"Taleas ntawm bygone Xyoo": ib hom ntawv nyeem, compositional thiab stylistic originality

Ib hom ntawv nyeem "taleas ntawm bygone Xyoo" yog txhais raws li ib tug cov ntaub ntawv, thiab cov hiob. Muaj peb tshooj ntawm nws, hais txog 1113, 1116, thiab 1118 xyoo. thawj yog tus sau ntawm Nestor, lub thib ob - tus Abbot Sylvester, lub chaw ua hauj lwm ua los ntawm kev thov Vladimira Monomaha. nws twb tsis tau mus nrhiav kom tau peb ib tsab ntawm tus Creator, tiam sis peb paub hais tias nws twb npaj rau Mstislav Vladimirovich.

Laus Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv hom ntawv nyeem system

Laus Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv muaj ob sub - lwm yam ntawm ntiaj teb thiab kev cai dab qhuas ntaub ntawv. Qhov thib ob yog ntau kaw thiab muaj xws li vaj lug kub lub neej thiab taug kev, thiab tus xib fwb lub grand uas yus hnov. Lwm yam ntawm secular ntaub ntawv hais cov tub rog novels thiab keeb kwm narrating lub keeb kwm cov txheej xwm los ntawm xyoo mus rau xyoo. Muaj ib tug tej yam zoo sib thooj rau lub Byzantine chronograph. Txawm li cas los, thaum tsim ib tug "taleas ntawm bygone Xyoo", ib hom ntawv nyeem chronograph Lavxias teb sab xib hwb twb tsis siv. Nws twb mastered ntawm ib tug tom qab theem.

"Taleas ntawm bygone Xyoo": ib hom ntawv nyeem

Dmitry Likhachev sau txog enfilade, los yog cov khaub ncaws ntau, qhov xwm ntawm qhov kev siv ntawm cov monuments ntawm ancient sau ntawv. Qhov no yog ib tug yus feature ntawm yuav luag tag nrho cov ua hauj lwm sau nyob rau hauv lub era ntawm Kievan Rus - nyias coj text yog xav kom tau uas qhib rau lub xam nrog ntawm lwm qhov chaw. Yog li ntawd thaum lub txoj hauj lwm yuav tsum tau ib tug "xaiv ib hom ntawv nyeem ntawm" Lub taleas ntawm bygone Xyoo "," nco ntsoov tias cov ntaub ntawv muaj xws li:

• ntawv cog lus (piv txwv li, Lavxias teb sab-Byzantine nyob rau hauv 1907);
• Nyob ntawm cov neeg ntseeg - Boris thiab Gleb, Feodosiya Pecherskogo ;
• "Qhov no philosopher" thiab lwm yam ntawv.

Cov dab neeg uas muaj ib tug qhia tau pej xeem keeb kwm (piv txwv li, zaj dab neeg ntawm txoj kev tuag ntawm Oleg, zaj dab neeg txog yuav ua li cas ib tug tub hluas-Kozhemyaka yeej Pecheneg hero), kuj xam qhovkev nyob rau hauv lub annals ntawm "Lub taleas ntawm bygone Xyoo". Yuav ua li cas hom ntawv nyeem ntawm cov ua hauj lwm? Lawv yog cov uas zoo sib xws mus rau ib tug fairy taleas los yog lus dab neeg. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lub chronicle ntawm lub thiaj li hu ua feature zaj dab neeg txog tus tub huabtais lub teeb meem txhaum cai - xws li cov glare Cornflower. Thawj nyob rau hauv lawv ib hom ntawv nyeem originality muaj Dmitry Likhachev.

Nco ntsoov hais tias qhov no "cov khaub ncaws ntau", muaj ntau haiv neeg tsis ua ib hom ntawv nyeem ntawm "taleas ntawm bygone Xyoo" ib yam dab tsi vague, thiab cov monument - ib tug yooj yim sau los ntawm random ntawv.

meej ntawm

Lub ntsiab compositional units ntawm lub "taleas ntawm bygone Xyoo" yog cov huab cua cov khoom, pib nrog cov lus "Nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj sov ...". Qhov no ancient keeb kwm txawv los ntawm lub Byzantine chronographs uas piav qhia txog tus txheej xwm ntawm yav dhau los hnub raws li ib tug ya ntawm keeb kwm kev yog tsis ib xyoo, thiab cov reign ntawm tus pas ntsuas. Huab cua cov khoom muab faib ua ob pawg. Tus thawj yog qhov thiaj li hu ua huab cua qhia tias capture ib tug keeb kwm qhov tseeb. Yog li, cov ntsiab lus ntawm tsab xov xwm rau 1020 yog tas rau ib cov xov xwm: Yaroslav tug tub hu ua Vladimir. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ib tug ntau ntawm cov lus pom nyob rau hauv Kiev annals ntawm XII caug xyoo.

Rau hauv sib piv, nws chronicles cov dab neeg tsis tau tsuas yog qhia txog cov kev tshwm sim, tab sis kuj hais ib cov lus piav qhia, tej zaum nyob rau hauv zoo meej. Tus sau yuav pom nws tsim nyog los qhia kom meej uas coj ib feem nyob rau hauv lub sib ntaus sib tua, qhov twg nws coj qhov chaw, dab tsi tshwm sim. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, xws li ib tug hloov lwm lub tsev ntawm lub cuab ntxhiab rau thiaj tau qiv huab cua tsab xov xwm.

epic style

Dmitry Likhachev, tshawb "taleas ntawm bygone Xyoo", ib hom ntawv nyeem thiab compositional originality ntawm lub monument belongs rau lub delineation ntawm lub monumental thiab epic yeej. Cov yav tas yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov qhov chaw ntawm lub chronicle "Lub taleas ntawm bygone Xyoo", ib hom ntawv nyeem uas yog txhais raws li ib tug tub rog zaj dabneeg. Epic style yog ib tug nyob ze kev twb kev txuas nrog cov lus dab neeg, siv imagery twv los yeej muaj. Ib tug piv txwv - tus ntxhais fuabtais Olga, sawv cev nyob rau hauv lub annals ntawm avenging. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv muaj ntau tiag (raws li deb li deb no cov yam ntxwv yuav siv tau los ancient ntaub ntawv cim).

monumental style

Monumental style ntawm historicism yog ib tug tseem ceeb tsis tau tsuas yog rau chronicle lub ancient monument, tab sis rau tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Kievan Rus. Nws manifests nws tus kheej feem nyob rau hauv cov duab ntawm cov cim. Chronicler yog tsis xav nyob rau hauv lawv tus kheej lub neej raws li zoo li cov neeg uas muaj nyob sab nraum ntawm feudal kev sib raug zoo. Tus Neeg ntawm kev txaus siab mus rau lub medieval sau raws li ib tug neeg sawv cev ntawm ib tug kev sib raug zoo ib puag ncig. Nws kuj pab cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov ua cim, uas yog hnov sib qhia ntawm idealization. Canon ua ib tug tseem ceeb heev tswvyim rau "Lub taleas ...". Yog li ntawd, tej vaj ntxwv yog xwm nyob rau hauv lub tseem ceeb tshaj plaws tshwm sim, tsis paub sab ntsuj plig nriaj. Nws dared, ntse thiab muaj ib saab tub cheev xwm. On qhov tsis tooj, ib pawg ntseeg cov thawj coj los ntawm lub neej yuav tsum yog pious, mloog lus ua raws li cov kev cai lij choj ntawm Vajtswv.

Chronicler tsis paub hais tias psychology ntawm nws cim. Lub medieval sau muaj tsis muaj hesitation, xa mus rau lub cim "zoo" los yog "kev phem", thiab lub complex thiab contradictory cov dluab, paub rau peb los ntawm classical ntaub ntawv yuav tshwm sim.