Tawv sij hawm nyob rau Lavxias teb sab av: lub xyoo pua 13th - lub sij hawm ntawm invasions

Thaum sib txawv lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua xeem, txawv teb chaws invaders pheej sim yuav tsum yeej xwb Russia, thiab nws yog nws muaj nqis, unbroken, rau hnub no. Tawv lub sij hawm tsis tshwm sim dua nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm lub Lavxias teb sab teb chaws. Tab sis qhov no, raws li nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 13th, nyuaj lub sij hawm uas raug teeb meem heev hav zoov ntawm lub xeev tsis yog, no mas, tej nuj nqis ua ntej los yog tom qab. Lub sib cem tau nqa tawm, thiab los ntawm cov sab hnub poob thiab sab qab teb los ntawm ntau yam aggressors. Lub sij hawm yog tawv nyob rau hauv lub Lavxias teb sab teb chaws.

Rus nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 13th

Nrog nws sawv? Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th Constantinople raws li sab ntsuj plig chaw poob nws cov cawv. Ib txhia lub teb chaws (xws li, Bulgaria, Serbia) paub txog txoj cai thiab lub supremacy ntawm Catholicism. Ib tug stronghold ntawm lub Orthodox lub ntiaj teb no yuav Russia, ces tseem - Kiev. Tab sis lub cheeb tsam yog tsis niaj hnub. Ua ntej qhov ntxeem tau ntawm Batu Khan thiab nws hordes ntawm Lavxias teb sab Mir yog ib tug ob peb principalities vying rau cawv ntawm lawv tus kheej. Torn los ntawm strife princes cov txheeb ze, tsis txhob ua rau kom lub koom haum ntawm ib tug united cov tub rog, muaj peev xwm mus muab dlej kam mus rau lub invaders. Qhov no teb cov leem txoj kev rau cov uas yuav tshwm sim tsis yooj yim lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab av.

Ntxeem tau ntawm Batu

Nyob rau hauv 1227 yoojyim lub Khan ntawm lub neej, cov poj oriental warrior. Muaj tau ib tug redistribution ntawm lub hwj chim ntawm lub cev cov txheeb ze. Ib tug ntawm cov xeeb ntxwv, Batu, muaj ib tug tshwj xeeb warlike cim thiab lub koom haum txuj ci. Nws sau ib tug lossis loj pab tub rog ntawm lub tswv yim (qhov chaw nyob ib ncig ntawm 140 txhiab tus neeg), muaj raws ntawm nomads thiab mercenaries. Nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm 1237 qhov ntxeem tau pib. Lavxias teb sab pab tub rog yog tsawg heev heev (txog li 100 txhiab tus neeg) thiab tawg ri niab. Yog li ntawd, nws poob nyob rau hauv lub tragic sib ntaus sib tua ntawm lub Kalka. Nws yuav zoo li, ntawm no yog ib lub sij hawm mus koom ua ke thiab hais rau tus yeeb ncuab. Tab sis cov thawj ntawm qhov kev txiav txim cov neeg tseem ceeb txuas ntxiv strife, thiab nyob rau hauv Novgorod, nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb, nrog tshiab rog tsoo tawm riots. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim - tus ntxiv kev puas tsuaj rau principalities. Thawj Ryazansky, ces - Vladimir-Suzdalsky. Kolomna, Moscow ravaged ... Vladimir, Baty mus rau Novgorod, tab sis kom sawvdaws tsis xeeb, muab sab qab teb thiab mus rau hauv lub Polovtsian steppe - replenish lub zog. Nyob rau hauv 1240 hordes ntawm Batu puas Chernihiv, Kyiv, nkag mus rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe, cov Mongol warriors tuaj txoj cai mus txog rau lub Adriatic. Tab sis tom qab nres tsov rog nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam. Thiab ces - poob rau ib qho nyuaj lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab teb chaws. Bicentennial quab tsim rau ob xyoo tom qab muaj qhov ntxeem tau, thiab rub cov nyiaj them ntawm tribute rau tag nrho cov tau kov yeej pawg neeg thaj av lub Tatar rulers. Raws li historians hais tias, nws twb yog nyob rau hauv 1480.

Cov kev hem thawj los ntawm sab hnub poob

Tawv sij hawm nyob rau Lavxias teb sab av teeb meem twb tsis yog tas rau cov sab hnub tuaj thiab sab qab teb nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 13th. Yog hais tias muaj invasions ntau punitive expeditions nyob rau hauv lub sab hnub poob ib feem ntawm cov kev sib ntaus sib tua tau qhov tawm tsam. Zog ntawm Guj kuj tiv thaiv cov rog ntawm tag nrho cov Swedes, Lithuanians, Germans. Nyob rau hauv 1239 tus Vajntxwv ntawm Sweden xa ib pab tub rog coob tiv thaiv Novgorod. Tab sis nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo, lub Swedes raug ntiab rov qab thiab tua yeej (yuav Smolensk). Nyob rau Neva Lavxias teb sab tub rog kuj yeej xwb. Tub Vaj Ntxwv ntawm Novgorod, Alexander coj tub cheev xwm yeej lub zoo-armed thiab kawm cov Swedish pab tub rog. No yeej nws raug hu Nevsky (nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm lub hero tsuas yog 20 xyoo!). Nyob rau hauv 1242-m ntiab tawm lub Germans los ntawm Pskov. Thiab Alexander nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo, ua rau ib tug ntsoog loj heev tshuab rau knight troops nyob rau hauv sib ntaus sib tua nyob rau hauv lub pas dej Peipus (sib ntaus sib tua ntawm lub Ice). Knights tua thiaj li muaj ntau hais tias lub Livonian Order rau 10 xyoo, tsis venture mus tua lub Lavxias teb sab teb chaws. Thaum muaj ntau yam ntawm cov sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Novgorod thiab tau zoo, tsis tau nws yog heev hnyav, nyuaj lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab av.

Lub ntiaj teb no nyob ib ncig ntawm peb (Qib 4)

Ntsiab lus, peb yuav hais kom ntau tshaj feem ntau, tag nrho cov xyoo pua 13th nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm Russia yog nyuaj heev rau qhov kev txiav txim princes-rau sab saum toj, thiab rau cov neeg, uas tuag lawm thiab los ntshav raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm ntev thiab heev heev tub rog ua hauj lwm. Mongol yoke, ntawm chav kawm, cuam tshuam rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub Lavxias teb sab xeev, thiab cov ntaub ntawv zoo ntawm lub zos, yuam kom them tribute. Thiab lub sib ntaus nrog crusaders vim hais tias ntawm nws cov tseem ceeb koob meej nyob rau hauv tsos thiab cov ntaub ntawv. Qhov no cov ntaub ntawv uas yuav siv tau rau ib zaj lus qhia rau hauv lub ntsiab: "Hard lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab av (cov chav kawm ntawv 4)."