QAUV nonpolar covalent daim ntawv cog lus. Covalent daim ntawv cog lus ncov qaumteb qabteb thiab nonpolar

Ib tug tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub tshuaj theem ntawm lub koom haum ntawm lub ntiaj teb no ua ib tug qauv ntawm cov kev sib txuas lus cob qhia hais, nruab nrab ntawm lub tebchaw. Feem tooj ntawm tej yam yooj yim tshuaj, namely nonmetals yog nonpolar covalent link hom, tsuas yog rau cov inert gases. Co nyob hauv cov ntshiab daim ntawv muaj kev sib txuas lus txoj kev uas yog pom tau hais los ntawm socialization dawb electrons nyob rau hauv lub siv lead ua ntxaij ntoo.

Tag nrho cov complex tshuaj (tshwj tsis yog rau ib co organic) yog ncov qaumteb qabteb covalent tshuaj bonds. Hom thiab cov piv txwv ntawm cov tebchaw yuav sib tham txog hauv qab no. Nyob rau hauv lub meantime, paub cov yam ntxwv ntawm ib tug atom muaj feem xyuam rau cov kev sib txuas lus polarization.

electronegativity

Atoms, thiab ntau yeej nws cov tub ntxhais (uas, raws li peb paub, yog zoo them), muaj lub peev xwm los nyiam thiab khaws cov electron ceev, nyob rau hauv particular, tus tsim ntawm cov tshuaj bonds. Qhov no tej khoom vaj tse twb hu ua electronegativity. Lub Periodic Rooj nws cov nuj nqis hlob nyob rau hauv ntev thiab lub ntsiab ntsiab ntawm lub pab pawg. Electronegativity nqi yog tsis ib txwm tsis tu ncua thiab muaj peev xwm sib txawv, piv txwv li, hloov cov hom hybridization, uas nkag mus rau atomic orbitals.

Tshuaj bonds, hom thiab cov piv txwv ntawm cov uas muaj npe nyob hauv qab no, thiab ntau yeej, cov localization los yog ib nrab xaav ntawm cov hu rau ib qho ntawm kev ruaj koom qhia los ntawm cov electronegative cov yam ntxwv ntawm ib tug caij. Xaav tshwm sim rau lub atom, uas yog tus muaj zog.

Nonpolar covalent daim ntawv cog lus

"Formula" nonpolar covalent linkages yooj yim - ob atoms ntawm qhov xwm tib yam ua ke ua ke nyob rau hauv ib tug khub ntawm electrons lawv valence zoo li. Xws li ib tug khub yog hu ua ib tug muab faib vim hais tias nws belongs rau ob tog sib npaug losis tswvyim dabtsi. Nws yog los ntawm kev sib tham electron ceev nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug khub ntawm electrons, atoms tsiv mus nyob rau ib ruaj khov lub xeev, txij li thaum ua tiav lawv cov txheej electron theem, thiab "octet" (los yog "doublet" nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm ib tug yooj yim tshuaj ntawm hydrogen H _2, nws tsuas s-orbital, rau kawm tiav ntawm uas yuav tsum tau ob electrons) - ib lub xeev ntawm cov sab nraud theem, uas tag nrho cov atoms, raws li nws sau raws nkaus Ii sau lub xeev nrog yam tsawg kawg nkaus lub zog.

Ib qho piv txwv ntawm ib tug uas tsis yog-polar covalent daim ntawv cog lus yog nyob rau hauv lub inorganics thiab, coj txawv txawv raws li nws yuav sound, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv cov organic Science News for KIDS, ib yam nkaus thiab. Qhov no hom ntawm kev twb kev txuas yog tshwm sim rau tag nrho cov yooj yim tshuaj - uas tsis yog-hlau dua lwm lub noble gases, raws li valence theem ntawm cov inert roj atom thiab twb tiav octet ntawm electrons, thiab yog li ntawd zoo li losis tswvyim dabtsi nws tus kheej twb tsis muaj lub ntsiab lus rau nws, thiab txawm tsawg energetically paaj. Nyob rau hauv qhov uas tsis yog-polarity organic teeb meem nyob rau hauv tej kev qauv ntawm cov molecule thiab yog zwj ceeb.

Covalent ncov qaumteb qabteb daim ntawv cog lus

QAUV nonpolar covalent daim ntawv cog lus tas rau ib ob peb molecules ntawm ib tug yooj yim tshuaj, thaum lub sij hawm sib txuas ntawm dipoles nyob rau hauv uas lub electron ceev yog cov txav mus rau ib tug ntau electronegative caij, - ib tug yooj yim feem ntau. Tej thaum lawv tseem atoms nrog txawv electronegativity nqi muab ncov qaumteb qabteb daim ntawv cog lus. Nyob rau hauv kev, vim cov organic teeb meem - ib tug ncov qaumteb qabteb covalent daim ntawv cog lus. Tej zaum ionic inorganic oxides kuj ncov qaumteb qabteb, thiab ntsev ntawm acids thiab ionic tsevneeg predominates hom.

Raws li ib tug huab ntaub ntawv ntawm lub ncov qaumteb qabteb losis tswvyim dabtsi tej zaum kho thiab cov ionic hom tebchaw. Yog hais tias lub electronegativity ntawm ib qho ntawm lub ntsiab yog ho siab tshaj lwm tus, ib tug electron khub yog kiag li txav los ntawm cov kev sib txuas lus nruab nrab thereto. Yog li ntawd, yog ib tug faib mus rau hauv ions. Neeg twg uas picks ib tug electron khub, yog hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv ib qho anion thiab tau txais ib tug tsis zoo xwb, thiab tsis tau ntawm ib tug electron - yog hloov mus rau ib tug ntawv thiab ua zoo.

Piv txwv ntawm inorganic tshuaj nrog ib tug covalent daim ntawv cog lus hom uas tsis yog-polar

Tshuaj nrog apolar covalent daim ntawv cog lus - yog, piv txwv li, tag nrho cov binary roj molecules: hydrogen (H - H), cov pa (= O), nitrogen (nyob rau hauv nws cov molecule 2 atoms txuas triple daim ntawv cog lus (N ≡ N)); kua thiab khoom tshuaj: tshuaj (Cl - Cl), Fluoro (F - F), bromo (Br - Br), iodine (I - I). Tsis tas li ntawd txoj tshuaj uas muaj atoms ntawm txawv hais, tab sis, nrog rau hauv tib lub sij nqi ntawm electronegativity, piv txwv li, phosphorus hydride - PH _3.

Organic thiab uas tsis yog-polar losis tswvyim dabtsi

Nplua mias meej tias tag nrho cov organic teeb meem complex. Cov lus nug no, yuav ua li cas thiaj yuav muaj ib tug nonpolar daim ntawv cog lus nyob rau hauv ib tug complex teeb meem? Cov lus teb yog yooj yim heev, Yog hais tias ib tug me ntsis zajlus kom xav. Yog hais tias lub electronegativity qhov tseem ceeb hais txog cov ntsiab txawv me ntsis thiab tsis txhob tsim ib tug dipole lub sij hawm ntawd nyob rau hauv lub chaw tub rog, xws kev twb kev txuas yuav tsum tau ntshai li uas tsis yog-polar. Qhov no yog qhov teeb meem no nrog cov pa roj carbon thiab hydrogen: tag nrho cov C - H bonds nyob rau hauv cov organic teeb meem pom tau hais tias yuav tsis-ncov qaumteb qabteb.

QAUV nonpolar covalent daim ntawv cog lus - methane molecule, qhov nyuaj organic compound. Nws muaj ib tug carbon atom uas, raws li nws cov valence, kev cob cog rua ntawm ib bonds mus rau plaub hydrogen atoms. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, lub molecule tsis yog ib tug dipole, vim yog tsis muaj them nyiaj localization nyob rau hauv ib yam dab tsi thiab nyob rau cov nuj nqis ntawm lub tetrahedral qauv. Lub electron ceev yog faib tusyees.

Ib qho piv txwv ntawm ib tug uas tsis yog-polar covalent daim ntawv cog lus yog nyob rau hauv ntau txoj organic tebchaw. Nws yog pom tau hais nyob rau ntawm qhov nuj nqis ntawm mesomeric los, uas yog, raws li rub electron ceev, uas sai sai extinguished los ntawm cov pa roj carbon saw. Yog li, nyob rau hauv lub molecule hexachloroethane daim ntawv cog lus C - C nonpolar vim rub niaj hnub electron ceev rau cov tshuaj atoms.

Lwm yam kev bonds

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau ib tug covalent daim ntawv cog lus, uas, incidentally, muaj peev xwm yuav nqa tawm nyob rau hauv pub-acceptor mechanism, muaj ionic, nws yog xim hlau thiab hydrogen bonds. Luv luv tus yam ntxwv penultimate ob hais saum toj no.

Hydrogen daim ntawv cog lus - yog lub electrostatic intermolecular sis, uas muaj peev xwm tshwm sim yog hais tias muaj yog ib qho atom nyob rau hauv lub molecule thiab lwm yam ntawm Hydrogen muaj unshared electron officers. Qhov no hom ntawm tsevneeg yog npaum li cas weaker dua lwm tus, tab sis vim lub fact tias cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw ntawm cov bonds peev xwm yuav tsim heev npaum li cas, muaj txhawb ho mus rau lub zog ntawm cov compound.