Rutherford lub thwmsim

Zaum tsis sai li sai tau tuaj mus rau ib tug paub tseeb hais tias ntawm atomic qauv. Tus thawj qauv ntawm lub atom npaj English physicist George. George. Thomson sab electron. Tab sis nws cov qauv tuaj rau hauv tej teeb meem nrog rau cov thwmsim ntawm Ernest Rutherford kawm rau hauv lub tsev ntawm lub microparticles ib tug zoo xwb. Cov thwmsim Rutherford ua si ib tug loj luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv kev to taub kev ua hauj lwm ntawm lub atom.

Nws yog twb paub hais tias cov electron loj yog txhiab ntawm lub sij hawm me me tshaj qhov loj ntawm lub particle nws tus kheej. Rutherford ua lub assumption tias vim ib tug tag nrho atom yog nruab nrab, lub ib thooj ntawm nws qhov hnyav yuav tsum poob rau ib tug zoo them piece. Yuav kom paub meej tias qhov no hypothesis, Rutherford lub thwmsim tau tas rau cov nram qab no.

Nws npaj siab siv alpha hais atom sojntsuam. Lub electron loj yog hais txog 8000 lub sij hawm tsawg tshaj li uas ntawm α-hais, thiab lawv ceev yog heev loj - tej zaum nws yuav mus txog nees nkaum txhiab kilometers ib ob. Cov no yog thwmsim Rutherford scattering ntawm alpha-hais.

Atoms hnyav ntsiab bombarded los ntawm cov hais. Vim lub me me loj ntawm lub electrons hloov lub trajectory ntawm α-hais tsis tau ntau npaum li cas. Nws yuav tsuas yog ua ib feem ntawm cov atom, lub zoo them. Li ntawd, cov xwm ntawm lub scattering ntawm alpha hais yuav kawm rau hauv lub tsev ntawm loj nyob rau hauv lub microparticles ib tug zoo xwb thiab teeb meem.

Sim kawm Rutherford muaj raws li nram no cov tswvyim. Tej ke yog muab tso rau hauv ib lub tog raj kheej ntawm cov hlau lead. Qhov no lub tog raj kheej yog drilled longitudinally nqaim channel. Pub α-hais los ntawm no channel teeb meem nyob rau hauv nyias ci ntawm lub soj ntsuam cov ntaub ntawv uas (tooj liab, kub thiab lwm yam). Ces alpha hais ntog rau ib tug translucent screen uas twb them nrog zinc sulphide. Txhua particle, colliding nrog lub screen, muab ib tug flash ntawm lub teeb (scintillation), nws yuav pom los ntawm ib tug tshuab kuaj kab mob.

Rutherford Ntxiv thwmsim tau qhia hais tias ib tug me me muaj pes tsawg tus ntawm alpha hais (hais txog ib tug ntawm ob txhiab) deviated los ntawm lub kaum sab xis ntau dua 90 °. Qhov tseeb heev puzzled Rutherford. Nws hais tias nws yog li zoo kawg li lub projectile raug rho tawm haujlwm ntawm ib daim ntawm daim ntawv so ntswg thiab nws yuav rov qab los rau koj thiab stabbed. Tseeb, twv seb ib tug tshwm sim raws li nyob rau hauv Thomson qauv tsis yooj yim sua thiab Rutherford pom tias α-hais yuav raug thawb rov qab tsuas yog thaum lub ib thooj ntawm cov atom yog nyob rau hauv ib tug heev me me volume ntawm qhov chaw. Txij li thaum Rutherford lub thwmsim tau pab nws mus txog ib tug qauv ntawm cov keeb. Qhov no lub cev yog me me, uas yog feeb meej yuav luag tag nrho cov zoo xwb thiab tag nrho loj ntawm micro-hais.

Atomic qauv raws li nram no ncaj qha los ntawm lub thwmsim uas siv Rutherford. Rutherford atomic qauv ntawm cov nram qab no tswvyim. Zoo them nucleus yog nyob rau hauv lub center. Txij li thaum nruab nrab atom, tus xov tooj ntawm electrons sib npaug ib theem zuj zus tooj nyob rau hauv lub Mendeleev periodic caij system. Lawv tsiv mus nyob rau ib lub voj voog rau cov tub ntxhais, raws li cov planets tig ib ncig ntawm lub hnub nyob rau hauv lawv cov orbits. Lub suab ntawm electrons vim Coulomb rog. Ib tug hydrogen atom muaj tsuas yog ib electron orbiting nws nucleus. Nws atomic nucleus yog ib tug zoo xwb thiab ib tug loj ntawm hais txog 1836 lub sij hawm qhov loj ntawm lub electron.

Xws li ib tug qauv ntawm cov atom yog ib sim txoj kev tshawb no, tab sis raws li cov qauv no yuav tsis piav qhia txog lub stability ntawm nws lub neej.

Electrons tsiv nyob rau hauv ib tug kab nyob saum ntuj, yuav tsum raws li cov kev cai ntawm classical mechanics los ze zog rau tus tub ntxhais vim hais tias ntawm lub zog losses thiab, nyob rau hauv lub kawg, lub caij nplooj zeeg nyob rau hauv nws. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, lub electron tsis poob mus rau hauv lub nucleus. Lub microparticles ntawm cov tshuaj hais yog heev ruaj khov thiab yuav muaj nyob rau ib lub sij hawm ntev. Qhov xaus ntawm cov tab tom yuav puas tsuaj rau lub atom vim lub zog poob, uas yog tsis muaj raws li Rutherford, yog lub txiaj ntsim ntawm daim ntawv thov ntawm cov kev cai ntawm classical mechanics rau microscale phenomena. Thiaj li, qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov microworld cov cai lij choj ntawm classical physics.