Yuav ua li cas yog lub Chernyakhov kab lis kev cai? Culture Chernyakhov: keeb kwm thiab cov hauj lwm

Chernyakhov Culture - ib yam ntawm cov coob archaeological sij hawm nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov keeb kwm ntawm lub Slavs. Nws coj ib tug heev heev ntawm qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws uas niaj hnub Ukraine, Romania, Moldova thiab Russia. Ib thaj nyuag nyob tsuas yog nyob rau steppe thiab hav zoov, yam tsawg kawg - nyob rau hauv lub steppe aav.

General yam ntxwv

Txoj kev tshawb no ntawm no kab lis kev cai yog ib yam uas tseem ceeb heev rau qhov kev nkag ntawm cov dab neeg, Slav ethnogenesis. Cov yam lub sij hawm tshwm sim active tsiv teb tsaws dab, cov neeg no tov nrog txhua lwm yam, tej zaum yuav nyuaj rau koj qhia ntau yam haiv neeg Cheebtsam nyob rau hauv cov qoob loo. Cuaj kaum, feem ntau cov kws txawj pom zoo rau lub fact tias cov tsim ntawm lub ancient Slavs coj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv nyob sib ze nrog cov resettlement ntawm lwm pab pawg neeg nyob rau hauv thawj qhov chaw yog npaj txhij. Nyob rau hauv science prevails ib tug saib tias nws yog tus kawg zog, uas nyob rau hauv 1-3 centuries BC. e. tsiv mus rau qhov chaw ntawm lub Roman xeev, Northern Dub hiav txwv Ntug dej hiav txwv, tau ua si ib tug tshwj xeeb lub luag hauj lwm. By lub sij hawm no, muaj ib tug tsim ntawm ib co haiv neeg Slavic hom, xws li, piv txwv li, Przeworsk, Kiev, thiab lwm tus neeg. Muaj ntau zaum ntseeg tias lub Slavs tau faib cov antskogo pawg neeg, raws li tau qhia nyob rau hauv ancient qhov chaw. Nws yog nyob rau hauv qhov ntsiab lus teb thiab yuav tsum muab xav Chernyakhovsky lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm lub Slavic kev sib hais haum.

txoj kev tshawb no

Qhov no kab lis kev cai yuav siv sij hawm nws lub npe los ntawm lub Chernyakhiv zos (Kiev cheeb tsam), uas yog kawm nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 20th xyoo pua, zaum Korotynskyy. Feem ntau cov kws txawj yog inclined mus ntseeg hais tias nws yog nyob rau hauv nws cov haiv neeg muaj pes tsawg leeg yog multiethnic. Nws yog tseem ntseeg hais tias Zarubintsy thiab Chernyakhov kab lis kev cai yog zoo txog, vim hais tias cov tom kawg twb hloov los ntawm ib tug thawj, uas yog suav hais tias yog Slavic (txawm hais tias txawv teb chaws historiography yog ib tug taw tes ntawm view hais tias nws yog nyob rau hauv nws cov haiv neeg muaj pes tsawg leeg yog German). Hloov ntawm nws cov kab lis kev cai kawm los ntawm xws li mas zaum li fishermen thiab Sedov.

keeb kwm

Chernyakhov Culture yog lub txiaj ntsim ntawm tsiv teb tsaws dab, uas coj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm lub Eastern European lub teb chaws. Muaj ntau historians tau ntaus nqi nws cov keeb kwm rau cov nyaj ntawm lub Goths, uas, noj lub Ukrainian chaw uas zoo heev, mingled nrog cov neeg nyob hauv zos. Thaum lub sij hawm no muaj emerged li lub xeev oium. Nws ib thaj tsam coincide nrog tias nom tswv chaw. Vim hais tias txoj tsiv teb tsaws ntws Chernyakhovskaya kab lis kev cai yog multi-ethnic, nws muaj Slavic Antes, Germans, Scythians Sarmats. Fishermen historian, ntseeg hais tias nws yog tus ancient Slavic, tab sis no lub tswv yim yog disputed nyob rau hauv science.

kev khwv nyiaj txiag

Culture Chernyakhovskaya npog lub sij hawm los ntawm IV rau II rau. n. e. Nws yog nyob rau hauv lub economic theem yog heev lawm. Lub hauv paus ntawm lub kev khwv nyiaj txiag advocated khais ua liaj ua teb. Archaeologists tau pom qhov seem ntawm plows, hlau tswv yim, hacks, uas tau siv nyob rau hauv ua liaj ua teb. Yeej los ntawm nyuj yug me nyuam rau, thaum cov neeg nyob tsa npua thiab nees. Siv rau kev cia qhov, uas muaj nyob rau hauv ib tug xov tooj ntawm settlements. Chernyakhovskaya kab lis kev cai yog yus muaj los ntawm ib theem siab ntawm craftsmanship. Pejxeem skillfully lis hlau, cov pob txha thiab ntoo. Fwm kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm cov uas tsis yog-ferrous hlau, remnants ntawm cov cuab yeej ua los ntawm cov tsiaj cov pob txha.

Nyob rau tej qhov chaw ntawm metallurgical furnaces pom. Neeg uas nyob thaj twb paub sib txawv txoj kev ua iron (quenching) thiab steel ntau lawm. Txawm li cas los, ib tug feature ntawm ntau fwm bronzes. Muaj yog ib tug saib hais tias ib co ua caag tau borrowed los ntawm cov Roman xeev, raws li zoo raws li lub Central European cheeb tsam.

tsev

Chernyakhovskaya kab lis kev cai kis mas nyob rau hauv hav zoov chaw, li ntawd, nws lub tsev loj loj thiab yog feem ntau lub nyob rau hauv lub cev. Fortified settlements yog me me, tiam sis tseem ib co ntawm lawv yog fwm nyob rau hauv lub yav qab teb tej vaj tse (lub zos, Aleksandrovka). Lawv phab ntsa mus txog kaum ob meters nyob rau hauv qhov siab, muaj ramparts thiab tiv thaiv. Lawv nyob rau hauv ntau dua elevations, thaum zoo tib yam lub tsev - raws tributaries ntawm me me dej ntws.

Tsev tau muab faib ua ob qhov chaw: thaj thiab nyiaj txiag. chaw nyob nyob rau hauv lub center. Nyob rau hauv ib co tsev, cov phab ntsa ua "qhuav", piv txwv li. E. Tsis muaj ib tug tshwj xeeb phau ntawv tshuaj. Cov lug yog feem ntau Stolbovo xwm lawv raug ua los ntawm tswb tsaig thiab coated nrog av nplaum. Tsev nyob "zes" ntawm floodplains. Hauv lawv muaj ib tug los yog ob tug cov koob yees duab.

monuments

Chernyakhov archaeological kab lis kev cai tau muab khaws cia tseg ib tug xov tooj uas interesting monuments. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov peb tham txog lub npe nrov nab (Troyan) shafts, uas yog nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm Kiev ntawm tus ntug dej ntawm lub Dnieper. Qhov no colossal qauv yog defensive nyob rau hauv lub hom phiaj. Nws yog ib cov saw hauv lub ntiaj teb embankments thiab kwj, ncab ib ce ntev deb (cais lug muaj ib tug ntev ntawm ib tug rau ib puas tsib caug kilometers).

Ntawm kev txaus siab yog tseem yog ib tug qhia tseg ntawm lub Chernyakhov kab lis kev cai Vinnitsa cheeb tsam. Ntawm no, cov cim pob zeb painting, lub ntsiab lus uas yog tseem zaum cam sab. Nws qhia tau hais tias lub leafless tsob ntoo, nyob rau ib qho ntawm cov ceg ntawm uas tus qaib dib zaum nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm nws - tus txiv neej qab uas muaj ib tug mos lwj. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov muaj pes tsawg leeg muaj ib tug ncej nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm lub tshuab raj. Lwm monument nyob rau hauv tib cheeb tsam - Ilinetsky chaw txua txiag zeb ntawm volcanic tufa ua millstones. Qhov no qhia ib theem siab ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm metallurgy nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam.

burial

Duffel complex Chernyakhov kab lis kev cai yuav tsum havzoov tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub tsev tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv cov graves. Txawm li cas los, raws li ib tug txoj cai, yog nyob rau hauv lawv cov graves ib tug me ntsis, tiam sis tseem cia ib co artifacts mus recreate qhov zoo ntawm lub sij hawm. Lub burial qho to tej zaum Unearth niaj hnub siv thiab tsev neeg cov khoom. Tej zaum kuj muaj hlab ntsha thiab qhov chaw rau tsev neeg ua hauj lwm, xws li koob. Nrhiav thiab decorations. Ntawm lawv, piv txwv li, lub fibula.

Chernyakhovskaya kab lis kev cai yog yus muaj los ntawm ob txoj kev ntawm kev faus: burials thiab cremations. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub thawj siv pa lub qhov taub, qhov thib ob seem muab tso rau hauv cov hlab ntsha jugs, huam thiab txawm tais. Lub graves muaj nyob, thiab cov seem ntawm cov caj npab, piv txwv li, arrowheads, hmuv rau cov tibneeg, bent swords rau ritual hom phiaj. Muaj ob zaug xwb thiab binary kev faus neeg.

Houseware

Hais sib haum ntawm lub Chernyakhov kab lis kev cai, raws li ib tug txoj cai, twb economic nyob rau hauv nws lub hom phiaj thiab kev khiav dej num. Yog li ntawd, ntau heev muaj cov khoom uas yuav tsum tau rau ua liaj ua teb thiab kev lag luam. Neeg uas nyob paub lub puab lauj kaub tej log, lawv tau ua cov tais diav ntawm ntau daim. Nws twb tseem heev tsim weaving, archaeologists puav nrhiav tau ib co kua nplaum ntawm txawv fabrics rau khoom hauv tsev thiab lub tsev lub neej.

crockery

yuav tsum hais txog cov hlab ntsha, raws li nws yog nyob rau hauv duffel complex, archaeologists feem ntau qhov txawv kab lis kev cai. Pejxeem xyuas lub sij hawm raug ntau yam ntawm niaj hnub siv, tab sis tshwj xeeb tshaj yog lub npe hu uas nrhiav tau cov hlab ntsha, dai kom zoo nkauj los yog txoj kab, los yog ntxiv yob thiab me ntsis nyem grooves. Cov uas nrhiav tau yog kawg li Dub hiav txwv amphora thiab krasnoglinyanoy thiab krasnolakovoy tais diav tsim thiab mas ntawm lub cob qhia ntawm lub Roman moo. Cov khoom ua los ntawm ntxhib av nplaum yog pom feem ntau nyob rau hauv outbuildings.

lwm yam artifacts

Hlau Chernyakhov kab lis kev cai - yog feem ntau hlau. Cov pejxeem kuj muaj peev xwm ua lub ore, obviously, tsis yog tsis muaj tus ntawm Roman technology. Txawm li cas los, nrhiav tau ntawm ntaj los sis phom yog tsis yog li ntawd ntau npaum li cas: nws yog mas arrowheads, hmuv rau cov tibneeg, swords ib feem.

Nyias, nws yuav tsum tau hais txog nyiaj txiag. Nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm kab lis kev cai nyob rau hauv ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov nyiaj npib ntawm tus Roman co nyiaj npib rau sab hnub poob ntawm lub Dniester - bronze, mus rau sab hnub tuaj - silver. Thiab kawg kuv pom ib tug heev nyob rau hauv hoards, tab sis cov kws txawj tau qhia tus saib hais tias cov nyiaj yog siv rau thoob ntiaj teb pauv, thaum lub zos xav tau kev pab siv barter. Tsawg ntau yog npib ntawm Bosporan co nyiaj npib.

duffel complex

Ntawm cov artifacts pom ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm hniav nyiaj hniav kub, piv txwv li, mus ntes ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm brooches, hlaws dai, buckles, zuag ntsis plaub hau. Ntawm cov khoom uas niaj hnub siv yog riam, axes, spurs. Tej zaum nrhiav tau cov tub rog cov khoom, tab sis lawv yog ob peb tug. Ntawm kev txaus siab yog swords, ntaj, hmuv rau cov tibneeg. Nyias, nws yuav tsum tau hais tias ntawm no hais txog cov thawj tshawb pom - ib tug daim ntawv qhia hnub duab rau cov hlab. Nws muaj ib tug hloov puab, thiab nyob rau hauv txhua lub hli - cov coj daim duab.

hlab ntsha

Yog li, lub Chernyakhov kab lis kev cai, yees duab ntawm monuments uas yog nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm, differed sufficiently theem siab ntawm kev loj hlob nyob rau hauv lub economic thiab ua lag ua luam spheres. Nyias, nws yuav tsum tau hais txog lub hom phiaj ntawm lub ritual hlab ntsha: ib co ntawm cov daim qhia hnub hli duab pom. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj cov uas nrhiav tau ntawm glassware. Khoom rau kev tsim tau mastered los ntawm cov neeg Loos nyob rau hauv thawj xyoo pua AD thiab mus rau xav txog kab lis kev cai rau pej xeem. Nyob rau hauv feem ntau tus neeg mob, cov hlab ntsha yog qe-zoo li tus yellowish los yog greenish xim.

ethnography

Chernyakhovskaya kab lis kev cai, raws li hais saum toj no, yog ib tug multinational nyob rau hauv nws cov haiv neeg muaj pes tsawg leeg. Qhov no yog vim tsiv teb tsaws tsev uas tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov European teb chaws ntawm cov sij hawm. Yog li ntawd, historians tau pom ib tug xov tooj ntawm ethnographic tivthaiv nyob rau hauv nws muaj pes tsawg leeg: Germanic, Sarmatian-Scythian, Slavic. Tus thawj yog sawv cev los ntawm binary graves, loj lub tsev nyob thiab cov vaj tse, raws li zoo raws li tshwj xeeb ceramics velbarskogo hom. Cov tsos mob yog raug rau yuav luag tag nrho cov cheeb tsam ntawm muab faib rau ntawm no kab lis kev cai.

Qhov thib ob hom yog sawv cev ethnographic loj pob zeb vaj tse, multi-chamber tsev ib tug tshwj xeeb burial ritual, thaum muab tso nyob rau hauv lub ntxa nqaij nrog ib tug riam daig nyob rau hauv nws, pieces ntawm chalk los yog xim. Yeej burial nqa tawm nyob rau hauv podboynyh qho to los yog catacombs. Tsis tas li ntawd rau cov cheeb tsam no yog yus muaj los ntawm ib tug tshwj xeeb daim ntawv ntawm cookware - huam nrog ib tug expanding caj dab upwards. Qhov no pab pawg neeg pom feem ntau concentrated nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb ntawm lub Dub hiav txwv, inhabited los ntawm cov haiv neeg.

Thaum kawg, lub Slavic pab pawg neeg ntawm artifacts sawv cev los ntawm me me square huts uas muaj ntau ntau tsev neeg qho to. Qhov no cheeb tsam yog tsiag ntawv los ntawm kev qhaj ntawv ntawm loj mounds, raws li zoo raws li lub xub ntiag ntawm feem ntau stucco pots. Main qhov chaw ntawm faib - Dniester, uas kuj hloov zuj zuj lwm Slavic kab lis kev cai Kiev, Przeworsk. Cais Penkovsky thiab Slavic kab lis kev cai tseg OM Prihodnyuk. Chernyakhovskaya kab lis kev cai nyob ze rau nws adjoined, txawm hais tias zaum tau sib cav hais tias tsis muaj ib tug decisive cawv rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub Slavic caij, vim hais tias nws yog ib yam nkaus thiab multiethnic.

teeb meem ntawm chronology

Nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog cov saum toj no feature ntawm science, muaj teeb meem ntawm sib tam thiab chronology ntawm no kab lis kev cai. Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias cov uas nrhiav tau yeej tsis tso cai rau ib tug txaus ntseeg muaj xws li nws artifacts mus rau ib tug kev caug xyoo. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam muab ib tug ntau ntawm mas cov khoom, mas ntawm Roman keeb kwm, nyob rau hauv uas nws hais hais nws tsim. Yog li ntawd, lub feem ntau tsim nyog yog cov qauv ntawm cov yos los ntawm burials.

yam ntxwv nta

Yog li ntawd, qhov no kab lis kev cai yog tsiag ntawv los ntawm ntau haiv neeg ntawm kev tshawb pom, hais tias nyob rau hauv nws tsim twb tau mus kawm los ntawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm txawv hais. Ntawm kev tseem ceeb yog lub fact tias nws yog nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm lub hwj ntawm lub Roman. Nws provincialism, yeej pab tau kom lawv lub siab theem ntawm kab lis kev cai thiab, nyob rau hauv lem, tsa lub rov tshwm sim ntawm ntau tshaj technologies nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam. Ib cov kws txawj kuj taw tes Dacian cawv nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam no.

Kev sib raug zoo rau lwm haiv neeg

Chernyakhovsky lub sij hawm yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau theem nyob rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub ancient Slavs. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm no lawv kuj nyob rau hauv heev ze nrog rau lwm cov haiv neeg, yog li no kab lis kev cai tso cai tsuas yog cov reconstructed Slavic antiquity. Tab sis nws yog nyob rau hauv tus thiab nyob rau hauv lem, nws tau muaj ib feem nyob rau lwm haiv neeg nyob rau hauv uas lub Slavic caij yog ntau pronounced: Przeworsk, kolochinskoy, Kiev.

tiav

Kev cai decadence yog vim mus rau lwm lub tsiv teb tsaws yoj uas tuav lub European teb chaws. Lub sij hawm no, muaj tsiv teb tsaws ntawm warlike nomadic Huns. Qhov no coj mus rau ib tug outflow ntawm ib tug loj ib feem ntawm cov pejxeem rau sab hnub poob, raws li muaj sau cov ntaub ntawv. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv lub hav zoov-steppe thiab steppe aav ib co pawg neeg uas raug mus rau lub Huns. Tab sis rau sab qaum teb-sab hnub tuaj nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ua ntej lub Chernyakhov kab lis kev cai, thiab ces coincided nrog nws thaum lub sij hawm, txuas ntxiv mus nyob ua ib ke lwm Slavic kab lis kev cai - Kiev. Nws ib co kua nplaum yog zoo li las. Archaeologists nrhiav cemeteries, tsev, tsev neeg cov khoom thiab txawm treasures.

nqi

Chernyakhovsky lub sij hawm ntawm kev loj hlob yog ib qho tseem ceeb vim hais tias nws yog ib tug ntawm cov thawj theem nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm lub thaum ntxov Slavs. Nws npog tag nrho ib tug loj hwv qhov chaw, xws li ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov cheeb tsam ntawm peb lub teb chaws: Belgorod thiab Kursk. Txawm li cas los, nws muaj kev nkag tau mus rau lub keeb kwm ntawm lwm yam haiv neeg suav hais tias yog lub sij hawm: lub Germans, Celts, Scythians thiab lwm tus neeg. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lub sij hawm no muaj cuab kev pom lig Roman, Dub hiav txwv influences uas tso cai rau koj mus tshawb cov tom qab ua sawv ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov cheeb tsam. Yog li ntawd, piav nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm Culture koom kawm ua ntej lub kiv puag ncig, nyob rau hauv Soviet lub sij hawm, nws tsom xam tseem hnub no. Chernyakhovsky tsev ntawm kab lis kev cai, piv txwv li, tsis tseg nqa tawm kev ua si rau lub preservation ntawm tsoos pej xeem kev cai sawv, uas yuav tsum txhawb cov kev txaus siab nyob rau hauv antiquity.