Yuav ua li cas yog multi-variant ntawm kev loj hlob? Yuav ua li cas yog cov hom tuam txhab uas muag

Niaj hnub no peb tham txog dab tsi ib tug multi-variant ntawm kev loj hlob. Kiv puag ncig thiab kho kom zoo - yog thawj zaug uas peb muaj kom tau raws li. Tom ntej no!

kho kom zoo

Ua ntej, peb hais tias kev sib raug zoo kev loj hlob multi-variant - nws yog tag nrho cov kev uas sib txawv societies tsim. Nws yog tsis muaj daim card uas txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov haiv neeg yuav ua tsis tau tawm, vim hais tias cov neeg uas muaj ib tug txaus tus naj npawb ntawm ntau pab pawg, uas yog heev txawv rau txhua lwm yam. Xwm ntawm kev loj hlob tau noj ob yooj yim cov ntaub ntawv: kho kom zoo thiab kiv puag ncig. Cia wb mus ze zog saib lub thawj.

Yog li ntawd, dab tsi yog ib tug hloov? Los ntawm cov Latin lo lus raws li "hloov". Reform - ib txoj kev ntawm kev hloov, uas yog rau DVR maj, los ntawm li qhia siv kuj hloov ib tug neeg hais. Ib tug yam ntxwv feature yog hais tias lawv tsis ua txhaum ib co yooj yim cov kev cai. Kho yuav ua tau hnyav thiab regressive. Tu siab, nws kwv yees tias nws yog heev yooj yim. Obviously, cov thawj zoo ntawm kev hloov theem kev pab tam sim no los yog nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej (piv txwv li, tus poj kho ntawm Alexander II), thiab lub thib ob - raug mob (piv txwv li, counter-kho ntawm Alexander III). Nws yog to taub hais tias lub hnyav kho tso cai rau cov haiv neeg yuav ua rau ib kauj ruam rau pem hauv ntej nyob rau hauv nws txoj kev loj hlob, thiab lub regressive los yog reactionary haiv neeg rov qab mus rau yav tas theem ntawm kev loj hlob.

orientation ntawm kho

Muaj peb lub ntsiab qhov chaw nyob rau hauv uas kho raug muab los siv. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, lawv yuav qhia tau ntau npaum li cas, tab sis qhov yooj yim - tsuas yog cov peb: nom tswv, nyiaj txiag thiab kev sib raug zoo. Tus thawj teem rau ib co transformations nyob rau hauv nom tswv lub neej (hloov txoj cai lij choj, empowerment, Modernization ntawm cov neeg xaiv nom system, thiab hais txog. D.). Cov yav tas yog aimed ntawm lub transformation ntawm nyiaj txiag nam, uas yog, txhua yam uas yog kev cob cog rua nrog cov kev tswj ntawm kev khwv nyiaj txiag (antitrust cai lij choj, excise hauj lwm, lwm ua lag ua luam, thiab li ntawm. D.). Social kho aimed ntawm haiv neeg nws tus kheej. Lawv muaj peev xwm txhim kho los yog ua lub neej tsis yooj yim rau cov neeg (hloov cov laus uas muaj hnub nyoog, kev ruaj ntseg, kev hauj lwm thiab thiaj li nyob. D.).

Kho yuav nqa tawm nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov cheeb tsam ntawm kev zej zog, vim hais tias muaj yog tsis muaj tseeb tias yuav tsis muaj changeable. Tej zaum lawv yuav muaj ib tug tsawg feem, thiab muaj peev xwm rub nyob rau hauv ib tug kev hloov nyob rau hauv cov kev sib raug system los yog cov kev hloov ntawm lub hwj chim: tus kho ntawm Peter kuv, tus kho kom zoo ntawm 90-ies ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem nyob rau hauv Russia, thiab thiaj li nyob ..

kiv puag ncig

Multivariance kev loj hlob - nws tsis yog tsuas yog kho kom zoo, tab sis kiv puag ncig. Los ntawm cov Latin lo lus uas txhais raws li "ib tug coup." Peb yuav hais tias lub kiv puag ncig - nws yog ib tug txheej txheem opposite rau lub kho. Nws qhia ib qhov zoo thiab ntau kev hloov nyob rau hauv ntau los yog tag nrho spheres ntawm lub neej, uas yog tiav los ntawm decisive kev txiav txim. Feem ntau cov feem ntau qhov no coups thiab revolts, uas yog ib tug long-term txim. Kiv puag ncig yuav ua tau ntev-lub sij hawm thiab luv luv-lub sij hawm. Cov yav tas los yuav kav ntev heev lub sij hawm: piv txwv li, lub Neolithic kiv puag ncig. Ob txhais rau xyoo tas los.

Innovation thiab Modernization

Multivariance kev loj hlob yog tsis yooj yim sua yam uas tsis tau innovation. Tam sim no, lub tswv yim xws li kiv puag ncig los yog kho kom zoo, yog hloov txoj kev cai los ntawm lo lus "innovation". Yuav ua li cas yog nws? Qhov no me me pov tseg txoj kev txhim kho uas maximizes ib yam dab tsi kom tsis txhob tsim tej yam kev mob. Tsis tas li ntawd, koj muaj peev xwm feem ntau nrhiav tau xws li ib tug tshaj plaws raws li "Modernization". Sociologists yog zoo txuas cov teeb meem ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub sawm fem nrog lub sij hawm, vim hais tias nws qhab nia rau txoj kev hloov los ntawm ib yam dab tsi tsoos rau newer, tsim thiab zoo meej. Muaj ob theories ntawm Modernization:

• Thawj, uas yog raws li nyob rau hauv lub hom ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm Western capitalism.
• Cov theem nrab, uas txhais tau tias kev hloov ntawm tus kheej thiab uniqueness ntawm cov kev taw qhia ntawm Western-style. Tej zaum no ziag no hu ua cov kev tshawb xav ntawm ncaj qha qiv los yog Westernization.

kev loj hlob Multivariance: typology ntawm societies

Feem ntau cov feem ntau, societies cov dej num raws li plaub yooj yim no: kev sau ntawv, cov xov tooj ntawm kev tswj ntau ntau, cov theem ntawm txoj kev loj hlob, formational yam ntxwv. Raws li cov thawj kauj tso tawm sau thiab hom preliterate societies. On thib ob (tus xov tooj ntawm khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg ntawm kev tswj, ntau yam ntawm cov haiv neeg) - yooj yim (nyob rau hauv uas muaj yog tsis muaj qho uas txawv ntawm neeg zoo tib yam thiab tsoom fwv, nruab nrab ntawm nplua nuj thiab cov neeg pluag) thiab complex (multi-theem tswj system, muaj yog ib tug stratification ntawm cov haiv neeg) societies. Cov theem ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm tej yam ntawm lawv muaj peev xwm yuav tsim, tsim los yog underdeveloped. Formational kos npe rau haiv neeg dlhos raws li nram no:

• Classless haiv neeg, uas muaj xws li cov txheej thaum ub lub zej lub zos thiab lub communist zej zog.
• Class haiv neeg, uas muaj xws li tus qhev, feudal thiab capitalist societies.

Tsim kom ze Marx

Yuav ua li cas yuav ua tau lub multi-variant ntawm kev loj hlob? Yuav ua li cas yog nws - peb twb paub, tab sis mus rau teb rau lo lus nug ntawm yog dab tsi nws yuav tsum tau nrog kev pab los ntawm tshwj xeeb le caag. Lawv muaj ntau ntau, tab sis peb xav txog ob - civilizational thiab formational. Cov yav tas yog tsim Karlom Marksom thiab Fridrihom Engelsom.

Qhov tseem ceeb tswvyim nyob rau hauv lawv mus kom ze - ib tug socio-economic system. Mus sum txog, nws hloov tawm hais tias nws yog tib yam li hais tias ntawm cov haiv neeg - lub zej zog, uas yog nyob rau lwm theem ntawm txoj kev loj hlob thiab yog pom nyob rau hauv cov kev sib sau ntawm nws lawm thiab economic rog uas yuav tsum tau ib tug add-on uas. Nws yog ib qho tswv yim los yog kev ntseeg system xam qhovkev nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov ntawm cov haiv neeg, thiab plays ib qho tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv shaping pej xeem lub tswv yim, thiab yog zoo intertwined nrog lub economic postulates. Nws yuav tsum tau tuaj ib lub hauv paus uas nruab nrab yog ib tug economic system, uas yog kev ywj siab ntawm lub kawm uas nkag mus rau hauv nyiaj txiag kev sib raug zoo.

Nyob rau hauv Marx lub hom phiaj ntawm lub chaw tseem ceeb nyob los ntawm cov tsim rog - cov neeg thiab cov txhais tau tias ntawm ntau lawm, uas muaj qhov tsim nyog paub txog los yog kev txawj ntse. Lub superstructure yog xaiv nyob ntawm seb dab tsi hauv paus raug xaiv. Cov yav tas sij lub hauv paus ntawm lub tsim, thiab daws cov teeb meem ntawm cov haiv neeg teej tug mus rau ib tug yam.

civilizational mus kom ze

Yuav ua li cas yog multi-variant ntawm kev loj hlob? Qhov no txhais yog nyob rau hauv lub civilizational mus kom ze muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm txawv los ntawm tus thawj ntawm no mus kom ze:

• Lub homphiaj ntawm txoj kev tshawb no - tsis tau cov hom ntawm nyiaj txiag system, haiv neeg thiab cov tib neeg, uas muaj nyob rau ntawm lawv xav tau kev pab thiab kev txaus siab.
• Ib tug txiv neej yog pom tsis tau tsuas yog raws li ib tug tsim muaj kev pab, tab sis kuj raws li ib tug neeg uas lawv coj tsis ncaj, raug cai thiab kev sib raug zoo tej ntsiab cai.
• Txawv sectors ntawm haiv neeg yog muaj sib npaug (nom ua tswv, kab lis kev cai, kev cai lij choj, economics). Economic kev loj hlob tsis ua si ib tug tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm.

kev loj hlob Multivariance: hom societies

Muaj peb theem pib hom tuam txhab uas muag:

1. Zej zog, nyob rau hauv uas lub ntsiab zoo tshaj ntawm ntau lawm - av. Nws tus kheej yog hu mus rau ib tug zaub mov, thiab yog ua los ntawm kev ceev zog ntawm tus neeg. Agriculture nyob rau hauv tej lub zej zog yog hais txog 80%. Txiv neej nyob 40-50 xyoo. Yam ntxwv nta: kaw kev nruab, muaj yog tsis muaj kev sib cuag nrog lwm lub teb chaws, uas tsis muaj kev sib raug zoo muaj.
2. Muaj, nyob rau hauv uas nyob rau hauv thawj qhov chaw kev lag luam thiab tsub zuj zuj ntawm capital. Society yuav tswj, thiab tsim kev sib raug zoo nrog lwm lub teb chaws, tshaj tawm cov kev cai ntawm kev cai lij choj.
3. Post-industrial, uas muaj tus nqi ntawm kev txawj ntse thiab kev pab. Dramatically tsub kom cov theem ntawm automation ntawm zog, muaj zog lub neej expectancy (70 xyoo). Lub tuam txhab yog tshuaj, yog kev nom kev tswv pluralism, kev cai ywj pheej yog kev tsim.

Raws li peb tau pom, multi-variant mus kom ze ntawm kev loj hlob (hom tuam txhab uas muag peb tau saib saum toj no) muaj ntau yam sib txawv. Tsis yog txhua txhua lub teb chaws niaj hnub no tau tsiv mus rau ib tug post-industrial zoo. Yuav ua li cas yuav lub xeev seem rau lub industrial theem? Ua ib lub hom phiaj. kev loj hlob Multivariance yuav tuaj tos cov kev tsim nyog txoj kev loj hlob ntawm ib lub tswv yim rau hauv lub tuaj xyoo nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav tsiv mus nyob rau ib lub postindustrial hom.