Rusyn lus: yam ntxwv thiab cais ntawm dialects

Rusyn lus - ib tug tag nrho cov pab pawg neeg sib txawv ntawm cov dialects thiab idioms, ntau nrog haiv neeg Rusyns, uas nyob rau hauv lub Ukraine nyob rau hauv lub Carpathians, nyob rau hauv sab hnub tuaj Slovakia thiab nyob rau hauv sab qab teb-sab hnub tuaj hauv teb chaws Poland. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov neeg sawv cev ntawm haiv neeg nyob rau hauv tej chaw ntawm Serbia, Croatia, Hungary, thiab txawm nyob rau hauv Canada thiab lub tebchaws United States.

Nyob rau hauv peb lub sij hawm, raws li statistics, cov xov tooj ntawm Rusyns yog hais txog ib tug thiab ib tug ib nrab lab cov neeg. Rusyn lus zoo ib yam li Lavxias teb sab, Ukrainian thiab Belarusian, txij li thaum nws yog hais txog tib yam lus pab pawg neeg.

tswvyim ntawm linguists

Qhov no lus yog ib tug ntawm cov nom lub hom lus ntawm Vojvodina - Serbia lub autonomous xeev nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb ntawm lub Danube. Kom deb li deb yog tsis muaj kev pom zoo txog seb peb muaj peev xwm xav tias lub Rusyn lus ywj siab. Ukrainian linguists, txawm li cas los, raws li cov tub ceev xwm tsis paub txog lub Rusyns raws li ib tug nyias muaj nyias ib haiv neeg, xav raws li ethnographic pawg ntawm Ukrainians thiab lawv cov lus - ib tug lub suab hais lus ntawm Ukrainian. Txawm li cas los, tsis yog li ntawd ntev dhau los, nyob rau hauv 2012, nws tau txais ib tug daws teeb meem, raws li uas tus Ruthenian los ua cov lus uas cov me neeg ntawm Ukraine.

Ntawm cov hoob kawm, tus ob yam lus uas muaj nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm ib lub teb chaws, yuav tsum zoo sib xws. Qhov no yog dab tsi. Qhov kos yog tsis tau, thiab Ruthenian lus. Glossary ntawm nws, txawm li cas los, rau ib tug ntau dua twg lub Ukrainian, sau tserkovnoslavyanizmy. Ib tug txawv feature ntawm nws yog ib lub xub ntiag ntawm Polonism, slovakizmov, Germanism thiab madyarizmov. Muaj ntau lexical ntsiab ntawm lub Hungarian tsiv mus rau lub Ruthenian lus.

Lub keeb kwm ntawm clashes

Nyob rau hauv lub 19th rau nruab nrab-xyoo pua 20th nyob rau hauv lub Ruthenian kev cai haiv neeg yeej los ntawm peb tiam sis. Raws li ib tug txawj lus twb npaj siab yuav ua kom paub Lavxias teb sab Russophile, Ukrainophiles, ntsig txog, Ukrainian. Qhov thib peb pab pawg neeg nyob rau cov me nyuam txawj Rusin lus kev kawm ntawv.

Thaum lub sij hawm tsov rog xyoo Podkarpacie yog nyob rau hauv Hungarian txoj hauj lwm, thiab Subcarpathian Society of Sciences tau ua si ib tug loj luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov kev cai kev loj hlob ntawm lub cheeb tsam. Nyob rau hauv thawj xyoo ntawm tus tsov rog nws twb luam tawm "qauv sau ntawv ntawm Ruthenian lus", uas nws sau yog Dr. Ivan Garayda - ib tug xib fwb, lub tshuab txhais, publisher, linguist thiab kawm. Nws yog nws leej twg tsim tau ib tug txawj Subcarpathian Ruthenian. Nyob rau hauv cov lus no, nyob rau hauv lub xyoo tom ntej nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam luam tawm phau ntawv Magazine, nqi ntawv xov xwm thiab cov phau ntawv.

lus ntawm kev cai lij choj

Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias nyob rau hauv lub post-tsov rog lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv Podkarpacie koom cultivated txawj Ukrainian hom lus, nws tsis tau nyob rau hauv cov Rusyns. Ntxiv mus, txoj kev loj hlob ntawm Ukrainian phonetic sau ntawv tau ua rau ntau tus neeg nyob rau hauv ib tug loj teeb meem, nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog cov uas muaj cov tseem ntau Transcarpathian Rusyns tsis xav txog lawv tus kheej yuav tsum tau Ukrainians.

Txawm tias tag nrho cov no, tom qab tsov rog nyob rau hauv Transcarpathia official nws yog tsuas yog Ukrainian, txawm hais tias Vojvodina txawj Ruthenian tau pom zoo rov qab nyob rau hauv lub twenties, thiab cov thawj qauv sau ntawv twb tso tawm nyob rau hauv 1923.

Nws yog tseem tsis tsim ib qho kev sau ntawv Ruthenian lus. Lub tshuab txhais lus rau kev nkag siab sib txawv dialects tej zaum yuav tsis tau yuav tsum tau - ib qho essence ntawm cov ntawv nyeem yuav tsum to taub tsis txawm hais lus cov lus (kev kawm kom paub txog lwm yam Eastern Slavic, Lavxias teb sab piv txwv li), tab sis qhov no yog tsis txaus rau ib tug tag nrho cov xaav ntawm cov zajlus ua hauj lwm.

Lub ntsiab dialects

Nyob rau hauv lub Transcarpathian cheeb tsam ntawm Ukraine, thiab nyob rau hauv lub ib feem ntawm lub Prešov cheeb tsam nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb-sab hnub tuaj Slovakia, qhov thiaj li hu ua ntau Subcarpathian Rusyn dialects, uas, nyob rau hauv lem, yog subdivided rau hauv Verkhovynsky thiab dolinyanskie. Dolinyansky crushed rau thaj (lematsky) thiab southwest (lishatsky los yog maramoroshsky). Lematsky lub suab hais lus ntau nyob rau hauv lub sab hnub poob ntawm lub sab qaum teb-eastern Slovakia. Nyob rau lishatskom lub suab hais lus hais Rusyns nyob rau hauv lub chaw uas zoo heev ntawm Teresva Valley nyob rau hauv lub sab hnub tuaj mus rau sab hnub poob ntawm lub hav Rica.

Nyob rau hauv Transcarpathia nyob rau hauv Volovets thiab Mizhgirya chaw faib Verkhovyna lub suab hais lus, uas yog ib yam dab tsi nyob rau hauv nruab nrab thiab dolinyanskim boykovskim.

Lemko lub suab hais lus muaj tam sim no nyob rau hauv Slovakia nyob rau sab qab teb sab ntawm lub Carpathians. Ib txhia Lemko xav txog lawv tus kheej Ukrainians thiab lawv cov lus - Ukrainian hom lus. Lwm feem qhia nws tus kheej raws li ib tug nyias muaj nyias ib lub teb chaws.

nta

Ruthenian lus, lub keeb kwm ntawm uas yog ib yam txawv nyob rau hauv tsos, absorbed ib tug ntau ntawm nuances, yam ntxwv ntawm dialects ntau nyob rau hauv ciam teb chaw.
Nws muaj ob hom ntawm niam thiab e, uas muaj cai nyob rau hauv lub ancient hom lus, thiab nyob rau hauv feem ntau ntawm sab qaum teb dialects. Nyob rau hauv podkarpatorusinskom "e" yog cov lus hais rau tib txoj kev raws li nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab, Yog hais tias tom qab nws muaj ib tug nyuaj tsiaj ntawv (Nenpau, Salo, derevo), tab sis yog hais tias tus tib cim yog txojkev softened tsiaj ntawv suab ua cim hloov. Language nyob rau hauv nws hais yog nyob ze rau pem hauv ntej lub ntuj, thiab nws daim di ncauj ncav us txog ib yam li cov suab "thiab". Tam sim no cov lus articulation voltage, thiab cov cim "e" yuav siv sij hawm nyob rau hauv ib tug nkaus txawv suab, lub suab yog kaw ntom nti, nqaim, raws li nyob rau hauv lub German lo lus pom.

Tsis tas li ntawd ob variants ntawm hais yuav muaj lub suab ntawm "o". Nyob rau hauv lub qub version, nws yog tsis sib txawv ntawm cov Lavxias teb sab los yog Czech "o", tab sis ua ntej mos consonants yog cov lus hais nrog lub ncua daim di ncauj, puv tus ntoo khaub lig ntawm "o" thiab "u".
Labial consonants "p", "b", "c", "m" nyob rau hauv podkarpatorusinskom cov lus hais hauv lub mitigation, Yog hais tias koj xav mus mos piav saum toj no tom qab lawv "on". Kev Kho Hniav ntawv niam "t", "d", "n" nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm lub cim yog tsis mitigated, tab sis yog semi-mos, tiam sis lub "c" thiab "z" mos mos.

lwm cov suab

Txij li thaum lub labial "nyob rau hauv" lub hais yog mos, nws yog maj thiab zoo kiag li. Tag nrho Carpathian dialects lo lus "dawb huv" yog pronounced "syaty" nyob rau hauv lub sab hnub poob ib feem thiab raws li "syaty" ntawm cov sab hnub tuaj pab pawg neeg ntawm dialects.

Tab sis hais tias yog lub suab "s" cia nyias los ntawm lub "thiab". Los ntawm dialects Ukrainian podkarpatorusinsky txawv hais ntawm cov lo lus xaus nrog "ayu", piv txwv li: "Dawa" es tsis txhob "muab" thiab "znav" es tsis txhob "paub" nyob rau hauv lub thib peb tus neeg ntau tshaj ib txoj cai yog tswj (Davut, znavut).

Ntawm no yog ib co yam ntxwv hais rau cov Ruthenian: sau nyob rau hauv sau ntawv thiab (olayiti, doyiti), muaj cov zvuga T ', lawv tseem cim ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv "haujlwm uas yog COy" (sab sauv, peb). Vovratnye tej lus nyob rau hauv cov lus no yog ua siv hais "Xia", uas yog ntxiv tom qab lub tej lus (Nai Id peb ntxhi rov qab). Cov no yog cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb uas paub qhov txawv cov Ruthenian lus.

Keeb kwm ntawm paub

Raws li hais saum toj no, Subcarpathia twb nyob los ntawm cov Hungarians, thiab nyob rau hauv 1939 lub Ruthenian lus yog txaus siab los ntawm tus txoj hauj lwm tsoom fwv. Lawv ntseeg Ruthenian madyaronov Russified Hungarians. Qhov no lub sij hawm yuav tsum tau hu ua rau ib tus twg flowering ntawm lub Ruthenian lus: Ntawv qhia "Cov qauv sau ntawv ntawm Ruthenian lus", luam tawm phau ntawv, luam ntawv xov xwm thiab cov phau ntawv Magazine. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv 1944 muaj ib tug kev twb kev txuas Pidkarpatiya SSR thiab lub Soviet tsoom fwv txwv tsis pub cov kev cai thiab kev kawm ua ub no uas twb Rusyns. Lawv tsuas paub tias nws ib tug me me haiv neeg nyob rau hauv Ukraine, thiab lawv cov lus - ib tug lub suab hais lus, txawm lub fact tias nyob rau hauv Yugoslavia lub Rusyns tau officially lees paub tias raws li ib tug nyias muaj nyias ib tus neeg.

Thaj av ntawm lub soviets

Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv 1991, tom qab lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm communism, lub teb chaws uas yog ib feem ntawm lub USSR, maj mam pom tau hais tias cov Rusyns raws li ib tug neeg. Nyob rau hauv teb chaws Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, lub Czech koom pheej, Romania thiab Russia Ruthenian txaus siab rau cov kev cai thiab kev kawm teb, thiab ntau tshaj nees nkaum xyoo ntawm Rusyns pom tau hais tias Ukraine.

Nws yog nthuav tias lo lus "Ruthenian" yog lub npe hu rau ib ntev lub sij hawm. Txawm nyob rau hauv lub Chronicle no ethnonym hu ua cov neeg uas nyob rau hauv Russia. Lo lus xya lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv lub treaty ntawm Oleg thiab cov Greeks, sib tam 911g. Los ntawm cov 13th mus rau lub 18th xyoo pua thiaj hu ua Ukrainians thiab Belarusians. Nyob rau hauv Lithuania thiab Poland, thaum Rusyns hu neeg nyob uas professed Orthodoxy thiab tham nyob rau hauv ib co East Slavic lus los yog lub suab hais lus (tus Tug thiab Lithuanians twb feem ntau Catholics).

Kom txog rau thaum 1945 muaj tsis muaj adjectival "rusinsky", es tsis txhob siv "Ruska" (chaw pib lub npe ntawm phau ntawv "Lub qauv sau ntawv ntawm Ruthenian lus"). Tom qab tsov rog, lo lus "Ruska" mas yuav kis tau lub ntsiab lus "Lavxias teb sab", uas yog reflected nyob rau hauv lub Ruthenian hais thiab kev sau ntawv.

Txoj kev tshawb no ntawm lub Ruthenian

Qhov no nthuav archaic nws yuav yeej nyiam xim. Muaj ntau ntau zaj nkauj uas tseem hu Rusyns nyob rau hauv lawv cov niam tus nplaig, yog li ntawd, rau starters, koj yuav next rau lawv. Tej nruab nrab sab hnub tuaj Slavic lus tsis yog nyuaj rau kawm lub Ruthenian lus. Self Pab nrhiav tau rau ntawm lub yam ntaub ntawv kev pab, tab sis ntau tshaj pab lub zej zog nyob rau hauv kev tes hauj lwm mob siab rau rau Ruthenian, uas sib txuas lus ncaj qha nrog haiv neeg hais lus, thiab kawm tau los ntawm lawv.

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, kev noj ib qho chaw twg, koj yuav siv tej lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw qhov twg lawv hais lus Rusyn. Qhov no yuav muab ib tug ceev pib nyob rau hauv kev kawm ib hom lus, yuav pab kom zom phonetic nta. Tab sis ua ntej peb coj mus rau ntawm txoj kev kawm, nws yog tsim nyog los txiav txim seb lub hom lus raws li ib qho kev sau ntawv Ruthenian tseem tsis muaj nyob.