Ammonium nitrogen nyob rau hauv cov dej thiab av

Biogenic caij uas yog heev muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv biogidrotsenoza dab - ammonium nitrogen.

Lub ecological teeb meem

Lub reservoirs yuav soj ntsuam hloov nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub caij: nws yuav tsawg tshaj li tus caij nplooj ntoos hlav, tab sis nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj sov, vim paaj kub tej yam kev mob, nws concentration yog ho muaj zog vim hais tias massively decompose organic tshuaj.

Thiab nws dramatically muaj feem xyuam rau cov kab mob mob ntawm dej lub cev, uas forces lug txhim khu cov tswj lub nqi ntawm lub ecosystem. Qhov siab tshaj plaws permissible concentration nyob rau hauv dej lub cev qhov twg cov ntses yog pom tias yog ib qhov chaw uas tus ammonium nitrogen yog tsawg tshaj li 0.39 milligrams ib liter.

Nyob rau hauv cov dej

Sawv protein nitrogen ammonification raug, thiab tus txheej txheem no decomposes rau ammonia cov nqaijrog lub xeev. Khib nyiab dej yog kev dawb huv los ntawm txoj kev ntawm ib tug nitrogen qhov twg los, yog hais tias lawv muaj ib qhov chaw ntawm cov pa roj carbon kev noj haus rau lub hlwb. Intensive siv tshwm sim thaum lub sij hawm lawv loj hlob theem, thiab thaum twg lub oxidation pib, ammonia nitrogen tso nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ammonia. Ntxiv mus, nws yog oxidized rau nitrites thiab ces nitrates lub xeev los yog rov twb muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv ib tug tshiab synthesis.

Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav tshem ammonium nitrogen los ntawm cov reservoir, clinoptilolite yog siv, ces tus dej restores nws zoo. Muab tus pej thuam nyob rau hauv lub sov so rau lub caij, thiab nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj no lawv yuav hloov los ntawm ion pauv cog, los ntawm kev uas teeb meem tshuaj raug muab tshem tawm los ntawm lub wastewater. Lossi tuav seev, kuaj yog npaum li cas nyob rau hauv ammonia nitrogen nyob rau hauv cov dej, uas yog distilled ntawm tus qauv coj, thiab ces tus tau distillate yog txiav txim los ntawm nws tus naj npawb.

Yuav ua li cas ntxuav ib lub pas dej

Muaj nyob rau hauv qhov xwm ntawm tus ion pauv khoom, uas yog hu ua clinoptilolite (zeolite class). Nrog nws pab, nws yog advisable los lub purity ntawm lub qhov dej. Ammonia nitrogen nyob rau hauv cov dej yog tsis tau kiag li yaj, yog li ntawd ua ntej yuav tau tso nws los ntawm tag nrho cov tshem tawm cov khib nyiab thiab ces tso dej rau klinoptilolitovye ntxaij lim dej. Qhov no yog ib haum kim kev kho mob, tab sis qhov zoo tshaj - mus txog rau cuaj caum-xya feem pua.

Lwm yuav tsum tau cov kev taw qhia ntawm sodium tshuaj dawb - ib tug tsib los yog kaum feem pua. Load ces koj yuav tsum mus ntxuav nrog dej. Nws yuav sawv tawm los ntawm cov tshuaj ammonia, uas yuav nqus tau cov sulfuric acid tsim ammonium sulphate, uas yog heev zoo li ib tug fertilizer. Ammonium nitrogen nyob rau hauv cov khib nyiab dej, thiab nitrogen-muaj organic tebchaw raug muab tshem tawm los ntawm ntau hom ntawm distillation, extraction, adsorption.

Txoj kev rau cov chiv

Qhov no txoj kev yog zoo yog hais tias koj xav kom txhais tau ammonium nitrogen. Lwm yam ntaub ntawv uas muaj nyob rau hauv tib lub chiv, - amide, nitrate - hais tias qhov no txoj kev muaj peev xwm tsis raug txiav txim. Thawj zaug nws yog tsim nyog los tshem tawm cov ammonium nitrogen nyob rau hauv cov khib nyiab dej, e.g., nws abound. Qhov no txoj kev piav saum toj no. Tom ntej no, ib tug qauv rau yav tom ntej chiv yuav tsum tau muab tso rau hauv ib lub hwj thiab los hydrochloric acid (hniav puas concentration yuav tsum - 0.05 mol, ib dm ^3). Lub hwj twb shaken tshwj xeeb apparatus yog tsim nyog rau yam tsawg ib nrab ib teev, ces nws yog ua tau rau thawb mus rau kaum tsib lub sij hawm.

Cov tshuaj ntawd ces rov shaken thiab lim los ntawm ib tug fluted lim qhuav. Tswv yim raws li hydrochloric acid ntxuav lim txheem tsawg kawg yog peb lub sij hawm, ces tus filtrate ntim yuav tsum tau coj mus rau thawj lub acid tshuaj dua. Yog li, firstly, lub tuav kev txiav txim ntawm ammonia nitrogen nyob rau hauv cov dej, thiab tib ob - txiav txim rau qhov nyiaj ntawm nws nyob rau hauv lub resulting chiv. Cov yav tas yog hom twg los ntawm plaub caug rau ib puas thiab tsib caug milligrams ib liter, thiab caprolactam nyob rau hauv tib lub tshuaj muaj los ntawm yim rau eighty milligrams ib liter. Yog hais tias cov ntsiab lus ntawm ammonia nitrogen - tsawg tshaj nees nkaum milligrams, cov kev yuav tsis tau, thiab cov qauv no yog tsis muaj feem xyuam.

qhov chaw ntawm cov pa phem

Feem ntau cov yam ntxwv nta ntawm lub industrial cov dej khib nyiab - tsis ruaj tsis khov tshuaj nyob tus yeees, yam lub sij hawm ntawm adaptation rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm microflora, tshaj organic sib txuas ntawm nitrogen thiab mineral keeb kwm. Ua ntej ua lom purification nyob rau hauv kav dej phwj kho mob nroj tsuag wastewater yog tov nrog thiab tsev neeg thiab yog li sim. Ammonia nitrogen (formula NH ₄₊₎ yog ib tug yuav tsum tau feem ntawm wastewater.

qhov chaw ntawm cov pa phem tej zaum yuav lub pov tseg dej ntau yam ntawm industries - los ntawm khoom noj khoom haus thiab noj qab haus huv rau cov steel, coke-tshuaj, microbiological, tshuaj thiab petrochemical. Nws kuj yuav muaj xws li tag nrho cov neeg hauv tsev neeg pov tseg, quav, ua liaj ua teb - los ntawm lub teb. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm degraded protein tshuaj thiab urea, nitrates thiab nitrites thiab anaerobically rov qab los.

Los ntawm lub cev

Nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev cov tebchaw muaj kev cuam tshuam heev tsis zoo. Ammonia denatures cov nqaijrog los ntawm uas nkag mus rau lawv nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Ces lub hlwb thiab, thiaj li, tus kab mob cov ntaub so ntswg nres ua tsis taus pa, muaj yog ib tug lesion ntawm lub hauv paus poob siab system, daim siab, ua pa, cuam tshuam cov hlab ntsha. Yog hais tias koj siv tsis tu ncua dej nrog ib tug high school cov ntsiab lus ntawm ammonium suffers acid-alkaline tshuav nyiaj li cas, acidosis pib.

Yog li ntawd peb yuav tsis tso cai rau kev siv ntawm ntau tshaj li qub thiab organic chiv nyob rau hauv kev siv daim av, peb yuav tsum lossi tua ntev li cov ntsiab lus ntawm teeb meem tshuaj, e.g., ammonium nitrogen nyob rau hauv cov av muaj ib tug high solubility, thiab yog li ntawd cov zaub mov thiab dej yog cia taug lawv, nws concentration feem ntau mus txog tshuaj lom ntau. Tshwj xeeb yog cuam tshuam los ntawm no cov me nyuam. Tsim methemoglobinemia, oxygen tsoom fwv nyob rau hauv lub cev lov sai sai, cov thawj pib raug kev txom nyem hnyuv ib ntsuj av.

koob tshuaj txwv

Thawm methaemoglobinaemia kab mob pib twb nyob ib cov ntsiab lus ntawm nitrates nyob rau hauv cov dej rau tsib caug milligrams ib liter, thiab thaum twg lub concentration nce mus txog cuaj caum-tsib milligrams ib liter, tus kab mob yuav siv sij hawm ib tug loj heev. Nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States, Fabkis, lub Netherlands, lub teb chaws Yelemees nqa tawm ib ncauj lus kom ntxaws daim ntawv ntsuam xyuas, uas pom tias ntau tshaj li tsib caug milligrams ntawm nitrate ib liter yog pom nyob rau hauv tsib caug feem pua ntawm cov neeg mob. Av thiab dej yog dozens ntawm lub sij hawm ntau dua li cov kev txwv ntawm lub concentration ntawm nitrates - txog li kaum tsib puas milligrams ib liter, thaum lub World Health Organization tau teem ib tug txwv ntawm plaub caug-tsib milligrams. Thiab cov dej no tias cov neeg haus dej haus!

Thiab wastewater kho nyob rau hauv ib tug xov tooj ntawm txoj kev - thiab lom pom, thiab oxidation ntawm lub ozone, thiab hypochlorites alkaline ntiaj teb co, thiab aeration, thiab sorption nyob rau hauv uas siv zeolites lub sodium daim ntawv no, thiab ion pauv resins, thiab kho nrog muaj zog alkalies, thiab flotation thiab txo ammonium hlau magnesium, thiab ib tug tov ntawm trisodium phosphate nrog magnesium chloride. Txawm li cas los, lub purification technology yog ib txwm nyob deb tom qab muaj kuab paug technologies.

as-ham

Nyob rau hauv tej yam ntuj tso dej soluble roj (NH ₃₎ ammonia, thaum muaj ib tug biochemical decomposition ntawm cov organic tebchaw, xws li ammonia thiab nitrogen. Ces tus tsim thiab sau lwm yam tebchaw - lub ammonium ion thiab ammonia nitrogen. Yaj ammonia nkag mus rau hauv reservoirs nrog ib tug underground los yog nto runoff, nrog rau cov effluent los ntawm cov nag lossis daus. Yog hais tias lub concentration ntawm ammonium ion (NH ₄₊₎ tshaj cov tom qab tus nqi, nws txhais tau tias cov tsos ntawm ib tug tshiab qhov chaw ntawm pa phem thiab ze. Nws yuav ua tau raws li cov tsiaj txhu teb los yog pawg ntawm manure thiab nitrogen chiv tsis muaj neeg saib uas ua settlers kev lag luam thiab kav dej phwj hlauv taws xob.

Ib tug compound ntawm nitrogen, carbon, phosphorus muaj nyob rau hauv lub wastewater nkag mus rau lub pas dej, ua rau kuv haj tej kev puas tsuaj ntawm yuav luag tag nrho cov cheeb tsam ntawm Russia. Dej Khib Nyiab kev kho mob hnub los ntawm hnub ua ntau thiab ntau yam, txij thaum lub concentration ntawm kuab paug, kuj muaj nitrogen tebchaw, feem ntau cia li yob lawm. Nws muaj feem xyuam tsis tau tsuas yog haus dej. Sai noog nitrates zoo tag nrho txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab zaub, lawv yuav muaj nyob rau hauv cov nyom thiab lis, uas yog noj los ntawm cov tsiaj nyeg.

Cov ntsiab lus hauv cov dej ntawm NH3 thiab NH4

Reservoirs ib txwm ntxiv txoj kev hloov ntaub ntawv muaj nitrogen: ammonium ntsev thiab ammonia, albuminoid nitrogen (organic), nitrite (cov pa roj nitrous acid ntsev) thiab nitrate (nitric acid ntsev). Tag nrho cov no yog tsim ua ke nrog rau cov nitrogen mineralization txheej txheem, tab sis nce nkag nrog wastewater. Tam sim no koj yuav tsum tau ntxuav lub pas dej. Tebchaw nitrogen tuaj mus rau kev kho mob chaw nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov nitrate nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen thiab nitrogen-muaj feem organic tebchaw. Dej Khib Nyiab tsev neeg txoj kev npaj muaj ib tug uas tsis muaj concentration ntawm xws tshuaj, feem ntau ntawm cov reservoirs xa kev lag luam.

Thaum lub sij hawm lub purification lub loj piv ntawm cov ntau ntawm tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov nitrogen tebchaw yog lossi hloov. Muaj pes tsawg leeg wastewater yuav lwm twb thaum lub sij hawm thauj vim hais tias cov urea muaj nyob rau hauv kiag thiab tsev neeg khib nyiab dej, interacting nrog cov kab mob, tawg thiab ntaub ntawv ib tug ammonium ion. Lub Length ntawm cov lim dej network, qhov ntau cov txheej txheem yuav mus. Tej zaum cov ntsiab lus ntawm ammonium ions nyob rau kev nkag mus rau lub tu rau tsib caug milligrams ib nyhav decimeter, uas yog heev, heev npaum li cas.

organic nitrogen

Yog nitrogen, uas yog tsim ntawm organic tshuaj - cov nqaijrog thiab proteids, polipepsidov (macromolecular tebchaw), amino acids, ureas (tsawg molecular tebchaw), amines, amides. Tag nrho organics, xws li thiab nitrogen, nkag mus rau hauv cov dej khib nyiab, tom qab uas lub nitrogen tebchaw yog raug rau ammoniation. Organic nitrogen nyob rau hauv lub wastewater ntau ntau, tej thaum mus txog rau xya caum feem pua ntawm tag nrho cov nitrogen tebchaw. Tab sis raws li ib tug tshwm sim ammoniation rau txoj kev mus rau lub dej kev kho mob tsob nroj los organic nitrogen tsis muaj ntau tshaj li kaum tsib feem pua.

Ntxiv muaj yog twb ib tug txiv neej-ua lom kho mob. Tus thawj theem - nitrification, i.e. hloov ntawm nitrogen tebchaw vim tej hom kab mob uas ammonium nitrogen yog oxidized rau hauv nitrate ion thiab nitrite ion. Nitrifying kab mob yuav tsis txhob ntshai - lawv yog cov mus rau sab nraud tej yam kev mob yog rhiab heev thiab yooj yim moog. Tab sis nitrates yog lub caij nplooj zeeg nyob rau hauv lub reservoir, ua rau nws txoj kev tuag, vim hais tias lawv yog kev zoo heev yog yug me nyuam thaj av rau ib tug ntau yam ntawm microflora. Uas yog vim li cas lub ecosystem ntawm nitrates yog tsim nyog los thim.

Nitrites thiab nitrates

Yog hais tias lub khib nyiab dej txeem los ntawm cov av, cov ammonium nitrogen nyob rau hauv tus ntawm tej yam kab mob yog thawj hloov dua siab tshiab rau nitrite thiab ces mus rau nitrate. Loj heev thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm ntau yam ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv lub tej yam kev mob uas yog ntxiv thaum lub sij hawm ntawm tau txais daim ntawv ntawm cov nitrogen tebchaw tam sim no nyob rau hauv cov av, thiab ces ib tug lub cev ntawm cov dej.

Thaum lub sij hawm dej nyab lub concentration ntawm cov organic ntaub ntawv ntawm nws cov nuj nqis nce vim hais tias organic seem yog ntxuav tam sim ntawd los ntawm cov av saum npoo, thiab nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj sov kuj txo nuj nqis, vim hais tias cov no yog "zaub mov" rau ib tug ntau yam ntawm dej muaj tus kab mob. Nitrites - ib nrab hauv daim ntawv ntawm ammonium oxidation, aspiring ua nitrates. Nyob rau hauv tej yam ntuj tso dej, nitrate yog feem ntau tsis ntau, yog hais tias tsis tshwm sim kais ntawm chiv los ntawm lub teb.