Toxicity - Toxicity yog ...

Nyob rau ntau lub lag luam, thiab cia li nyob rau hauv lub neej, koj tau feem ntau hnov txog cov tshuaj lom tebchaw thiab tej yam tshuaj lom. Tab sis zoo li cas ntawm molecules nws yog? Toxicity - lub ntsuas ntawm toxicity, los yog ib yam dab tsi ntxiv? Sim kom to taub txog cov chav kawm ntawm lub tsab xov xwm.

Yuav ua li cas yog lub toxicity?

Raws li cov tshuaj taw tes ntawm view, lub ntsiab txhais ntawm "toxicity" - yog ib qho kev qhia ntawm ib tug truncated lub npe toksikometricheskogo index. Qhov no yog tus nqi uas hais tias yuav ua li cas ib tug compound yog txaus ntshai rau kev kho mob thiab lub neej thiab cov tsiaj sov-blooded creatures.

Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, lub toxicity - yog ib qho kev ntsuas ntawm lub siab tshaj plaws pub concentration ntawm yus yam khoom uas, nyob rau hauv uas nws yuav tsis muaj tsis zoo los thaum raug mus nyob beings.

Active tivthaiv xam raws li lub rov qab cov nqi ntawm cov qhov nruab nrab tuag koob tshuaj ntawm ib tug neeg sawv cev. Koj yuav tau hais tias lub toxicity - muaj peev xwm ntawm ib tug compound mus ua irreversible hloov nyob rau hauv lub noj qab haus huv ntawm tib neeg, tej tsiaj los yog nroj tsuag.

Cov kev ntsuas ntawm toxicity tej zaum yuav sib txawv, los txhais tau nws yuav siv cai tshwj xeeb los yog tsis. Nyob rau qhov no vim qhov txawv ob peb pawg ntawm tshuaj.

Cov chav kawm ntawm tshuaj toxicity

Ob peb ntawm lawv. Qhov no zoo ntawm kev faib ntawm lub tswvyim. Xav txog tag nrho cov tau pab pawg.

1. Tus thawj chav kawm ntawv ntawm toxicity - yog tsis tshua muaj teeb meem. Zaub tooj hauv qab no yog 15 mg / kg lub cev hnyav.
2. Heev lom tebchaw. Tej index yog ntau dua, tab sis tseem me me - los ntawm 15 mus rau 150 mg / kg.
3. Ntsis nyob rau hauv raug - txog li 1500 mg / kg.
4. Tsawg-toxic - ntau tshaj yav dhau los daim duab.

Lawm, lub rau kev kho mob yuav muab tsis tau tsuas yog qhov tseeb, uas pab pawg neeg yog cov tus tsim txom, tab sis nws lub sij hawm ntawm raug. Lub siab dua nws yog, qhov ntau dua kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev tuag los yog mob hnyav lom.

Heev tej yam tshuaj lom

Cov no muaj xws tsis yog cov uas ua rau lom nyob rau hauv tib neeg thiab tsiaj. Tab sis kuj cov neeg uas muaj peev xwm ua kom dej paug qias cov ib puag ncig. Tej zaum lawv yuav nyob rau hauv sib txawv xeev ntawm aggregation:

• khoom;
• kua;
• gases.

Cov feem ntau txaus ntshai ntawm lawv - lub asphyxiating roj tebchaw uas yog tsis muaj kob thiab ntxhiab. Piv txwv li, cov pa roj carbon monoxide los yog cov pa roj carbon monoxide.

Heev tej yam tshuaj lom muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov yam ntxwv uas cia rau faib rau lawv cov lwm tebchaw.

1. Tau kis cua ntws mus rau ntau yam (tej zaum loj heev) deb.
2. Hauv rau ntau yam khoom hauv tsev, khoom noj khoom haus, thiab lwm yam uas ua rau kom txoj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kab mob thiab lom.
3. Ntau dhau lawm muaj ntau haiv neeg thiab txawv nyob rau hauv kev ua tau zoo, yog li ntawd koj yuav ua universal kev khwv.

Cov no hais tias cov tshuaj muaj taug - qhov no yog ib tug ntawm cov teeb meem, uas yog heev yooj yim mus rau tiv nrog thiab txawm ntau nyuaj rau siab tswj. Yog li ntawd, cov ua hauj lwm nrog cov tebchaw yog tsis tshua muaj txaus ntshai thiab undesirable. Thiab yog hais tias nws yuav zam tsis, nws yog tsim nyog los ua tib zoo xav txog tag nrho cov tau xaiv rau kev tiv thaiv ntawm cov pa ib ntsuj av tau thiab daim tawv nqaij.

Xav txog ob peb yam piv txwv ntawm cov feem ntau haib tshuaj lom cov kua, thiab cov asphyxiating roj molecules.

Hydrocyanic acid thiab nws ntsev

Lub toxicity ntawm tshuaj teej tug mus rau lub ntsev ntawm hydrocyanic acid yog tsis tshua muaj siab. Raws li zoo raws li lub compound nws tus kheej. Nws tshuaj mis HCN. Nws muaj ib tug yam ntxwv tsw xwb cov xwm, dawb-ntws thiab heev volatile.

Nws ib tug txaus ntshai vaj tse - nws yog soluble nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov hom ntawm cov kuab tshuaj, xws li dej. Yog li ntawd, thaum noj nws yog absorbed instantly. Physiological ntxim rau lub cev yog thaiv cov hlab qhov ua pa system. Cyanide (hydrocyanic acid ntsev) muaj peev xwm ntawm combining nrog hemoglobin hlau, li no rhuav tseg rau nws. Thaum zoo li no yuav pib rau oxygen starvation ntawm ntaub so ntswg, lub hlwb thiab kabmob. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim - lub imminent tuag los yog heev heev intoxication.

Potassium cyanide yog siv raws li qhov muaj zog tshuaj lom txij ancient sij hawm. Nws yog twb paub rau nws cov khoom thiab los ntawm lub cev.

nkev kuab lom tog

Ntawm cov gaseous tebchaw, muaj ntau ntau yam ntawm cov neeg uas yuav mus rau ib pab pawg neeg ntawm mas lom. Txawm tias thaum lub ntiaj teb no ua tsov ua rog kuv cov tshuaj roj yog siv raws li ib tug tshuaj lom neeg, thiab kuj ntse.

Muaj ntau ntau ntawm cov feem ntau tsausmuag kev txiav txim thiab ntau lub tebchaw ntawm no hom:

• phosgene;
• formaldehyde;
• chloro;
• ib tug khub ntawm bromine atoms;
• carbon monoxide;
• chloride, phosphorus (III);
• ammonia;
• hydrogen sulphide;
• carbon disulfide;
• leej faj dioxide;
• methyl chloride, thiab ntau lwm tus neeg.

Sau tag nrho cov cia li yog tsis tau, lawv muaj pes tsawg yog ib yam nkaus thiab loj. Dhau li lossi tsim tag nrho cov tshiab ntau yam ntawm tej kev sib txuas, ib co kev uas replenish lub txhab nyiaj lom.

tshuaj

Qhov no lom roj daj-ntsuab xim nrog ib tug suffocating tsw. Vim qhov no nws yog ua tau rau ntes tsis muaj tshwj xeeb cov khoom. Nws yog hnyav dua cov huab cua, ces nws tog mus rau lub lowlands. Yog li ntawd, kev khiav los ntawm nws cov teebmeem xav tau, nce toj raws li high school raws li sai tau.

Qhov no yuam kev thiab ua cov neeg uas tsis tau paub txog qhov no gas zog. Lawv pib mus nkaum nyob rau hauv lub qab lawj thiab lub lowlands, nyob qhov twg lub ntsiab thiab txo cov huab ntawm tshuaj lom. Nws lom tej yam ntawm lub cev yog suffocating nyhuv. Ib zaug hauv los ntawm cov pa ib ntsuj av tau, nws ua rau mob loj heev kev kub nyhiab thiab cov ntaub so ntswg, raws li ib tug tshwm sim, teeb meem nyob rau hauv ua tsis taus pa, mob nrog ua ke. Qhov kev ua yog pib nyob rau hauv nws concentration hauv cov huab cua nyob rau hauv ib tug npaum li ntawm 6 mg / ^m3.

Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv thov no ntawm cov roj nyob rau hauv kev lag luam nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev. Yog li ntawd, nws yog siv rau:

• manufacture ntawm tshuaj tua kab;
• hlau tshuaj;
• cov zaub mov kev lag luam raws li ib tug additive (E 925);
• dej kom huv;
• raws li tshuaj dawb tso additives;
• raws li ib tug muaj zog tshuaj tua kab mob, xws li rau kev kho mob hom phiaj.

Ua hauj lwm nrog no compound yuav tsum ua tib zoo siv ib tug tshwj xeeb kev tiv thaiv ce thiab tsis muaj tsis muaj kev ruaj ntseg cov kev cai.

phosgene

Qhov no lom cov roj, uas feem ntau muaj tsis muaj xim, tsis hnov tsw thiab tsw ntxhiab si hay. Nws loj tshaj txaus ntshai yog tias tawm tsam nws muaj yog tsis muaj antidote. Tiv thaiv koj tus kheej, koj muaj peev xwm tsuas los npog. Nws twb siv nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no ua tsov ua rog kuv raws li ib tug tshuaj lom neeg.

Nws physiological nyhuv yog instantaneous thaiv cov hlab alveolar raws. Cov no muaj zog pulmonary edema. Kev tuag yog muaj tiag li ntawd, cov roj ntog mus rau hauv qeb uas tsis tshua muaj tej yam tshuaj lom.

Nws nyob rau hauv concentration tus nqi ntawm 5 mg yuav ua rau txoj kev tuag. Yog hais tias los ntawm lub heev thaum pib ntawm raug phosgene yuav kuaj tau los ntawm tsis hnov tsw, ces nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej nws blocks lub olfactory paj, li ntawd nws yuav tsis tau muaj nyob rau txhua concentration nyob rau hauv cov huab cua.