Tshiab scientific discoveries! Lub ntug!

cognition

Keeb kwm ntawm lub ntug thiab lub ntiaj teb no.

1. pib ntug

Tus thawj qauv ntawm lub ntug twb ua tau lub tsev los ntawm Einstein nyob rau hauv 1917. Creator ntawm lub dav Relativity txoj kev xav mas tias cov ntug yuav tsum tau tsau, nws yuav tsum tsis txhob qhia rau evolve. Yog li ntawd, cov zauv qauv ntawm Einstein qhia txog ib tug zoo li qub ntug, thiab, raws li qhia los ntawm astronomical pom, nws yog erroneous.

Tsis ruaj ruaj ntug raws kwv yees AA Freedman. Friedman lub chaw ua hauj lwm tau qhia tias cov ntug yuav tsum evolve lub sij hawm thiab, yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub dhau los lawm, lub ntug twb yuav tsum tau ib yam khoom uas muaj ib tug heev kub ceev thiab siab. Yog li ntawd, yuav tsum muaj yog vim li cas uas yuav ntxias cov superdense teeb meem pib nthuav. Nws yog ib tug theoretical assumption ntawm ib tug exploding ntug.

Nyob rau hauv 1929. American astronomer E. Hubble, qhov tshwm sim ntawm astronomical tswvyim, tsim qhov tseeb ntawm expansion ntawm lub ntug, uas paub tseeb hais tias lub correctness ntawm cov lus xaus ntawm Friedman.

Qhov kawg ntawm 1940. physicist - theorist George Gamow hypothesized kub ntug, raws li nyob rau hauv cov kev tshawb xav ntawm "Big Bang", uas tau txais tam sim no tus loj tshaj Vocabulary.

Qhov kev tshawb xav ntawm "Big Bang" piav qhia txog nyob rau hauv ib co kom meej li cas hloov tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub ntug txij li thaum nws inception, tab sis yuav tsis piav qhia yuav ua li cas nws tag nrho cov pib, nws yog nyob rau hauv thaum pib, thiab hais tias yog ua ntej pib, piv txwv li, ua ntej "lub Big Bang". Tsis tas li ntawd kuv yuav tsis teb cov lus nug uas txiav txim seb lub keeb kwm ntawm lub ntug.

Qhov twg cov khoom rau cov "Big Bang" thiab hais tias (raws li teeb meem) constituted lub substance?

Yog hais tias lub ntug yog expanding, ces qhov twg nws expands?

Yog vim li cas, yog hais tias tus ntug yog expanding (yuav luag cov kev ceev ntawm lub teeb), cov kev ceev ntawm qhov teeb meem tseem tsis tu ncua?

Yog vim li cas yog xws li ib tug homogeneous thiab isotropic ntug?

Yog hais tias qhov ua rau ntawm lub ntuj yog "tus loj bang" uas tshwm sim los ntawm "loj bang"?

Raws li peb pom, cov kev tshawb xav ntawm "Big Bang" raws li lub hom phiaj ntawm cov me nyuam yug ntawm lub ntug, txo nws hwj ib tug ntau ntawm teeb meem teeb meem.

Twb, nws hais tias xav phem cais tsis hais txog cov tseem lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm cov ntug raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm cov "Big Bang", xa mus rau lub fact tias qhov no tsuas yog ib tug theoretical assumption. Thiab thaum twg koj xav txog hais tias lub hom phiaj ntawm "Big Bang" yog tsis muaj peev xwm objectively teb cov lus nug saum no, uas txiav txim seb lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm cov ntug, peb yuav twv yuav raug hu hais tias lub ntug ntawm lub "Big Bang" yuav tsis tshwm sim.

Tab sis yog hais tias tus "Big Bang" tsis yog qhov ua rau ntawm lub ntug, thiab lub qab ntuj khwb yog tiag tiag, dab tsi yog qhov vim li cas rau lub keeb kwm ntawm lub ntug?

Lo lus teb rau lo lus nug no yuav qhia rau peb cov astrophysical thiab physical science nyob rau tam sim no theem ntawm nws txoj kev loj hlob nrog laden nrog cov cai thiab cov kev cai lij choj.

Thaum nug dab tsi yog nyob rau hauv lub ntug ntawm lub heev thaum pib, piv txwv li ua ntej "lub Big Bang", cov lus teb universal txoj cai ntawm kev txuag ntawm qhov teeb meem, uas hais tias: "Teeb meem yuav tsis tuaj tawm ntawm tsis muaj dab tsi thiab yuav pab tau tsis ploj tsis muaj ib txoj lw, nws yuav tsuas txav los ntawm ib daim ntawv los yog lub xeev mus rau lwm lub daim ntawv los yog mob. Teeb meem uncreatable thiab rhuav tshem tsis tau, nws yog nyob mus ib txhis thiab ib txhis. "

Yog li ntawd, ua ntej lub "Big Bang" nyob rau hauv lub qab ntuj khwb muaj qhov teeb meem. Cov lus nug tam sim ntawd tshwm sim, li cas ntawm cov ntaub ntawv thiab nyob rau hauv dab tsi mob nws yuav nyob ua ib ke?

Nyob rau hauv thawj lo lus nug yog teb nyob rau hauv lub physics ntawm elementary hais.

Nyob rau hauv cov xwm, raws li kev tshawb fawb pom tau hais tias muaj tsuas yog ob tug kiag li ruaj khov nyob mus ib txhis thiab rhuav tshem tsis tau, nrog opposite nqi thiab tus so loj ntawm elementary hais hu ua - electrons thiab positrons. Cov seem uas hais los yog constituent (ob lub proton, neutron etc.), Los yog tsis muaj (mus rau lub uas twb muaj lawm tswvyim) so loj (photon, neutrinos thiab lwm tus neeg.) Los yog luv luv lived (xws li muons, mesons al.).

Yog li, ua ntej lub "loj bang" nyob rau hauv lub qab ntuj khwb muaj teeb meem muaj elementary opposite nqi - electrons thiab positrons, i.e. cia li tawm ntawm qhov teeb meem, uas tsis tshwm sim tawm ntawm tsis muaj dab tsi thiab tsis ploj kiag li, thiab dhau los ntawm ib daim ntawv los yog lub xeev mus rau lwm lub daim ntawv los yog mob, tshuav nyob mus ib txhis thiab rhuav tshem tsis tau. Qhov no qhov teeb meem ntawm lub ntug, thiab yog kiag li ruaj khov - electrons thiab positrons.

Nws tseem mus teb cov lus nug: "Nyob rau hauv dab tsi mob yuav nyob ua ib ke nqi?"

Raws li peb paub, cov hluav taws xob nqi (ntawm hwj chim kab) sib tham nrog txhua lwm yam, thaum nyob rau hauv qhov suab. Li no, Xwm yuav tsum muab ib tug mob nyob rau hauv uas yuav kiag li tsis tuaj kawm ntawv zog thiab sis ntawm hluav taws xob nqi - electrons thiab positrons. Xwm tau muab, thiab cov thermodynamics ntawm xws li ib tug mob yog paub tseeb hais tias los ntawm kev tsim ib tug kub ntawm tsis pes tsawg, ie, xws kub tej yam kev mob uas determined lub hav zoov ntawm cov teeb meem (them nyiaj) ntawm lub ntug.

Raws li peb pom cov teeb meem uas muaj elementary opposite nqi, nyob rau hauv lub qab ntuj khwb yog nyob rau hauv ib lub xeev ntawm meej so, i.e. tsis muaj zog thiab kev sis raug zoo.
Yuav kom saib lub ntsab lug thiab teb cov lus nug: "Yuav ua li cas nyob rau hauv lub ntug ntawm lub heev thaum pib, piv txwv li mus rau lub "Big Bang"?

Yog li ntawd, thaum pib ntawm lub ntug yeej ib txwm muaj teeb meem, muaj raws ntawm txawv hluav taws xob nqi - electrons thiab positrons, uas yog (ntawm tsis xoom) tsis muaj zog thiab kev sis raug zoo. Lub ntug uas muaj teeb meem "fej" yog li ntawd hais tias cov kab ntawm kev quab yuam ntawm cov nqi yog tsis muaj qhov chaw dawb, muaj kiag li tsis muaj tsab ntawv tsa suab thiab sis thiab, yog li ntawd, tsis muaj lub sij hawm ua haujlwm cov kev tshwm sim, xws li ib tug ntug yog ib tug ntug ntawm so los yog thawj zaug ntug. Nyob rau hauv xws ntug teeb meem uas muaj txawv nqi tshwm sim, li ntawd, yuav hais lus, yog lub sij hawm thiab qhov chaw.

muaj zog> II. Particle tsim thiab pib ntawm yug me nyuam ntawm cov tam sim no ntug.

Thawj theem.

Pib ntug yuav ua tau nyob rau hauv so xeev indefinitely tshwj tsis yog tias muaj tej yam perturbation ntawm nws cov ib puag ncig, xws li. Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov ceev hloov mus hloov los, microvibrations siab los yog kub, thiab lwm yam Thaum perturbation "revived" hwj chim xwb kab yuav ua rau ib cov saw tshuaj tiv thaiv kev sis raug zoo ntawm cov electrons thiab positrons uas ua rau lawv lub koom haum (raws li opposite nqi) thiab tsim los ntawm tus thawj particle ntawm lub ntug - lub photon.

Nyob rau hauv txoj kev hloov ntawm qhov teeb meem los ntawm ib lub xeev ntawm so rau lub xeev ntawm cov lus tsa suab yog nruj me ntsis es txoj cai ntawm kev txuag lub ntiaj teb, uas yog, teeb meem ntau npaum li cas yog nyob rau hauv tib lub xeev (hauv lub xeev ntawm so ntawm lub ntug), thiab yog li ntawd qhov teeb meem twb pauv mus rau lwm lub xeev (zog lub xeev).

Tam sim no peb muaj peev xwm teb cov lus nug, uas txiav txim seb lub keeb kwm ntawm lub ntug: "Yuav ua li cas yog thaum pib ntawm yug me nyuam ntawm cov tam sim no ntug thiab qhov chaw uas lub ntug yog expanding."

Thaum pib ntawm lub unification (merger) ntawm opposite nqi ntawm lub ntug so nyob rau hauv thawj particle - ib tug photon thiab yog thaum pib ntawm yug me nyuam ntawm cov tam sim no expanding ntug.

Rau lo lus nug: "Qhov twg yog expanding uas twb muaj lawm ntug?". Cov lus teb no tsuas yog ib qho: "Tam sim no ntawm ntug no yog expanding vim cov kev hloov ntawm qhov teeb meem los ntawm ib lub xeev ntawm so rau ib lub xeev ntawm nws tsab ntawv tsa suab, piv txwv li, lub ntug yog expanding ntawm cov nuj nqis uas tau so, los yog, thiaj tau speak, mus rau hauv lub ntug ntawm kaj siab lug. "

Qhov no keeb kwm ntawm lub ntug yog tiag tiag thiab tej yam ntuj tso.

Nrhiav ntej, peb teb rau lo lus nug: "Yuav ua li cas yog qhov ua rau ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm cosmic microwave tom qab (electromagnetic) tawg?"

Cov tom qab tawg yog yuav yuav txuam nrog rau qhov kev hloov ntawm qhov teeb meem (nqi) los ntawm ib tug equilibrium lub xeev (equilibrium lub xeev ntawm so ntawm lub ntug) mus rau lwm lub equilibrium lub xeev (equilibrium xeev expanding ntug), nrog los ntawm ib qho kev nce (los ntawm tsis xoom) kub.

Cov equilibrium lub xeev (thaum yug los expanding ntug) tshwm sim, tej zaum nyob rau ntawm lub ~ 3K tsis xoom thiab yog ua raws li los ntawm ib tug lam ua yeeb yam rau lub resulting photon electromagnetic ib puag ncig, i.e., rau qhov teeb meem, uas tau kis los ntawm ib lub xeev mus rau lwm lub xeev. Qhov no lam ua nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm electromagnetic vuag (uas muaj ib tug tej yam ntev thiab zaus nyob rau qhov kub thiab txias) peb saib raws li relict equilibrium tawg.

Nws yog muab sau tseg tias CMB kuj ceeb tias homogeneous thiab isotropic - nws los txog rau peb tusyees nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov lus qhia.
Yog vim li cas?

Lo lus nug no yog teb los ntawm tus txheej txheem ntawm cov me nyuam yug ntawm ib tug expanding ntug.

Txij li thaum txoj kev hloov los ntawm lub equilibrium lub xeev ntawm qhov teeb meem ntawm lub ntug ntawm so nyob rau hauv ib tug equilibrium xeev expanding ntug tshwm sim raws tus ciam ntawm lub Scope ntawm "Ballooning" ntawm lub pob nyob rau hauv tib tej yam kev mob, ntsig txog, yuav homogeneous thiab isotropic tawg nws tus kheej, uas yog tas li thiab uniformly nyob rau expanding ntug. Raws li koj tau pom, lub cosmic microwave tom qab tawg - yog lub equilibrium tawg txuam nrog cov me nyuam yug ntawm ntug peb.

Tam sim no xav txog cov nqe lus nug ntawm yog vim li cas tej gaseous teeb meem (nyob rau hauv tib yam tej yam kev mob) nyob rau hauv sib npaug zos tagnrho muaj qhov tib tooj ntawm cov yam ntxwv hais, seb nws yog "me me" electron, atom los yog "loj" molecule. Rau lub hom phiaj no, peb txhais tau ib tug zoo ntim ib muaj ib tug yam ntxwv caij nyob rau hauv ib txwm tej yam kev mob, 1m3 faib tus naj npawb ntawm hais muaj nyob rau ntawd: V = 1m3 / 1025 = 2.686754 · 37,22 · 10-27m3. Yog koj paub koj tus kheej ntim ib muaj ib tug yam ntxwv caij, txhais tau lub voos kheej-kheej ntawm tus kheej kev txiav txim ntawm hwj chim kav: R = 2.072 · 10-9 M.

Yog li ntawd, ib tug yam ntxwv caij, seb nws yog "me me" los yog electron "loj" molecule yog tib yam nqi ntawm nws tus kheej los yog, thiaj tau speak, "ntiag tug" ntawm qhov chaw, sib npaug zos rau 37,22 · 10-27 m3 nrog ib tug kheej ntawm voos kheej-kheej R = 2 x 10-9 M.

Yuav ua li cas yuav no yuav tsum to taub?

Tag nrho cov yam ntxwv hais yog muaj li ntawm ib tug nucleus thiab cov kab ntawm kev quab yuam ntawm kev sis raug zoo lwm tus lub nucleus. Radius ntawm tus kheej ntawm lub hwj chim kab ho (los ntawm ob peb kev txiav txim ntawm qhov ntau) loj tshaj li qhov loj ntawm lub nucleus, piv txwv li, lub ntsiav yuav suav hais tias ib tug taw tes nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm lub kheej. Qhov no yam ntxwv caij yog txiav txim los ntawm lub voos kheej-kheej ntawm tus kheej loj teb kab, uas nyob rau hauv kev xyaum yog tib yam rau tag nrho cov roj thiab hais yog 2 x 10-9 M ~. Yog vim li cas, nyob rau hauv ib tug cubic Meter ntawm qhov chaw muaj tib tus naj npawb ntawm cov yam ntxwv hais, seb nws yog "me me" los yog electron "loj" molecule.

Tam sim no peb paub tias tag nrho cov roj tshuaj feem ntau muaj ib tug ntim ntawm 37,22 · 10-27 m3 thiab lub voos kheej-kheej ntawm tus kheej sib npaug zos rau ~ 2 · 10-9 m; raws li zoo raws li atoms - ib tug tsawg kawg nkaus particle khoom muaj tib lub ceev raws li lub tshuaj nws tus kheej, ces, paub txog cov kev ceev ntawm qhov teeb meem (tus nqi uas muaj nyob rau hauv tej phau ntawv nyeem nyob rau hauv physics) thiab xam qhov loj ntawm lub atom, nws yog ua tau, siv cov mis ntawm ceev ρ = m / v xam qhov ntim thiab ib voos ncig ntawm txhua atom.

Yog li, hydrogen H2 ceev ntawm 0,0899 kg / m3, qhov loj ntawm ob hydrogen atoms m = 2MP + 2me = 3.347 · 10-27kg, ces V = m / ρ = 37,23 · 10-27m3 thiab R = 2.071 · 10 -9m. Pa: O2 ceev = 1,428 kg / m 3, m = 53,5744 · 10-27kg, ces V = 37,55 · 10-27m3 thiab R = 2,077 · 10-9 M.

Raws li koj tau pom tau tias tag nrho cov roj tshuaj nyob rau hauv ib txwm tej yam coj mus yuav luag tib yam nqi thiab muaj suab tib yam voos kheej-kheej. Qhov xaus rau ib tug atom ntawm ib tug tshuaj caij yog nyob rau hauv lub gaseous hauv lub xeev (nyob rau hauv ib txwm tej yam kev mob), nws yuav tsum muaj ib tug ntim ntawm ~ 37 · 10-27m3 thiab lub voos kheej-kheej ntawm tus kheej, sib npaug zos rau 2 · 10-9 M ~. Tej volume thiab ib voos ncig yog tag nrho cov inert gases, dab tsi yuav ua tau txhua kev ua tau zoo tsim nyog suav.

Nws yog ib zajlus kom xav tias hais tias qhov ntim ntawm lub atom yuav ho me me rau cov kua tshuaj. Tshaj cov roj, i.e., Teeb meem quab yuam kab Atom kev sib tshuam yuav tsum tau muaj ib tug me me volume thiab chaw pib rau ib tug ntau dua ceev.

Peb txhais tau lub ntim thiab ib voos ncig ntawm lub atoms (molecules) kua tshuaj, bromine, mercury thiab dej.

Bromine Br2: ρ = 3100 kg / m 3, m = 133,94 · 10-27kg, ces V = m / ρ = 0,0432 · 10-27m3 thiab R = 0,2177 · 10-9 M ..

Mercury Hg: ρ = 13.500 kg / m 3, m = 336.544 · 10-27 kg, ces V = 0,0249 · 10-27m3 thiab R = 0,1812 · 10-9 M.

Dej H20: ρ = 1000 kg / m 3, m = 30,1343 · 10-27 kg, ces V = 0,03013 · 10-27 m3 thiab R = 0,1931 · 10-9 M.

Raws li peb pom, ntim ntawm cov kua tshuaj thiab lub voos kheej-kheej yog ho me dua hais tias ntawm ib gaseous tshuaj. Nyob rau hauv lub kua tshuaj teeb meem teb kab nyob rau hauv lub atom (molecule) "compressed" rau nws kua "concentration", i.e. mus rau ib tug ntau dua ceev.

Tam sim no xav txog dab tsi yuav tshwm sim nrog rau cov yam ntxwv hais txog qhov roj hom nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob txawv los ntawm lub cev i.e. los ntawm 101325 Pa = Pn thiab TN = 273,16 K.

Nyob rau hauv cov kev cai ntawm thermodynamics ntawm cov roj-c siv tau cov kab zauv VH = V · F · Ts / T · fh lw hloov npaum li cas ntawm cov yam ntxwv neeg, nyob ntawm seb kub thiab siab.

Suav qhia tias nrog nce kub tus nqi ntawm lub yam ntxwv caij yog nce, thiab decreases nrog Txo tau cov kub. Thaum lub siab - volume yam ntxwv caij decreases thiab tsub kom nrog ib tug txo, xws li ib tug stratospheric zais pa Rising mus rau lub stratosphere.

Raws li cov saum toj no, raws li cov roj cai ntawm thermodynamics, yuav tsum muaj ib tug kev cai lij choj ntawm xwm: "Teeb meem nyob rau hauv lub ntug yuav nyob ua ib ke tsis muaj qhov chaw, raws li qhov chaw tej zaum yuav tsis muaj nyob tsis muaj teeb meem. Teeb meem thiab qhov chaw yog ib tug. "

Tam sim no zoo li no ua nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm thawj hais. Raws li hais saum toj no, tus tsim ntawm cov thawj hais - photon tau ua los ntawm combining saw tshuaj tiv thaiv (synthesis) ntawm opposite nqi pib ntug - electrons thiab positrons. Qhov chaw twb tau sau nrog ib tug expanding ntug photons ambient kub, uas ua nyob rau hauv lub synthesis ntawm xwb tau sawv rov los mus ~ 1010K

Qhia qhov tseemceeb txog ntawm lub photon.

Paub txog hais tias ib tug tias ntawm tej roj, xws li photonic roj (nruab nrab), occupies tib volume sib npaug zos 0,02241383m3 / mol thiab muaj 6,0221367 × 1023 ntxwv ntsiab txhais ib volume nyob los ntawm ib tug photon.

Vγ = 0.02241383 / 1023 = 6.0221367 · 37,22 · 10-27m3 kheej nrog voos kheej-kheej R = 2 x 10-9 M.

Photon loj sib npaug zos rau cov loj ntawm ob zaug xwb electron mγ = 2 · kuv- = 6,073 · 10-31kg. Photon kab muaj electromagnetic sis raug zoo.

Paub qhov volume nyob los ntawm cov photon thiab nws hnyav, txiav txim cov kev ceev ntawm photonic ib puag ncig, sau rau qhov chaw ntawm lub expanding ntug.
ργ = m / v = 6.073 · 10-31 / 37,22 · 10-27 = 1,63 · 10-5kg / m3.
Qhov no eighty txhiab lub sij hawm sib zog dua cov pa ntiaj teb ib puag ncig.
Photon ceev nruab nrab yuav tau payment thiab hydrogen ceev, paub hais tias cov proton 1836 lub sij hawm hnyav dua cov triplet hluav taws xob los yog 5508 lub sij hawm hnyav dua ib zaug xwb electron e, ces

ργ = ρH2 / 5508 = 0,0899 / 5508 = 1,63 = · 10-5 kg / m3.

photon tsim muaj nyob rau hauv Scheme 1. (Tag nrho cov circuits conventionally tsim).

tswvyim 1

http://s014.radikal.ru/i329/1207/51/c47cf9c5c46d.png

Thaum lub sij hawm tsim ntawm photons, qhov kub thiab txias yog tsa, thiab pooling tshwm sim ob khub ntawm electrons thiab positrons tsim tau ib neutrino.

Neutrino - ib tug particle nrog lub siab kaw teb kab sis muaj ib tug nyob nruab nrab xwb thiab ib tug loj sib npaug zos rau plaub nkaus xwb electrons.
neutrino tsim muaj nyob rau hauv Scheme 2.

tswvyim 2

  http://s44.radikal.ru/i104/1207/3f/ba837a73da7d.png

Nrog ntxiv kev nce rau hauv kub mus txog 1011 K, lub tej yam kev mob rau tsim ntawm teeb meem ntawm opposite nqi, cev ntas hais constituting lub electron thiab positron triplets.

E t - ib tug particle tsim los ntawm combining (phiajcim) nrog ob tug electron positrons muaj kab ntawm kev quab yuam (tsis zoo) electric teb (+ 1-1-1) = - 1 thiab sib nqus sis nrog ib tug loj sib npaug zos rau cov loj ntawm ib electrons peb (m = 9 , 1093897 · 10-31kg). Txhais hluav taws xob triplet cim e-Δ. e triplet tsim yog muaj nyob rau hauv Scheme 3.

tswvyim 3

   http://s51.radikal.ru/i132/1207/fb/ed79c230a07b.png

Positron t - ib tug particle tsim los ntawm combining (phiajcim) ntawm lub positron nrog ob tug electrons muaj ib lub hwj chim kab (positive) fais (+ 1 + 1-1) = + 1 thiab sib nqus sis nrog ib tug loj sib npaug zos rau qhov loj ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob triplet.

Positron triplet denoted los ntawm e + Δ.

Kev Kawm Ntawv positron triplet qhia nyob rau hauv Scheme 4.

tswvyim 4  

http://s014.radikal.ru/i327/1207/3c/f3bb0d0dc924.png

Electron thiab positron tsim triplets (vim hais tias ntawm lub txog ntawm txoj kev) yog considerably me dua cov photon kwv yees li 105 hais ib cubic Meter ntawm qhov chaw.

Electrons thiab positrons triplets tiav thawj kauj ruam ntawm txoj kev thawj hais txog opposite nqi ntawm tus so ntawm lub ntug.

Qhov thib ob theem.

Electrons thiab positrons triplets li hais muaj opposite nqi, forces "tsis muaj zog" lub fais sis tsim nruab nrab triplet units qhia nyob rau hauv Scheme 5.
Peb txhais nruab nrab triplet link cim e ° Δ

tswvyim 5
http://s010.radikal.ru/i311/1207/43/810215f1b493.png

Cov tsim ntawm electron-positron triplet units (nyob rau hauv lub synthesis cov tshuaj tiv thaiv) yog nqa tawm ntawm ib tug kub ntawm txog 1012 K, uas tsim tej yam kev mob rau cov tsim lub dag lub zog "muaj zog" magnetic kev sib tshuam (uas neutrinos li phau ntawv hais) triplet neutrino saw qhia nyob rau hauv Scheme 6.

tswvyim 6

http://s019.radikal.ru/i638/1207/34/04c0ec000233.png

Lub fact tias cov neutrino yog losis tswvyim dabtsi, xa cov qias neeg quab yuam, tus hais yuav ua tau (rau ib co raws li) rau lw lub piv txwv nram qab: yog hais tias nyob nruab nrab ntawm lub tib lub ncej ntawm ib tug magnet muab tso rau nruab nrab (ib yam li neutrinos) yog tsis magnetized hlau phaj, cov lus rov nqi (raws li tau zoo raws li tib lub npe) ncej magnet yuav attracted.

Txij li thaum lub union triplet nqi nyob rau hauv cov chav nyob ntawm tsev nyob rau hauv lub electromagnetic photon nruab nrab kom tsim triplet neutrino saw uas, mus nyob rau hauv ib tug sib nqus teb ntawm qhov nruab nrab yuav tsum tau spirally-ncig lem "twist" (txheej los ntawm txheej) nyob rau hauv ib tug spherically-kheej kheej hais ntawm zoo xws li cov kauv thiab pob galaxies .

Tam sim ntawd seb puas tsimnyog tau rau lo lus nug: "yuav ua li cas loj thiab nyhav yuav" loj hlob "ib tug particle?"

Raws li cov "kev loj hlob" ntawm tus hais raws li pom, sau dua kub, thiab chaw pib ib qho kev nce nyob rau hauv cov kev ceev ntawm lub zog, rau txhua particle, thiab muaj yog ib tug tej yam kub chaw pib ntawm nws yug thiab tsim.

Li no, tus hais tawm los ntawm cov triplet xwb tiav lawv txoj kev loj hlob thiab nce nyob rau hauv loj thaum muaj lawv kawg ceev sib npaug zos rau cov kev ceev ntawm lub teeb, thiab chaw pib lub siab tshaj plaws kub Harbor sib npaug zos rau txog 1013 K.

Qhov no kawg particle yuav neutrons.

neutron Education (proton) yuav ua tau, rau ib co degree piv nrog rau tsim ntawm DNA molecules (RNA) ntawm atoms ntawm tshuaj ntsiab. Neutron, raws li peb pom, yog tsim los ntawm cov thawj zaug hais ntawm qhov teeb meem - lub electron thiab positron triplets ntxiv neutrinos, koom nyob rau hauv lub "molecule" neutron.

Raws li cov foregoing, nws yuav lam xav tias nyob rau hauv lub qab ntuj khwb tsis muaj lwm yam tsim thawj zaug particle - loj zog ntawm lub hwj chim ntawm kev txiav txim thiab lub kub uas yuav tsum ntau dua rau cov creation ntawm ib tug neutron. Tag nrho cov ntau - nws los yog lub koom haum hais los yog "thooj" ntawm lawv puas tsuaj, los yog particulate teeb meem, muaj raws ntawm atoms ntawm tshuaj ntsiab.

Lub fact tias cov neutron yog ib tug particle muaj ib tug electron-positron triplet nqi thiab neutrinos paub tseeb hais tias neutron tshua nyob hauv proton lwj. Cia peb kawm seb yuav ua li cas cov txheej txheem neutron lwj.

Yuav pib, cia peb nco qab hais tias cov lus kawg link triplet neutrino neutron chains yog nruab nrab hais e ° Δ (cm. Scheme 5), neutrinos thiab raws li qhia nyob rau hauv Schemes 6 thiab 7.

tswvyim 7

http://s08.radikal.ru/i181/1207/ba/05ba150d3865.png

Scheme 7 qhia txog qhov kawg puag ncig ntawm triplet neutrino neutron saw (mus txog nws decomposition). 1- triplet neutrino khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg; 2- nruab nrab triplet units - e ° Δ; 3-phau ntawv neutrino - υ;

thiab, - conditional kab ntawm "tsis muaj zog" hluav taws xob kev twb kev txuas electron thiab positron triplets nyob rau hauv nruab nrab kev mus rau hauv cov saw.

neutron decays mus rau ib tug proton nyob rau hauv ib tug kev sib tsoo nrog lwm tus hais ntawm qhov nruab nrab, e t, thiab neutrinos
n → P + e-Δ + υ, raws li qhia nyob rau hauv schematically Scheme 8.

tswvyim 8

http://i069.radikal.ru/1207/d9/7206eb5d64b5.png

Scheme 8 qhia tau hais tias cov hniav lwj ntawm lub neutron.

1 - tsim proton P 2 - t e e, disintegrated nruab nrab txoj haujlwm; 3 - phau ntawv neutrino υ; thiab - ib tug xav txog tej yam kab "tsis muaj zog" hluav taws xob kev twb kev txuas electron thiab positron triplet nyob rau hauv qhov link no.

Raws li koj tau pom, qhov seem ntawm lub txuas - positron triplet thiab txiav txim seb tus zoo them nyiaj ntawm cov proton. Tam sim no qhov cim tseg cov proton lwj.

Thaum raug rau high-zog hais rau cov proton, proton neutron disintegrates rau hauv n1, positron t + Δ e thiab neutrino υ.

P → n1 + e + Δ + υ, raws li schematically illustrated nyob rau hauv Scheme 9.

Daim duab 9

http://s50.radikal.ru/i130/1207/27/d66b958d56c3.png

Scheme 9 illustrates proton lwj.
1 - positron t e + Δ; 2 - neutrino υ; 3 - triplet neutrino khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg; 4 - neutron, xws li ib tug kos npe rau N1 lub neutron yog yooj yim dua rau tus luj ntawm cov pa triplet thiab neutrinos, thiab neutrinos accession, cia li rau tus luj ntawm lub triplet.

Lub atoms ntawm ib txoj kev hloov ntawm ib tug proton rau hauv ib lub neutron nrog rau qhov sib ntxiv ntawm hluav taws xob triplet thiab neutrinos.

Tam sim no peb muaj peev xwm twv yuav raug hu hais tias nyob rau yug me nyuam ntawm cov ntug uas twb muaj lawm peb ruaj khov thawj hais tau raug tsim: lub photon, neutron thiab ib tug neutrino. Nws yuav tsum uas sau hais tias raws li thaum ntxov raws li 1940. G.Gamov physicist ua hauj lwm rau lub cosmological kev tshawb xav ntawm "Big Bang", nws yog lam xav tias cov ntug thaum pib yog mus muaj xws li tsis muaj dab tsi tab sis neutrons uas ua los ntawm lub cev qhuav dej, lawv yuav tsum tau tig mus rau hauv protons, electrons thiab antineutrinos.

Paub qhov loj ntawm lub substance, qhov ntim ntawm lub qhov chaw ntawm lub ntug thiab cov neutron loj, peb yuav txiav txim seb tus xov tooj ntawm neutrons tsim, uas yog ~ 102 ntawm cov yam ntxwv neeg ib cubic Meter, yog 1020 lub sij hawm tsawg tshaj li yog tsim photons. Luj ntawm lub resulting neutrons yog (yeej) cov loj ntawm qhov teeb meem nyob rau hauv lub ntug sib npaug zos 1052..1053 ~ kg (galaxies, lub hnub qub, planets, thiab lwm tus neeg.).

Qhov no piav txog cov xov tooj ntawm neutrons thiab hais tias cov nyiaj pab ntau tshaj kub tsim neutron 1013 K, qhov kub ntawm lub ntug nruab nrab tseem ze li ntawm tib yam li nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm ib tug photon 1010 K.

Tam sim no peb paub tias nyob rau hauv thaum pib muaj ib lub tsim ntawm ib tug neutron.

Nucleation pib neutron lub koom haum nrog electron thiab positron triplets rog "tsis muaj zog" lub fais sis nyob rau hauv nruab nrab triplet units (saib. Daim duab 6). (Ntawm no, "tsis muaj zog" hluav taws xob sis yog muab piv nrog rau cov "muaj zog" magnetic sis). Ces, triplet units zog "muaj zog" magnetic sis (nrog phau ntawv neutrino), koom nyob rau hauv triplet neutrino saw uas (nyob rau hauv lub electromagnetic puag ncig ntug) thiab neutron tsim (saib. Scheme 7).

Cov uas ua neutrons (photon ua nyob rau hauv lub ntug puag ncig ntawm ib tug kub ntawm 1010 K) yog raug txaus nquag photon hais. Zog quab yuam kev ua photonic hais (ntawm ib tug muab kub) yog txaus so lub electron-positron link neutron kev cob cog rua rog "tsis muaj zog" lub fais sis nyob rau hauv kev tivthaiv qhov chaw rau daim ntawv ib tug proton thiab ya "thooj" - hluav taws xob triplet thiab neutrinos, raws li qhia tswvyim 8.

Raws li cov ambient kub dauv nruab nrab zog photons quab yuam kev ua yuav tsis txaus mus ua txhaum mus rau hauv nws cov feem chaw neutron thiab cov neutron hloov siab los ntseeg nyob rau hauv proton xaus.

Lub fact tias cov neutron units tsim los ntawm triplet neutrino saw yog paub tseeb hais tias tseem los ntawm cov koob pheej ntawm lawv thiab cov neutron loj nrog ib tug loj ntawm kev rhuav qhov chaw, i.e. neutron loj sib npaug zos rau cov loj ntawm kev rhuav hais - proton triplet electron thiab ib tug neutrino.

m (n) = m (p) + m (e-Δ) + m (υ), qhov chaw uas
m (e-Δ) - loj ntawm lub electron triplet (saib daim duab 3.), uas yog sib npaug zos rau qhov loj ntawm lub peb ib electron;
m (υ) - neutrino loj (saib daim duab 2.) sib npaug zos luj ntawm plaub nkaus xwb electrons, whereas mn = 1,6727 · 10-27 + 0,00213 · 10-27, uas yog suab sib npaug zos rau cov neutron loj (tsis pub dhau lub laij metering).

Wb saib ua li cas tom ntej no, thaum lub neutron lwj?

Neutrinos, raws li ib tug nruab nrab particle yog faib tau rau hauv qhov chaw. Hauv triplet li ib tug electrically them particle nyob rau hauv tus ntawm electromagnetic rog ntawm lub proton, yuav hloov nws trajectory nyob rau hauv ib tug yeej thiab yog rotated nyob ib ncig ntawm ib tug proton, li no txoj kev ua ib hydrogen atom. Lub hydrogen cov ntsiab lus (nyob rau hauv proton neutron hloov dua siab tshiab) los ntawm assumption zaum yog ~ 93% nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov ntug.

Nrog rau cov tsim ntawm ib tug neutron thiab ib tug proton tiav rau lub thib ob theem ntawm cov thawj hais ntawm lub ntug thiab thaum pib ntawm lub theem tom ntej - lub theem ntawm tsim ntawm galaxies thiab cov tshuaj ntawm cov tshuaj hais.
Yuav kom sum mus soj ntsuam txoj kev.

Raws li yuav pom, nyob rau hauv thawj zaug ntug teeb meem muaj opposite nqi - electrons thiab positrons.

Qhov no teeb meem tsis tshwm sim tawm ntawm tsis muaj dab tsi, thiab tsis ploj kiag li, nws tsuas kis los ntawm ib lub xeev (so lub xeev) rau lwm lub xeev (zog lub xeev).

Lub xeev txoj kev hloov ntawm qhov teeb meem nyob rau hauv tsab ntawv tsa suab nrog lub tsim ntawm cov thawj particle - ib tug photon. photon kev kawm ntawv thiab yog thaum pib ntawm yug me nyuam ntawm ib tug expanding ntug.

Qhov chaw expanding ntug uniformly (homogeneously thiab isotropically) nyob thiab nyob electromagnetic teeb meem (photon nruab nrab).

Tam sim no peb paub hais tias tus expansion ntawm lub ntug yog vim cov kev hloov ntawm qhov teeb meem los ntawm ib lub xeev ntawm so rau ib lub xeev ntawm nws tsab ntawv tsa suab, piv txwv li, Lub ntug yog expanding ntawm cov nuj nqis ntawm tus so ntawm lub ntug, los yog, thiaj tau speak, mus rau hauv lub ntug ntawm kaj siab lug.

Lub electromagnetic ib puag ncig thiab tsim qhov kawg ib feem ntawm lub ntug - ib tug neutron. Nyob rau hauv lub lwj ntawm lub neutron thiab proton tsim, ntsig txog, cov thawj substance atom - hydrogen.

Hydrogen, raws li muaj ib tug zoo them particle - proton thiab tsis zoo them hais - electrons, tsiv nyob rau hauv lub electromagnetic puag ncig ntawm lub ntug (nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm nws magnetic quab yuam) tsim kauv (yeej) "koog puav" ntawm ib yam khoom los ntawm qhov uas raug tsim (thiab tsim) galaxies, lub hnub qub, planets thiab, raws li, lub ntiaj teb no nyob ib ncig ntawm.

Qhov no keeb kwm ntawm lub ntug thiab lub ntiaj teb no yog tej yam ntuj tso thiab cov zajlus kom.