Architecture: lub capstone.

Hniav ntsiab yog ib qho tseem ceeb feem ntawm cov architectural qauv ntawm cov artistic duab. Txhua architecture nws muaj nws tus kheej tshwj xeeb set ntawm cov hniav kom paub meej. Ib tug ntawm lawv yog lub plawv zeb. Nws tseem ceeb architects feem ntau qhia los ntawm ib tug loj npaum li cas.

Yuav ua li cas yog lub plawv zeb nyob rau hauv architecture?

Yog li ntawd, cov qauv no yog hu ua xav protruding los ntawm lub dav hlau ntawm cov phab ntsa caij, lub crowning koov los yog arched tsev ceev nyiaj. Nws feem ntau yog muaj ib tug npoo zoo. Ua los ntawm kim ntaub ntawv. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, ib tug hniav keystone muaj kev haumxeeb tseem ceeb - yuav ntxiv zog rau lub koov qauv nyob rau hauv lub khov, uas muaj xwm txheej nyob rau hauv nws qhov chaw.

Pob zeb raws li ib tug cim ntawm

Lub sij hawm "keystone" nyob rau hauv vim cov hoob kawm nkag mus rau peb lub neej txhua hnub thiab tau ua ib lub cim ntawm lub dag lub zog thiab stability, raws li nyob rau hauv lub tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, lub hauv paus keeb ntawm tag nrho cov "tsim". Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv nom tswv - ib haiv neeg uas yog nrees ntawm cov nuj nqis ntawm ib tug muaj zog thiab paub qab hau kav txoj cai. Nyob rau hauv Christianity, tus "capstone" feem ntau xa mus rau phau Vajlugkub li lub hauv paus ntawm kev cai dab qhuas kev ntseeg thiab qhov tseeb ntawm kev sawv rov los ntawm Yexus Khetos raws li lub hauv paus ntawm kev ntseeg. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm tsis los yog refutation ntawm no fact nws tus kheej rau cov Khixatia yuav tsum ibtxhi.

zaj dabneeg

Koov designs twb xub siv nyob rau hauv kos duab rau ntawm kev tsim kho los ntawm cov Etruscans. Lawv tom qab txais yuav los ntawm cov neeg Loos thiab Revered rau txuj ci tseem ceeb. Nws yog vim hais tias nyob rau hauv lub ceremony ntawm tso lub arched qauv capstone lawv nrog tus ritual yog siv tau. Loos ua no daim kim hom pob zeb thiab ntoo. Thaum lub plawv zeb ntawm tus thawj yog tsis superimposed on tus tsim. Nws twb tau tsav ib tug npoo mus rau hauv nws thiaj li hais tias nws ua nws brace thiab coj li ntau ntau lub load rau tus thawj them nyiaj yug.

Keystone: ib hom, hom phiaj

Raws li rau lub dai kom zoo ntawm lub vaj tse, lub keystones yog yooj yim, muaj raws ntawm peb qhov chaw ntawm cov npoo zoo li tus, qhov chaw uas sawv siab tshaj lub sab. Feem ntau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog nyem los yog mascaron - lub nyem daim duab ntawm lub muzzle ntawm ib tug tsiaj los yog ib tug tib neeg tus neeg.

Tsiaj motifs nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm interlocking pob zeb muaj ib lub cim lub ntsiab lus, zoo ib yam li nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab lus mus rau lub ancient amulets, depicting rau lub "phuam da dej" - boards, txuas ob leeg socket prichelin ru tsev tsev pheeb suab facade. Nyob rau hauv ob leeg, lawv ua tau ib tug tiv thaiv muaj nuj nqi. Thiab nyob rau hauv Crest yuav tau muab tso rau ib tug kos npe rau uas muaj cov lus qhia txog cov neeg sau ntawm lub tsev. Ib yam dab tsi zoo li ib tug stamp los yog monogram. Qhov no kev lig kev cai tseem nrog cov Nrab Hnub nyoog. Feem ntau cov duab ntawm tsov ntxhuav snouts. Tom qab tag nrho, tom tsov ntxhuav tau ib tug ib txwm lub cim ntawm durability, lub dag lub zog, ua siab loj thiab ua siab loj, raws li zoo raws li cov tub ceev xwm nyob rau hauv lub medieval zos. Lawv guarded tus nkag mus rau lub tsev ntawm nobles thiab txawm xwm li nyob rau hauv lub tswv yim cwjmem.

Kev siv cov stylistic qhia Petersburg

Nws sawv ntawm tus ntug dej ntawm lub Neva ib tug tshiab European lub nroog ntawm St. Petersburg nyob rau hauv thawj theem muaj Mazankova thiab ntoo vaj tse. Txawm li cas los, tom qab 1718 rau Vasilevsky Island, thiab tom qab ntawd nyob rau sab laug bank, pib txhim tsa pob zeb raug lub tsev tsim los ntawm cov kws kes duab vajtse ntawm cov thawj lub nroog Domenico Trezzini. Petersburg style ntawm thawj lub quarter ntawm lub XVIII xyoo pua, hu ua Peter los yog thaum ntxov Lavxias teb sab Baroque. Ib tug ntawm tus yam ntxwv ntawm hniav ntsiab yog yooj yim qhov rais thav ntawv nrog "lub pob ntseg" nyob rau hauv lub ces kaum. Lwm - yog lub plawv zeb rau ntawm qhov chaw saum toj ntawm lub bar casing los yog saum toj no. Qhov no zoo nkauj pob zeb rau lub sij hawm yog heev cos thiab, raws li ib tug txoj cai, tsis txhob kho tsis muaj frills.

Nyob rau hauv lub era ntawm Elizabeth keystones tau ua ntau zoo nkauj tsos. Lawv dai kom zoo nkauj nrog ntsug grooves, tsho tiv no ntawm caj npab thiab nyem decorations, ornaments, thiab tej zaum kuj ntawm tag nrho cov tau hloov los ntawm stucco. Thaum lub sij hawm lub sij hawm no, lub tsev facades penetrates qhov rais ntawm ntau yam nrhiav, nrog rau ib tug semicircular koov, qhov twg yog koj "haven" capstone. Los ntawm txoj kev, nws xub pib siv nws nyob rau hauv arches ntawm no zoo - txawm nyob rau hauv lub ancient lub sij hawm, feem ntau yog nyob rau hauv classical architecture.

Txij li thaum xyoo 1830 nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg classicism nyob rau hauv lub décor uas keystones nqa tawm tsuas yog nyob rau daim ntawv Mascaron, maj mam hloov cov nram qab no yeej - eclecticism. Nyob rau hauv muaj cov kev taw qhia "historicism" li no style, reborn nyob rau hauv tshiab ob peb ua ke thiab txoj kev hniav ntsiab ntawm yav dhau los architectural yeej. Nyob rau hauv vaj tse ntawm lub sij hawm no, koj muaj peev xwm kuj nrhiav tau ntau yam ntawm ornamental pob zeb ntawm lub tsev fuabtais.

Nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov XX xyoo pua architecture sab qaum teb niaj hnub keystones pib coj zoo lawm thiab siv zaub thiab zoomorphic motifs.