Alkadienes - yog raug cov neeg sawv cev ntawm unsaturated hydrocarbons

Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, alkadienes ntawm lub mis uas txawv nyob rau hauv lub xov tooj ntawm hydrogen atoms yog hydrocarbons. Xav txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm txhua chav kawm ntawv, cov hom hybridization, yam ntxwv zog.

paraffins

Nyeem hydrocarbons muaj cov kev mis C _n H _{2n + 2.} Lawv tag nrho cov bonds ntawm hydrogen atoms thiab cov pa roj carbon ib. Yog hais tias nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv cais ib hydrogen, alkane yog hloov dua siab tshiab rau lub active particle - radical. Tus thawj mej zeej ntawm lub series yog gaseous tshuaj uas yog sparingly soluble nyob rau hauv cov dej.

Nrog ib qho kev nce nyob rau hauv cov pa roj carbon tooj ntawm cov solubility txo nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab saw, thiab cov hydrocarbons dhau mus rau hauv lub khoom sau ua ib pawg xeev nyob rau hauv ib txwm tej yam kev mob.

Ntawm cov loj tshuaj zog xam qhovkev nyob rau hauv cov neeg sawv cev ntawm no hauv chav kawm ntawv, peb paub qhov txawv hloov chaw. Vim lub fact tias tag nrho cov kev sib txuas lus uas, kev twb kev txuas rau alkanes uncharacteristically. Zoo li tag nrho lwm cov organic tshuaj, alkanes hnov mob nrog rau oxygen (combustion), raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm uas lub zog tso. Qhov no tus txheej txheem no endothermic, yog siv nyob rau hauv ntau lawm rau cua sov thiab qhov chaw muaj thaj chaw.

cycloalkanes

Lub feature ntawm no hauv chav kawm ntawv ntawm molecules yog lub xub ntiag ntawm ib tug kaw qauv. Cov kev mis ntawm xws hydrocarbons yog ntawm daim ntawv C _n H _2n. Muab cov qauv ntawm cov chav kawm ntawv, lawv yog yus muaj los ntawm ib tug hloov cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nyob rau sab saw, thiab hydrogen tas li ntawd, uas yog nrog los ntawm kev puas tsuaj voj voog.

alkenes

Nyob rau hauv lub homologous series ntawm cov general mis ntawm ethylene muaj rau hauv daim C _n H _{2n + 2.} Cov txawv lwm nta ntawm hydrocarbons (naphthenes) highlight lub xub ntiag ntawm ib tug muab ob npaug rau daim ntawv cog lus ntawm cov pa roj carbon atoms. Pi-daim ntawv cog lus yog tsim vim lub overlap ntawm ob uas tsis yog-hybrid p-orbitals nyob ib sab carbon atoms.

Nws txiav txim tsis tau tsuas yog lub xub ntiag ntawm carbon hom hybridization nyob rau hauv alkenes, tab sis kuj cov yam ntxwv tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm tag nrho cov mej zeej ntawm lub chav kawm ntawv ntawm cov organic tebchaw. Zoo tshuaj tiv thaiv rau unsaturation (ob chav) daim ntawv cog lus yuav heev bromine dej.

Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm cleavage ntawm ob daim ntawv cog lus pub ntxiv tshaj qhov halo alkene molecule. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus tshua peculiar cov yam ntxwv ntawm no homologous series, thiab kuj koom heev poov tshuaj permanganate.

Ntawm cov thaj chaw ntawm ethylene thiab nws homologues tsim nyog los xaiv thiab lwm yam ntxiv tshua. Nyob rau hauv lub hydrogenation (cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog hydrogen), tus tsim ntawm cov coj alkane. Co (nrog dej) thiab gidrogalogenirovanie (hydrogen molecule halide) mus los ntawm unsaturated alkenes los ntawm Markovnikov txoj cai.

Nws essence lies nyob rau hauv lub fact tias thaum pub ntxiv tshaj qhov nesimmetrichnmou alkene (kev sib txuas lus lub xeev 1) molecules ntawm dej los yog hydrogen halide cleavage ntawm ob daim ntawv cog lus. Hydrogen yog ntxiv rau cov kev sis raug zoo ntawm ib tug hydrogenated (nyeem hydrogen) carbon atom, thiab gidroksogrupp los yog halogen txuas mus rau tsawg kawg hydrogenated N.

Sib nrug los ntawm kev ntxiv rau ethylene thiab nws homologues tsiag ntawv los ntawm polymerization cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Los ntawm ib tug me me Tshuag monomer txoj kev loj polymer molecule muaj zoo tib yam structural units. Polymerization yog dav siv nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj kev lag luam rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov niaj hnub yas.

alkadienes

Rau ib tug pib, alkadienes - yog unsaturated hydrocarbons muaj kev mis C _n H _{2n + 2.} Muaj yog ib tug tej yam zoo sib thooj ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub homologous series nrog alkenes. Txij li thaum alkadienes - nws yog unsaturated hydrocarbons, rau lawv kuj yus muaj los ntawm ib qho ntxiv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.

Qhov txawv yog tias nyob rau hauv lub dienes yog ob unsaturated ob bonds, li ntawd rau tag nrho cov accession yuav tsum tau ib tug dhau heev lawm ntawm bromine dej, hydrogen, dej, hydrogen halide.

Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm ib co ntawm propadiene thiab nkag mus rau hauv lub polymerization cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Cov khoom tau thaum lub sij hawm no cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no yog siv rau zus tau tej cov hluavtaws roj hmab, roj hmab siv. Txij li thaum alkadienes - yog unsaturated tshuaj zoo tshuaj tiv thaiv rau lawv txiav txim yuav heev poov tshuaj permanganate thiab bromine dej. Alkadienes homologous series uas pib nrog propadiene, yog kua los yog khib nyiab.

Cov qhov kev siv ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm no hauv chav kawm ntawv faib zus tau tej cov polymeric cov ntaub ntawv.

alkynes

Nyob rau hauv lub homologous series acetylene general mis yog C _n H _2n-2. Yog hais tias alkadienes - ib yam khoom uas uas yog tsim los ntawm cov ob tug ob bonds, rau qhov alkyne yog yus muaj los ntawm ib tug triple daim ntawv cog lus. Zoo tshuaj tiv thaiv rau cov triple daim ntawv cog lus ntawm alkynes rau asymmetric hu ua kev sis raug zoo nrog cov neeg sawv cev ntawm no hauv chav kawm ntawv ntawm complex compound - diamine nyiaj hydroxide (1). Lub sis ntawm cov ntsev tsim - nyiaj acetylide.

Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm no homologous series yog interclass isomers ntawm alkadienes. Ib yam li ntawd, alkenes, alkadienes, alkynes tag nrho hnov mob nrog lub halogen tas li ntawd, hydrogen, hydrogen halide, nrog dej. Thaum uas txuas mus rau ib tug qauv ntawm acetylene tsis txaus tus nqi ntawm hydrogen ua ethylene. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev sis raug zoo nrog cov tshaj hydrogen ua los ntawm acetylene ethane (nyeem hydrocarbon).

xaus

Alkynes, alkenes, alkadienes, alkadienes, tshuaj zog uas tau los sib tham saum toj no, piv txwv li qhov yooj yim sib thooj thiab sib txawv ntawm ntau cov chav kawm ntawm tshuaj. Tag nrho cov hydrocarbons nyob rau hauv cov qauv muaj carbon thiab hydrogen atoms, yog li ntawd, zoo heev roj.