Zinovev Grigoriy Evseevich: biography, cov duab thiab nthuav tseeb

Zoo-paub Lavxias teb sab revolutionary Zinovev Grigory (nyob 1883-1936) kuj yog ib tug Soviet statesman thiab kev nom kev tswv daim duab. Raws li ib txhia qhov chaw, nws lub npe tiag tiag yog Radomyslsky Ovsey Gershon (Gershon Yevsei) Aronovich; lwm yam tib qhov chaw, nws lub npe yog Hirsch (Gersh) Apfelbaum (niam). Luv luv biography Grigoriya Zinoveva los ua qhov kev kawm ntawm peb cov kev ntsuam xyuas.

Childhood thiab Tsev Neeg

Born Zinovev Grigoriy Evseevich (luv luv txog tus neeg uas koj yuav kawm tau los ntawm qhov tsab xov xwm) nyob rau hauv 1883, 11 (23) Cuaj hlis nyob rau hauv Elisavetgrad (niaj hnub Kropyvnytskyi) Kherson xeev. Txij li thaum xyoo 1924, nws hometown ib xyoo caum lub npe hu ua Zinoviev. Nws txiv Aaron Radomyslsky, uas muaj ib tug khoom noj siv mis ua liaj ua teb, muab nws ib tug yooj yim kev kawm ntawv.

Rau 14 xyoo, Zinoviev twb yuam mus ua hauj lwm raws li ib tug neeg thiab muab zaj lus qhia, raws li nws tsev neeg pluag.

Gregory thawj tus poj niam yog ib tug kws revolutionary Evseevich Ravich Sarra Naumovna, kuj paub tias hauv lub npe ntawm Olga. Nws yog ib feem ntawm lub RSDLP, ib ntus hloov lub Commissioner ntawm Internal Affairs ntawm lub sab qaum teb cheeb tsam, nws tau raug dua puas tau raug ntes.

Tom ntej no tus poj niam Lilina Zinoviev yog Zlata Ionovna, kuj paub tias hauv lub pseudonym Zina Levin. Tsis tas li ntawd koom nyob rau hauv lub RSDLP ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub Petrograd Soviet, nws collaborated nrog cov ntawv xov xwm "Pravda" thiab "Star". Zinoviev yug tau ib tug tub - Radomyslskogo Stefana Grigorevicha. Thaum muaj hnub nyoog ntawm 29, nws twb puas tau raug ntes thiab raug txim mus rau txoj kev tuag.

Peb tus poj niam Radomyslsky ua Evgeniya Yakovlevna Lasman. Nws siv nyob rau hauv exile thiab tsev rau txim rau ze li ntawm 20 xyoo ntawm nws lub neej.

Pre-revolutionary kev ua ub no

Nyob rau hauv 18 xyoo (1901), Zinoviev los ua ib tug mej zeej ntawm lub RSDLP thiab pib mus koom nyob rau hauv lub revolutionary zog. Nws lub koom haum, neeg ua hauj lwm 'ntaus nyob rau hauv lub New Russia, rau cov uas nws twb tsim txom los ntawm cov tub ceev xwm. Tsis txhob tsim txom nyob rau hauv 1902 Radomyslsky mus Berlin, thiab ces nyob rau hauv ib lub xyoo nws tsiv mus rau Paris thiab Bern. Nyob rau hauv 1903, nws yog muaj hais tias nws tau ntsib nrog Lenin, thiab tom qab ntawd ntau npaum li cas los ze zog mus rau nws thiab pib sawv cev nyob rau hauv lub European socialist cov koom haum.

Nyob rau hauv 1903, Grigory Zinoviev, tus yees duab koj yuav pom nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm, nws tuaj koom lub Bolsheviks thiab nyob rau II Congress ntawm lub RSDLP txhawb Lenin. Nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo, ib tug revolutionary tau rov qab mus rau Ukraine, qhov twg nws coj ib tug active propaganda.

Ib xyoo tom qab, vim lub plawv kab mob Radomyslsky rov qab lub teb chaws, rov qab mus Berne. Muaj nws tau pib kawm, uas mus kawm nyob rau hauv lub University ntawm cov kws qhia ntawv ntawm Science News for KIDS, tab sis ib xyoos tom qab tu ncua nws kev tshawb fawb los mus koom nyob rau hauv lub kiv puag ncig (1905-1907). Nyob rau hauv Russia, nws twb tos rau kev ua tswv cuab nyob rau hauv lub St. Petersburg gorkomitete RSDLP. Tshiab bout mob yuam Zinoviev dua mus rau Bern, tab sis mus kawm ntawm tus kws qhia ntawv. Nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav ntawm 1906 nws rov qab mus rau St. Petersburg, nws ntog mus rau hauv lub CC (ntau votes tau txais xwb Lenin) thiab cov editor pib ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ntawv xov xwm "Forward" thiab "Social Democrat" (underground ntawv). Rau nws cov kev ua ub ntog nyob rau hauv raug ntes nyob rau hauv 1908, vim kuv muaj mob ntaug thiab mus rau Austrian Galicia nrog Lenin nyob rau hauv peb lub hlis.

Muaj Zinovev Grigoriy Evseevich, uas nws biography yog tag nrho ntawm qee, tau txais rau lub Bolshevik tog loj sums ntawm nyiaj los ntawm lub npe nrov adventurer Parvus. Austrian tub ceev xwm ntseeg tias Zinoviev recruited Fabkis txawj ntse.

kiv puag ncig

Nyob rau hauv lub Plaub Hlis 1917, Zinoviev nrog nws ob tus poj niam Zlata Lili, lawv tus tub Stephen, thawj tus poj niam Sarah Ravich Lenin rov qab mus rau Russia nyob rau hauv ib tug kaw lub tsheb ciav hlau. Tom qab lub Xya hli ntuj hnub Lenin khiav nkaum Radomyslsky thiab mus rau hauv lub pas dej los ntawm lub Daim Ntawv tsoom fwv (tam sim no muaj ib tug monument tsa txhua txhua xyoo tam sim no ib lub tsev ntaub). Lawv xav tias espionage thiab kev koom tes nrog Austria-Hungary.

Nyob rau hauv Lub kaum hli ntuj 1917, nws yog ib tug raug kaw lub rooj sib tham ntawm lub Bolshevik Central Committee, qhov twg Zinoviev thiab Lev Kamenev hais tias nws yog ntxov ntxov mus overthrow Daim Ntawv tsoom fwv thiab tsis pom zoo nrog Lenin tus daws teeb meem. Lawv ua tau zoo nyob rau hauv lub "Tshiab Lub neej" (Mensheviks) yuav luag coj mus rau ntiab tawm ntawm cov neeg sab nrauv, tab sis txiav txim siab los cia li txwv tsis pub lawv mus ua rau nws sawv cev.

Thaum lub Bolsheviks thiab SRS seized hwj chim nyob rau hauv Petrograd, Zinoviev, Lev Kamenev, Alekseem Rykovym thiab Viktorom Noginym advocated kev sib khom lus nrog lub concession Vizhelem thiab nws thov kom hauj lwm ua ke rau hauv ib tog socialist tsoom fwv. Lenin thiab Trotsky nres lub sib khom lus, thiab nyob rau lub kaum ib hlis 4, no Quartet koom nrog lawv nrog Vladimir Milyutin tuaj los ntawm cov Central Committee. Lenin nyob rau hauv teb tshaj tawm hais tias lawv deserters - qhov no yog nws txawm hais nyob rau hauv nws cov nom tswv tim khawv.

civil tsov rog

Los ntawm kawg ntawm 1917, Zinoviev tau tso cai rov qab mus rau nom tswv. Thaum lub sij hawm tsov rog nws tau txais kev pab raws li tus tswj ntawm lub Petrograd Soviet Union Sovnarkorma Northern Thaj av chaw, lub revolutionary Petrograd kws muaj txuj ci.

Mus saib tau meej hwj chim corrupted Zinoviev. Thaum tag nrho cov nyob ib ncig ntawm tau starving, nws npaj rau nws nyob ze elegant banquets. Rau nws teg num, cov bourgeoisie thiab cov unearned ntsiab deprived ntawm lub khob cij phaib. Thaum kaum ntawm txhiab tus neeg poob mus rau hauv pawg no. Lawv cia tau ibtxhi mus starvation.

Zinovev Grigoriy Evseevich (luv luv biography yog hais rau koj nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm) chiv tsis kam cov "liab xav tias tsam lawv" tom qab lub sim rau Lenin thiab lub assassination ntawm Volodarsky thiab Uritsky, rau cov uas nws twb hnyav ncawv criticized Lenin. Nws protested tiv thaiv cov kev hloov ntawm lub capital rau Moscow.

Zinoviev Lenin regained qhov chaw, cov yuav txhawb lub Brest-Litovsk Treaty, thiab tau sai rov qab mus rau lub zoo ibyam ntawm lub Central Committee nrog ua tswv cuab nyob rau hauv lub tshiab Politburo. Entrusted nws nrog tus ncej thiab cov Comintern Executive Chairman, qhov uas nws nkag tau rau lub tswvyim ntawm "kev siab phem".

Zinoviev coj ib feem nyob rau hauv Workers lub "Liab xav tias tsam lawv" ntawm lub intelligentsia ntawm Petrograd, rau cov uas nws yog nicknamed lawv "Grishka lub Peb" (nyob rau hauv kev sib piv nrog Otrepyev thiab Rasputin).

Nyob rau hauv cov coj ntawm lub Petrograd Zinoviev nroog pej xeem poob los ntawm ntau tshaj 4 lab tus tib neeg. Feem ntau ntawm lawv tsuas tshuav lub nroog, tab sis ib tug loj ib feem tuag los ntawm starvation thiab executions. Impact thiab roj ntsoog - lub caij ntuj no nyob rau hauv lub nroog tsuas tsis import roj.

Nws yog ntseeg hais tias tej yam ua twb Zinoviev zoo los txo "non-proletarian ntsiab."

Thaum pua pua ntawm cov neeg raug tua, Zinoviev tsuj yog cov feem ntau tsausmuag thiab ambitious. Nws yog ntseeg hais tias nws twb dictated los ntawm cov tag kev cia siab, kev ntshai rau tus tuag ntawm lub kiv puag ncig.

Txij li thaum 1921, Zinoviev yog ib tug tswv cuab ntawm lub Politburo thiab aims rau ua txoj haujlwm. Txhawb thaum lub sij hawm ntawm Lenin tus txojsia, nws luam tawm ntau phau ntawv - nws sau tej hauj lwm pib rau sau.

Zinoviev twb kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub tsim txom ntawm lub Orthodox txiv plig, thaum lub Bolsheviks txeeb lub tsev teev ntuj loj tseem ceeb. Nyob rau hauv Petrograd, uas nws ces khiav mus, dhau lub rooj plaub, uas raug txim mus rau txoj kev tuag 10 cov pov thawj, xws li Archimandrite Sergius thiab tom qab ntawd canonized raws li ib tug neeg dawb huv martyrs Tsam Benjamin.

Zinoviev coj ib feem nyob rau hauv lub sawv ntawm Stalin, tus nws lub sij hawm General ntawm lub RCP nyob rau hauv 1923 los ntawm cov Secretary. Nws ua li no tsis tawm ntawm tus kheej pab koj tu siab, thiab nqa mus rau lub sib ntaus tawm tsam Trotsky.

Tom qab Lenin tuag

Tom qab kev tuag ntawm Lenin tiag tiag contenders rau lub hwj chim twb Trotsky thiab Zinoviev.

Nyob rau hauv cov xyoo, Zinoviev txaus heev nruj. Nws hu ua rau puas lub peasantry thiab tag nyiag lub zos, rau boost Industrialization. Nws yog nws lam ua hais tias nws yog tsim nyog los ua kom puas ib feem ntawm lub Lavxias teb sab pejxeem, raws li tag nrho rov qhia dua nyob rau hauv lawv tus kheej txoj kev uas lub Bolsheviks ua tsis tau.

Zinoviev sim mus npaj ib lub ntiaj teb kiv puag ncig. Communist sim mus txeeb hwj chim nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees, Hungary, Mongolia, Bulgaria, Estonia, Poland, Finland. Tag nrho cov no tau coj mus rau neeg tuag ntau thiab unrealistic nyiaj txiag nqi.

Los ntawm lub Comintern Zinoviev Gregory revolutionary deduced vwm nyiaj ntawm cov nyiaj nyob rau hauv Western lub tsev txhab nyiaj.

Cult ntawm tus

Txawm tias Zinoviev laj mej pej xeem cem Stalin, tab sis nws tus cwj pwm cult nws tsim ua ntej thiab tag nws zog npaum li cas. Nws lub tsev lub zos nws renamed Zinoviev, rau immortalize nws lub npe. Nyob rau hauv muaj ntau yam loj lub zos, nyob rau ntawm nws hais kom ua, monuments thiab busts tau ntsia. Nws luam tawm ib tug tag nrho sau los ntawm nws tej hauj lwm (33 tagnrho).

tshiab txheem

Tsis pub dhau 2 xyoo Zinoviev Kamneva txheem Stalin. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, nws yog tsis coj los ntawm tus Executive Committee ntawm lub Comintern thiab lub nroog council, yog muab tau los ua ntej los ntawm Politburo, thiab ib xyoos tom qab ntawd los ntawm lub Central Committee. Qhov no yog ua raws li los ntawm ntiab tawm ntawm lub tog thiab link.

Nyob rau hauv 1928, Zinovev Grigory, nws tsev neeg kuj tau raug kev txom nyem, hloov siab lees txim, thiab nws txum tim rov qab nyob rau hauv cov neeg sab nrauv los ntawm appointing lub Kazan University rector. Plaub lub xyoos tom qab, cov zajlus thiab journalistic kev ua ub no yuav tsum rov ntes thiab exile, tab sis lub sij hawm no rau cov uas tsis yog-ntaub ntawv. Nyob rau hauv no reference, nws translates "Mein Kampf" ( "Kuv nriaj") Hitler. Nyob rau hauv 1933 nws twb muab tsawg ncig ntawm cov lus txhais no (tog neeg ua hauj lwm kawm).

Es tsis txhob plaub lub xyoos nyob rau hauv exile, ib xyoos tom qab Zinoviev dua rov qab los nyob rau hauv lub tog thiab xa mus rau lub Central Council. Thaum cov neeg sab nrauv congress, nws hloov siab lees txim thiab muaj yeeb koob Stalin thiab nws cov associates. Nws Zinoviev ces hu ua Stalin ib tug "ntse heev txhua lub sij hawm."

Qhov kev txiav txim thiab lub tsev hais plaub

Nyob rau hauv lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1934, Zinoviev tau ib zaug dua puas tau raug ntes, sentencing mus rau 10 xyoos nyob rau hauv tsev lojcuj. Raug txim twb pab nyob rau hauv lub tua ntawm Kirov, nyob rau hauv lub tswv yim ntawm ntau yam historians, qhov no fact tau teem los ntawm Stalin. Thaum nyob rau hauv Verhneuralsk nom tswv isolator, nws yuav siv sij hawm sau ntawv, xa mus rau Stalin nrog tseeb hais tias nws yog tsis tus yeeb ncuab, thiab npaj txhij rau kev txaus siab ib yam uas yuav tsum tau.

Stalin thiab nws pab tau ua nws kim heev kev siv ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm Zinoviev thiab Kamenev, kis tau xaiv tias cov opposition yog cov neeg Yudais thiab intellectuals.

Thaum lub sij hawm no, lub rehabilitation ntawm Zinoviev twb tsis ua raws li, thiab nyob rau hauv 1936 dhau lub "txheej txheem ntawm lub kaum", uas txiav txim rau lub qub thawj coj ntawm cov neeg sab nrauv. Lub yim hli ntuj 24, txiav txim siab los nqa tawm lub tiav - lub txim tuag. Tom qab ib hnub, cov kab lus tseg.

Nws yog noteworthy tias cov kab lus twb muab tso tseg nyob rau hauv 1988, paub cov tsis muaj kev txiav txim ntawm txim ntawm ib txoj kev txhaum.

Muaj pov thawj hais tias thaum lub sij hawm tshawb nrhiav Zinoviev ua xav tau rov qab rau cov nyiaj ntawm lub Comintern. Nws coj ib feem ntawm cov nyiaj uas tus neeg kidnapped thiab tsis muaj lub sij hawm mus siv los yog nqis peev. Tom qab ntawd Stalin ciaj sia, nws tsis xav tau.

Kawm txog tus cwj pwm ntawm Zinoviev ua ntej lub tua, Stalin contemptuously spat rau hauv pem teb, hais tias lwm ib yam dab tsi tiv thaiv phab ntsa rau muab tso rau lub tom kawg yog npaj txhij.

Thaum lub sij hawm lub ntes ntawm Zinoviev khaws cia nyob rau hauv tsis nyiam tej yam kev mob. Lub tshav kub nyob rau hauv lub chamber nyiaj pab ntau tshaj cov cua kub nrog. Teeb meem nrog tus ob lub raum thiab lub siab, thiab xws li tej yam kev mob coj tus neeg raug txim mus hnyav tawm tsam - los ntawm tus mob nws twb dov rau hauv pem teb thiab thov kom nws pauv mus rau lub tsev kho mob. Es tsis txhob, qhov tsim nyog tau kev pab rau cov kws kho mob muab nws cov tshuaj, ntxiv exacerbates tus kab mob no.

Cov tsis nyiam lub tsev loj cuj tej yam kev mob tom qab ib tug nyiam thiab kev ruaj ntseg lub neej Grigoriy Evseevich Zinovev tsoo down thiab tearfully thov Stalin mus tshem lub tsev hais plaub.

Stalin cog lus tseg rau Zinoviev thiab Kamenev kom lawv ciaj sia nrog lawv tsev neeg, yog hais tias lawv pom zoo rau ib tug lub tsev hais plaub nrog tag nrho cov accusations thiab sib tham txog ib co ntawm cov qub Bolsheviks. Qhov no farce ntawm mus sib hais tau tuav, tab sis ho cawm tsis tau lub neej ntawm convicts.

tuag

Zinoviev raug tua nyob rau hmo ntuj ntawm lub yim hli ntuj 26, 1936 Nws tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ECCU tsev (Moscow). tiav tim khawv recalled hais tias Zinoviev stooped thiab nug rau txoj kev hlub tshua, hnia khau looj plab hlaub executioner, tab sis nyob rau hauv lub kawg nws yuav tsis txawm taug kev, li ntawd, lub xeem ob peb meters nws cia li dragged. Ua ntej lub tua, nws pib mus nyeem cov lus thov nyob rau hauv nws cov haiv neeg Hebrew. Kamenev, uas twb raug txim nrog nws, urging rau nws tso humiliated thiab tuag nrog meej mom. Yog lwm version, raws li uas nyob rau hauv lub tua ntawm Zinoviev yuav tsum tau muab nqa rau ib tug stretcher.

Tom qab kev ncaj ncees ntawm Zinoviev nyob rau hauv 1988, ib tug ob peb xyoos ntawm nws qhuas raws li tsis muaj kev txhaum-stricken thaum Stalin lub repressions.

tsuj cov txheeb ze

Tsuj raug kev txom nyem los ntawm tag nrho cov peb poj niam Zinoviev. Thawj tus poj niam Sarah Ravich twb puas tau raug ntes peb lub sij hawm, thaum kawg rehabilitated thiab tso tawm los ntawm ib tug loj heev mob xwb peb xyoo ua ntej nws tuag nyob rau hauv 1954.

Ob txhais tus poj niam Zlata Liling ob zaug puas tau raug ntes thiab xa mus rau hauv exile, tab sis tsis zoo li nws tus tub, nws tau khiav dim txoj kev tuag. Zinoviev tus tub tuag nyob rau hauv lub xyoo nram qab no nws. Tom qab lub tua ntawm Gregory los ntawm cov tsev qiv ntawv confiscated tag nrho cov ua hauj lwm Lili (mas ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo thiab ua hauj lwm kev kawm ntawv).

Peb tus poj niam Zinoviev Evgeny Lyasman puas tau raug ntes yuav luag ob xyoo lawm. Lawv tso nws xwb nyob rau hauv xyoo 1954 thiab rehabilitated nyob rau hauv lub tom ntej no xyoo pua - nyob rau hauv 2006. Hais txog nws tus txiv nws sau puas, tab sis mus rau luam tawm lawv txwv cov txheeb ze.

xinesmas

Zinoviev tus tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm thiab kev nom kev tswv txheej xwm pheej reflected nyob rau hauv lub films. Tus thawj cov zaj duab xis yog "Lub kaum hli ntuj" - lub ruam creation Eisenstein. Nws yog noteworthy uas Zinoviev ua si Apfelbaum - nws kwv nws tij. Ntawm cov lwm films paub tias "xiav phau ntawv", "Nyob rau hauv lub hnub ntawm lub kaum hli ntuj", "Liab", "Red Neeb", "Lenin. Tsheb ciav hlau "," Stalin "," Nyob rau hauv lub Kos npe rau ntawm Scorpio "thiab TV series" Yesenin ".

lub tswv yim contemporaries

Luv luv biography Grigoriya Zinoveva, ib txoj kev los sis lwm, ntawm kev txaus siab rau ntau contemporaries. Yuav ua li cas yog lub tswv yim ntawm cov pej xeem hais txog tus txiv neej no? Yeej contemporaries tau tsis zoo heev teem tiv thaiv Zinoviev. Lawv pom tias nws txoj kev ntse thiab civility, tab sis kuj muab sau hais tias nws yog ib tug dlej thiab scheming coward.

Close rau Zinoviev neeg hais tias nws twb tsis muaj raug tus kab mob, ntev li saib iav heev thiab ambition, lom aristocratic cwj pwm tsis zoo.

Tog comrades Zinoviev criticized rau ua tsis paub nyob rau hauv controversy thiab unprincipled xaiv ntawm txhais tau tias kom tau koj tus kheej thiab kev nom kev tswv kev vam meej.

Thaum lub sij hawm lub kev tshaib kev nqhis nyob rau hauv Petrograd, Zinoviev mus rau lub rooj coj ib tug ntau yam ntawm delicacies. Nws hais tias ntshiv thiab coj tus cwj pwm zoo prerevolutionary Gregory loj hlob nyob rau hauv qhov tseem ceeb thiab arrogance "rog rascals" uas squeezed nyiaj los ntawm tshaib plab neeg.

Nyob rau hauv lub memoirs ntawm contemporaries Zinoviev muaj ib lo lus txog lub hav zoov ntawm Leningrad nyob rau hauv lub cult ntawm nws tus cwj pwm.