Ribosome - dab tsi yog qhov no? Tus qauv ntawm lub ribosome

Txhua lub cell muaj tej yam kab mob muaj ib tug complex qauv muaj ib tug plurality ntawm Cheebtsam.

Luv luv, lub hlwb ntawm cov qauv

Nws muaj ib tug membrane, cytoplasm, organelles, uas yog nyob, raws li zoo raws li lub nucleus (tshwj tsis yog rau prokaryotes) nyob rau hauv uas muaj cov DNA molecules. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj ib tug ntxiv tiv thaiv qauv tshaj cov daim nyias nyias. Nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj hlwb yog lub glycocalyx, nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov so - lub cell phab ntsa. Nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag, nws yog tsim los ntawm cellulose, nyob rau hauv fungi - los ntawm chitin, cov kab mob - los ntawm lub murein. Lub membrane muaj peb khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg: ob phospholipid thiab protein therebetween. Nws tau pores los ntawm kev uas hloov lwm lub tsev ntawm tshuaj muaj nyob rau hauv thiab tawm. Ze txhua lub qhov hws yog tshwj xeeb thauj proteins uas yog dhau mus rau hauv lub cell tsuas tej tshuaj. Organelles tsiaj hlwb yog cov nram qab no:

• mitochondria, uas ua raws li cov thawj "hwjchim" (nyob rau hauv uas tus txheej txheem ntawm cell kev ua pa thiab cov synthesis ntawm lub zog);
• lysosomes uas muaj kev tshwj xeeb enzymes rau metabolism;
• Golgi apparatus rau khaws cia thiab modifying tej tshuaj;
• endoplasmic reticulum, uas yog tsim nyog rau cov thauj ntawm cov tshuaj;
• centrosome li ntawm ob centrioles, uas yog muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub fission cov txheej txheem;
• nucleolus, uas regulates lub metabolism thiab tsim ib co organelles;

• ribosomes, uas peb kom huv si sib tham txog nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm;
• cog hlwb muaj ntxiv organelles: lub vacuole, uas yog tsim nyog rau tsub zuj zuj ntawm pliaj yam nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog lub cev tsis mus tso zis rau lawv mus rau sab nraum vim muaj zog cell phab ntsa; plastids, uas yog muab faib ua leucoplasts (lub luag hauj lwm rau lub cia ntawm as tshuaj tebchaw); chromoplasts muaj xim pigments; chloroplasts, uas yog qhov chaw uas cov chlorophyll thiab photosynthesis.

Ribosome - dab tsi yog qhov no?

Txij li thaum peb tham txog nws nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm, nws yog ib zajlus kom nug lo lus nug no. Ribosome - qhov no organelle, uas yuav tsum tau nyob rau hauv lub txheej sab phab ntsa ntawm lub Golgi complex. Nws yog tsim nyog los hais ntxiv tias cov ribosome - nws organelles muaj nyob rau hauv lub hlwb nyob rau hauv loj heev ntau. Ib tug yuav ua tau mus txog kaum txhiab.

Qhov twg cov ntaub ntawv yog organelles?

Yog li ntawd, raws li twb tau hais, lub ribosome - ib tug qauv uas yog nyob rau ntawm cov phab ntsa ntawm lub Golgi complex. Tsis tas li ntawd nws yuav tsiv mus nyob dawb nyob rau hauv lub cytoplasm. Cov kev xaiv thib peb, uas yuav tsum tau positioned ribosome - lub cell daim nyias nyias. Thiab cov neeg organelles uas muaj nyob hauv qhov chaw no, suab tsis tawm nws, thiab yog nyob ruaj ruaj.

Ribosome - qauv

Raws li zoo, qhov no zoo li ib tug organelle? Nws zoo li ib tug xov tooj nrog ib tug raj. Ribosome eukaryotes thiab prokaryotes muaj ob qhov chaw, yog ib tus uas yog ntau tshaj li lwm yam - tsawg. Tab sis lub ob uas nws Cheebtsam yog tsis koom ua ke, thaum nws yog nyob so. Qhov no tsuas yog tshwm sim thaum lub ribosome hlwb tam sim ntawd pib ua lawv zog. Zog yuav tsum tau tham tom qab. Ribosome, cov qauv ntawm cov uas yog tau piav nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm, kuj sib txuas ntxiv ntawm ib tug tub txib RNA thiab hloov RNA. Cov tshuaj yuav tsum tau sau ntawv rau lawv cov ntaub ntawv tsim nyog txog lub cell proteins. Ribosome qauv uas peb xav, twb tsis muaj daim nyias nyias. Nws subunit (lub thiaj-hu ua ob ntawm nws ib nrab) yog tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv.

Yuav ua li cas li no organelle nyob rau hauv lub cell?

Yuav ua li cas yog lub luag hauj lwm rau dab tsi lub ribosome - protein synthesis. Nws tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas yog muab sau tseg rau hauv lub thiaj li hu ua tub txib RNA (ribonucleic acid). Ribosome qauv uas peb tau pom saum toj no, koom lub ob subunits ntawm tsuas yog thaum protein synthesis - tus txheej txheem hu ua neeg txhais lus. Thaum lub sij hawm txoj kev ua no, lub tsim polypeptide saw nyob nruab nrab ntawm ob tug subunits ntawm ib tug ribosome.

Qhov twg yog lawv tsim?

Ribosome - organelle, uas yog tsim los ntawm lub nucleolus. Qhov no txoj kev yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw nyob rau hauv kaum theem, thaum lub sij hawm uas cov nqaijrog maj tsim lub me me thiab cov loj loj subunits.

Yuav ua li cas yog lub tsim ntawm cov nqaijrog?

Lub biosynthesis ntawm cov nqaijrog yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw nyob rau hauv ob peb ua sawv. Cov Thawj zaug ntawm lawv - yog cov amino acid kom. Ib tug tag nrho ntawm nees nkaum muaj, ntawm combining lawv nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev, koj yuav tau txais billions ntawm txawv proteins. Thoob plaws hauv no theem ntawm cov amino acids tsim aminoalits-tRNA. Qhov no txoj kev yog tsis tau tsis tau cov koom tes los ntawm ATP (adenosine triphosphate). Tsis tas li ntawd rau tus txheej txheem no yuav tsum tau cov magnesium cations. Qhov thib ob theem - yog qhov pib ntawm lub polypeptide saw, los yog cov txheej txheem ntawm combining ob subunits ntawm lub ribosome thiab cov me nyuam mus rau nws ntawm qhov tseem ceeb cov amino acids. Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem no kuj koom magnesium ions thiab GTP (guanosine triphosphate). Qhov thib peb theem no yog hu ua elongation. Qhov no ncaj qha synthesis ntawm cov polypeptide saw. Nws yuav translation txoj kev. Txiav - lub theem tom ntej - tus txheej txheem ntawm disintegration ntawm ribosomes rau tus neeg subunits thiab cov phasing tawm ntawm lub synthesis ntawm ib tug polypeptide saw. Tom ntej no los kawg kauj ruam - thib tsib - yog ua. Rau ntawm no theem lub tsim txoj lug hais tias yog twb npaj los siv thiab yog yooj yim cov nqaijrog ntawm amino acid saw. Qhov no txoj kev yuav kev enzymes, thiab cofactors.

protein qauv

Txij li thaum lub ribosome qauv thiab muaj nuj nqi uas peb tham nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm, yog lub luag hauj lwm rau lub synthesis ntawm cov nqaijrog, ces cia saib cov ntsiab lus ntawm lawv cov qauv. Nws yog ib tug thawj, theem nrab, tertiary thiab quaternary. Lub hom qauv ntawm cov protein - ib tug txhais ib theem zuj zus nyob rau hauv uas amino acids cov txheej txheem ntawm txoj kev ua ib tug muab organic compound. Cov theem nrab qauv ntawm ib tug protein yog ib tug polypeptide saw tsim los ntawm alpha-helices thiab beta-los xij. Lub tertiary qauv ntawm cov protein muab ib tug tej yam thaum lawv tseem alpha-helices thiab beta-los xij. Lub quaternary qauv yog tib yam nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm ib tug tib macromolecular tsim. Uas yog ib tug ua ke ntawm alpha-helices thiab beta-lug daim ntawv globules los yog fibrils. Raws li txoj ntsiab cai no, ob hom ntawm cov nqaijrog yuav qhia tau - fibrous thiab globular. Ntawm cov qub yog xws li actin thiab myosin, lub nqaij ntawm uas yog tsim nyob rau. Piv txwv ntawm lub thib ob yuav pab hemoglobin, immunoglobulin thiab lwm tus neeg. Fibrillar cov nqaijrog li ib tug filament fiber. Globular ntau zoo li ib tug tangle ntawm interwoven ntawm ib alpha-helices thiab beta-los xij.

Yuav ua li cas yog denaturation?

Txhua leej txhua tus yuav tsum tau hnov lo lus. Denaturation - yog tus txheej txheem ntawm kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov protein qauv - thawj quaternary, tertiary ces, thiab tom qab - thiab theem nrab. Nyob rau hauv tej rooj plaub, muaj thiab cov tshem tawm ntawm cov thawj qauv ntawm cov protein. Qhov no txoj kev muaj peev xwm tshwm sim vim raug no siab kub ntawm cov organic teeb meem. Yog li, lub denaturation ntawm cov protein yuav tsum tau cai thaum boiling qe. Nyob rau hauv feem ntau tus neeg mob, tus txheej txheem no yog irreversible. Yog li, thaum ib tug kub saum toj no plaub caug ob degrees pib lub denaturation ntawm hemoglobin li mob loj heev hyperthermia lub neej txoj sia. Denaturation ntawm cov nqaijrog kom meej nucleic acids yuav tsum tau cai nyob rau hauv lub digestive txheej txheem, thaum uas siv cov enzyme cleaves lub cev txoj organic tebchaw mus yooj yim.

xaus

Lub luag hauj lwm ntawm lub ribosome yog heev yooj yim mus overestimate. Lawv yog lub hauv paus ntawm lub hav zoov ntawm lub hlwb. Vim cov organelles, nws muaj peev xwm tsim cov proteins uas nws xav tau kev pab rau ib tug ntau yam ntawm kev khiav dej num. Organic tebchaw txoj kev ribosomes tej zaum ua si ib tug tiv nyob rau hauv lub thauj, lub luag hauj lwm ntawm lub hauv paus, lub tsev cov ntaub ntawv uas rau hlwb, enzymatic, ntxawg (ntau cov tshuaj hormones yog cov protein). Yog li ntawd, peb yuav xaus uas lub ribosome ua ib tug ntawm cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws zog nyob rau hauv lub cell. Yog vim li cas lawv yog heev npaum li cas - cell yeej ib txwm yuav tsum tau qhov khoom tsim los ntawm cov organelles.