Numismatics: antique thiab Roman npib

Mob siab rau rau Numismatics yog heev nrov hnub no. Lolus hu txawv yog vim li cas rau lawv nqhis dej rau ancient npib: nws yog lawv cov keeb kwm muaj nqis, thiab nostalgia rau yav dhau los, thiab thaum yau npau suav ntawm lub mysterious treasures. Xws li tus neeg yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog xav nyob rau hauv ancient npib, vim hais tias lawv cia cov duab tsis tsuas yog ntawm lub rulers, tab sis tag nrho eras, zoo cov txheej xwm, thiab lawv muaj ntau haiv neeg yog tawm.

Ib me ntsis keeb kwm

Npib twb xub manufactured nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj thiab Is Nrias teb thaum pib ntawm lub XII caug xyoo. BC. e. Tab sis lub turnover ntawm lub banknote tsis mus dhau cov teb chaws. Ntau tom qab lub Greeks pib mint nyiaj npib. Thiab lawv tau pib pauv thiab muag khoom ntawm siv lub tsheb, ntaus thawj nyob rau hauv lub Middle East, thiab los yeej muaj kis ntawm ncig lub teb chaws.

Qhov no monetary system yog khaws cia thiab ntxiv. Npib ntawm lub Roman faj tim teb chaws hloov lub Greek, tau txais kev pab raws li ib tug qauv rau lawv creation. Nyob rau hauv nws cov heyday Ancient Rome yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm lub siab tshaj plaws kev vam meej. Nrog lub cev qhuav dej ntawm nws cov neeg tos regression, t. Yuav kom. Qhov ntau tau tau tsis nco qab lawm rau centuries. Lub sij hawm ntev ntawm cov nyiaj npib ntawm tus ancient Loos twb txheem monetary system ntsiab nyob rau hauv Teb chaws Europe thiab Asia, raws li zoo raws li lawv cov predecessors, ua tus Greeks.

ancient npib

Nyob rau hauv ib tug nqaim kev txiav txim zoo, pawg no muaj xws li xwb banknotes Ancient Rome. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv kev muaj tiag nws tsis yog. Nws muaj xws li cov nyiaj npib ntawm tag nrho cov ancient haiv neeg, xws li Persian, Israeli (Jewish) thiab Byzantine. Banknotes ntawm lub ancient lub sij hawm tau minted los ntawm zoo zoo nkauj tshooj: bronze, tooj dag, nyiaj thiab kub. Material nyob rau ntawm tus nqi ntawm lub npib, vim hais tias nws yog txiav txim los ntawm nws cov nqi rau lawv. Qhov no txoj cai yog cai nyob txhua lub sij hawm thiab tshwm sim rau hnub no. Ancient Roman npib dai kom zoo nkauj nrog rau cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj ntawm lub reigning huab tais. Nws yog tus luj ntawm lub warranty, tus nqi ntawm kev kho nws. Antique npib yog tsis tshua muaj neeg, raws li cov tshiab banknotes tau muab nrog txhua tom ntej hloov ntawm tus pas ntsuas.

Bronze thiab tooj dag npib

Lub ntsig txog system ntawm ancient Rome tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm ua si co xws li bronze thiab tooj dag (obsolete. Aurihalk). Nws yog vim hais tias ntawm lawv thiab minted txiaj. Tus thawj npib raug ua los ntawm bronze. Nws yuag nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm yog measured ooj. Nws yog tooj liab ace uas nws hnyav yog ntau npaum li 12 ounces (340g). Npib twb me me thiab zoo:

• Semis - 170 gr.
• Triens - 113 gr.
• Kvadrans - 85 gr.
• Sekstans - 56 gr.
• Moog haujlwm thiab qhia ooj, uas feem lub npe.

Tom qab ntawd nws nyob aurihalk hlau (dag) - ntau kim tshaj bronze, ib tug hlau ntawm tooj liab thiab zinc. Los ntawm no ancient Roman xws minted npib li sesterce (27.28 g.), Dupondius (13.64 g.) Thiab lub nroog Yeiuxalees (54.59 g.).

Kub thiab nyiaj

Nyiaj minted deniers, victoriatus, thiab quinarius sestertii. Qhov loj tshaj plaws ntawm lawv nyob rau lub ntsej muag tus nqi (denarius) tiv kev txom nyem txog 5 grams, thiab qhov tsawg tshaj plaws - ib tug me ntsis ntau tshaj ib tug gram. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm cov kho kom zoo 217 BC. e. lawv txo phaus. Kub aureus tau tsim, thiab tom qab lub kho ntawm Constantine kuv tuaj mus rau hauv kev siv solidi, Semis thiab triens (npe cov txheej txheem ntawm nyob rau hauv nqis kev txiav txim ntawm kev ntsuam xyuas).

Niaj hnub no, nws yog assumed tias lub hauv paus ntawm ancient co nyiaj npib yog ib tug stater, los yog drachma. Yog li, nyob rau hauv lub system Aeginian minted nyiaj staters (12-14,5 g) thiab drachmas (xws ancient Roman nyiaj npib uas, ib yam li ib nrab stater), thiab Miletus fokeyskoy thiab Persian - kub. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias banknotes ua los ntawm tooj dag los yog tooj liab, raws li xam los ntawm cov chav nyob. Qhov no yog tshwj xeeb yog ntau nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm Aleksandra Makedonskogo.

ntawv cuav

Muaj ob hom ntawm handicrafts. Ib feem ntawm cov counterfeiters tau ua thaum lub sij hawm, thaum lwm tus neeg yog niaj hnub luam. Nyob rau hauv seem no, peb yuav kub siab rau lub caij nyoog kawg no, sai li sai raws li lawv poob nqi niaj hnub no. Muaj ob peb txoj kev muaj rau tus kheej-kev soj ntsuam:

1. Yuav kom qhia tau tias tsis muaj-zoo fakes yog txaus mus saib cov duab nyob rau hauv lub catalog. Tam sim no lub fake Roman npib ua rau tourists thiab zoo tib yam cov pej xeem, leej twg paub tsis muaj dab tsi hais txog Numismatics. Yog li ntawd, zoo li tus tseem es tsis tseem ceeb txaus.
2. Muab piv rau cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv lub directory yuav tiv kev txom nyem thiab ntsuas nqi. Yog hais tias cov ntsuas tsis pom nyob rau hauv ib teev tus nqi, lub xaus yog cuab kev.
3. Nyob rau hauv Roman lub sij hawm lub npib yog tsis nrum thiab minted. Yog li ntawd ua rau niaj hnub khoom nyiaj yuav nco ntsoov yuav distinguished.
4. Yog hais tias ib npib nyiaj yog tam sim no exfoliation hais rau ntawm qhov chaw - nws yog txoj. Ntaus no cov nyhuv yog tsis tau. Nws yog tshwm sim los ntawm internal xeb impurities.
5. Lub xub ntiag ntawm lub stamp ci kuj hais nyob rau hauv dej siab ntawm cov verifiable lom.
6. Ancient Roman npib yuav tau xyuas nrog ib tug tshuab kuaj kab mob. Thaum siab magnification yuav pom nto xeb cov yam ntxwv ntawm ligatures uas lub sij hawm.
7. Kev sib piv nrog tus thawj yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws txoj kev los sib piv cov sau thiab nws cov tsawg tshaj plaws cov ntsiab lus.
8. Spectral tsom xam yuav pab txiav txim nyob tus yeees ntawm cov qauv thiab ligatures. Yog hais tias qhov kev tshwm sim ntawm tus tsom xam ntawm questionable lom thiab txoj yog tib yam, nws muaj peev xwm yuav xaus lus tias cov nyiaj npib yuav mus rau tib lub sij hawm.

Ntawm cov hoob kawm, tsis paub cov neeg muaj peev xwm tsis yog paub qhov txawv ib tug fake. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, qhov zoo tshaj plaws tshuaj no yog tig mus rau ib tug tej numismatist.