Yuav ua li cas yog cuneiform? cuneiform ntawm Mesopotamia

Ib qho ntawm feem mysterious thiab feem ntau ancient civilizations ntawm Mesopotamia suav hais tias. Yog li ntawd nws twb hu ua lub Greeks, peb kuj nws yog lub npe hu ua Mesopotamia. Qhov no cheeb tsam, uas yog nyob nruab nrab ntawm ob tug loj waterways, muab lub neej mus rau lub cheeb tsam. Ib tug ntawm lawv yog Tsov, rau lwm yam - lub Euphrates. Muaj lossis loj lub zos nrog tshwj xeeb kev cai, cim lis kev cai, kev ntseeg thiab worldview. Nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws ntau tshaj rau txhiab xyoo dhau los, kuv twb yug los rau hauv lub system ntawm kev sau ntawv lub npe hu ua cuneiform ntawm Mesopotamia.

Yog vim li cas sau wedges?

Peb pog koob yawg koob tau zoo heev tej kev cai no, vim hais tias nws tso cai rau lawv kom ciaj sia nyob rau hauv nyuaj tej yam kev mob. Thiab lawv twb tau kom hloov mus rau lub ntiaj teb no nyob ib ncig ntawm lawv, tau yam koj xav tau los ntawm nws. Yog hais tias tim lyiv teb chaws loj hlob nyob rau hauv abundance papyrus thiab yuav tau txais pob zeb mus khob lawv cov cim, nyob rau hauv Mesopotamia nws tsis yog. Tab sis muaj ib tug av nplaum uas ua lub tuam tsev, thiab ua cov tais diav. Neeg uas nyob pom yuav ua li cas ntub cov ntaub ntawv uas nraim ib co kua nplaum ntawm cov tsiaj, yog li sim kom siv nws los coj sau ntawv. Tab sis mus rau kos complex tias nyob av nplaum yog seeb, nws yog yooj yim npaum li nyem rau nws pluav ntse stick nrog ib tug voos puag. Yog li tuaj tus naas ej cuneiform ntawm Mesopotamia, uas tau coj peb ntau yam txog lub mysterious cov neeg ntawm lub cheeb tsam.

av nplaum phau ntawv

Yog li ntawd, yog dab tsi cuneiform, peb to taub. Tam sim no wb tham me ntsis txog dab tsi sau rau qhov thaum ub uas nyob Mesopotamia. "Phau ntawv" twb sib txawv. Yog hais tias cov av nplaum pancake twb npaj rau cov menyuam kawm ce nyob rau hauv tsab ntawv (thiab cov tsev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv lub zos ntawm Mesopotamia), ces nws yuav tsis qhuav. Tom qab kev kawm ntawv, cia li ntxuav sau thiab phaj siv dua. Tab sis nws yuav tsum qhuav nyob rau hauv lub hnub, ces cov ntaub ntawv uas yog cia ntev. Tseem ceeb ntsiav tshuaj twb hlawv nyob rau hauv ib tug tua hluav taws, thiab muab cia rau hauv palaces.

Cov menyuam kawm ntawv uas xav kawm cov ancient tsab ntawv, thawj qhia cov hom kev kawm uas ua tau av nplaum ntsiav tshuaj. Nws yog tsis yooj yim, vim cov ntaub ntawv uas muaj ib tug ntau ntawm impurities, los ntawm uas yuav tsum tau ntxuav nws. Tom ntej no, nws yog tsim nyog los muab tso rau ib tug hlua kab cuneiform tej yam tshwm sim mus ntseeg nkaws. Thiab xwb ces cov tub sau ntawv mus rau extrude "cov tsiaj ntawv."

Lub kis ntawm lub mysterious cim

Av nplaum yog ib tug pheej yig khoom, siv tau rau tag nrho cov feem ntawm cov pejxeem. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv Mesopotamia sau ntawv kuv yeej paub tsis tau tsuas yog cov muaj nyiaj thiab cov privileged caste (pov thawj), tab sis kuj cov commoners. Tej zaum hais tias yog vim li cas muaj sau tag nrho cov, muaj kwv huam, xws li cov heroic cim.

Yuav luag tag nrho cov tam sim no paub dab tsi cuneiform. Nws twb siv lug thoob plaws hauv lub Middle East - lub Sumerians, cov Axilia, cov Pawxia, cov Npanpiloo. Tej zaum qhov no ancient sau ntawv system yuav tsum muaj ntaub ntawv muaj hnub no, tiam sis nws muaj ib tug loj drawback. Av nplaum phau ntawv tau hnyav heev thiab bulky, li ntawd nws yog ib qhov nyuaj los mus thauj.

Cuneiform sau ntawv nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe

Laus ntiaj teb kawm dab tsi cuneiform, ntau tshaj peb puas xyoo dhau los. Rau cov thawj lub sij hawm mysterious tej yam tshwm sim nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov studs nkag tau rau lub ntiaj teb no mus rau lub Italian traveler los ntawm lub npe ntawm Pietro della Valle. Nws sau tau ib phau ntawv hais txog nws tej kev mus nyob rau hauv lub Middle East thiab nws xwm ib tug coj txawv txawv inscription, uas yog pom rau ib tug av nplaum ntsiav tshuaj nyob rau hauv Persia. Ancient cuneiform sau ntawv yog heev txawv los ntawm lub ntawv uas yog siv nyob rau hauv Teb chaws Europe, li ntawd nws yog tsis txawm xam tau tias yog sau ntawv system. Tab sis thaum lub sij hawm, lub Western lub ntiaj teb no ntawm av nplaum ntsiav tshuaj tau ua nce raug. Yog li ntawd, lawv aroused lub paj ntawm cov pej xeem thiab kws tshawb fawb.

Ib tug lossis loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov av nplaum ntsiav tshuaj, archaeologists sab ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub qub Persian capital ntawm Persepolis legendary hlawv Aleksandrom Makedonskim thiab nws nyiam - Athens hetaera Thais. Raws li yog tus paub zoo, qhov hluav taws kub av nplaum yog tsuas tau muaj zog, li ntawd, feem ntau cov tseem ceeb cov tsev qiv ntawv ntawm antiquity kom dim. Txawm li cas los, los ntawm lub sij hawm uas tsis muaj ib tug yuav nyeem cov mysterious tej yam tshwm sim nraim txawj xib hwb.

ib tug paub tsis meej qhia

Keeb kwm cuneiform ntau tshaj ib txhiab xyoo. Tab sis cov neeg uas muab tso rau hauv av nplaum ntsiav tshuaj mysterious tej yam tshwm sim, ntev tuag, thiab lawv cov kev paub - yog poob lawm. Zaum no saib phau ntawv qub, to taub hais tias nws muaj cov feem ntau nqi lus. Tab sis, alas, tsis muaj ib tug yuav nyeem nws. Npaj siab rau decipher wedges thiab cloves coj ntawm tus nyuam ntawm nucleation Assyriology science. Thiab thaum kawg, tus yuam sij rau lub puzzle tau pom! Txawm li cas los, nws tshwm sim heev ntev los no, nyob rau hauv lub thib kaum cuaj caug xyoo.

Tus thawj cov me nyuam mus decrypt uas bore txiv hmab txiv ntoo, nqa German linguist George Grotefend. Nws yog feem ntau hu ua ib tug ntse heev ib hmo vim hais tias nws yog "nyob rau hauv cov lus tsis txaus" coj li tus yeej ua hauj lwm thiab ua nws. Tom qab ntawd nws rov qab mus rau nws khoom siv tes ua - nws ua hauj lwm raws li ib tug kws qhia ntawv. Tab sis thaum pib ntawm ib tug clue nws muab tso rau cryptography.

Nyob rau hauv 1872, hais txog ntawm Grotefend English engraver Dzhordzh Smit twb tau mus nyeem cov kos npe rau, uas hais tias cov deluge. Dej nyab xa cov gods, tab sis lawv pab ib tug txiv neej leej twg, zoo li lub biblical Nau-a, cawm neeg. Qhov no ua hauj lwm yog ces nkag mus rau hauv ib tug science hu ua "Lub Song ntawm Gilgamesh."

Ib tug invaluable pab mus rau qhov no ua rau Genri Roulinson, ib tug tub rog attache. Risking nws lub neej, nws kawm thiab theej cov monumental inscriptions ntawm lub Persian kav cov vaj ntxwv nyob rau hauv lub Behistun pob zeb thiab roob Elvand. Lawv muaj ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm npe (genealogies kav cov vaj ntxwv), yog li ntawd pab unravel lub peb cuneiform sau ntawv system, nws peb cov ntaub ntawv.

es tsis txhob ntawm ib tug epilogue

Yog li ntawd, peb to taub hais tias qhov no cuneiform, ua ib tug luv luv mus txawv tebchaws los nws teb koj chaw - nyob rau hauv Mesopotamia. Yuav ua li cas lwm tus peb nco qab txog lub teb chaws no, uas tau ntev tau sunk rau hauv oblivion? Qhov tseeb hais tias, txawm cov zaj uas lub millennia, nws ib co kua nplaum yog tseem nyob rau niam lub ntiaj teb. Thiab nyob rau hauv lub siab ntawm niaj hnub tug txiv neej tseem nyob sawv ntawm cov neeg uas nyob nruab nrab ntawm lub Tigris thiab Euphrates. Peb nco ntsoov lub npe nrov nroog ntawm Babylon, uas yog nto moo rau nws lossis loj ramparts thiab ziggurats, ornate rooj vag thiab saum. Nyob rau hauv lub nroog no, txawm lub ruins ntawm tus naas ej ntauwd, uas phau Vajlugkub hais tias. Zoo, uas tsis paub txog lub nroog Ninaves, ib lub nroog nyob qhov twg koj tsis xav mus rau ib tug Christian yog neeg ncaj ncees? Nws yog tsis yooj yim sua tsis hais cov Axilia, uas nws cov tub rog twb tsis tau tsuas yog txawj thiab siab tawv, tab sis kuj zoo heev tsiv. Thiab, ntawm chav kawm, ntawm Persepolis, tus menyuam txaj hauv lub Persian faj tim teb chaws, uas los ntawm tshauv yuav.