntawm Sciences, uas suav tias yog tus totality ntawm coob txog ntau hom thiab ntau systematic taxa. Nyob rau hauv lawv sis raug zoo nrog txhua lwm yam thiab nrog tej yam tseem ceeb. Synecology heev nyob ze rau qhov geo-ecology thiab ecology biocenoses. Qhov no yog cov pawg uas muaj qhov loj tshaj plaws pes tsawg tus ntawm cov kev sib tshuam uas muaj nyob ib sab humanities. Nws yog ib feem ntawm lub ecology ntawm lub zog li ib tug yam ntxwv tsev.

Xav cov tsoos science yog feem ntau piav nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm lom kab mob thiab tej yam ntuj tso pawg neeg uas lawv tsim nyob rau hauv cov xwm, peb to taub lub interrelationships ntawm tag nrho cov nyob yam thiab mechanisms uas muaj peev xwm ntawm yuav ua li cas yuav ua kom puas cov kev sib raug zoo thiab kom lawv. Environmental khiav nyob rau hauv lub broadest kev txiav txim zoo, inculcated los ntawm thaum yau, tsub kom tau txoj kev ciaj sia taus ntawm cov tib neeg thiab cov preservation ntawm lub biosphere ntawm cov ntiaj chaw nyob rau hauv lub niaj hnub tas mus li zoo.