Princes thiab principalities ntawm ancient Rus nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm disunity

Tom qab kev tuag ntawm tus Tub Vaj Ntxwv ntawm Kiev Yaroslava Mudrogo nyob rau hauv 1054 nyob rau hauv Russia tau pib tus txheej txheem kev lwj ua ntej ib zaug xwb lub xeev. Zoo ib yam li cov txheej xwm coj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv Western teb chaws Europe. Nws yog ib tug general ntsuam ntawm lub feudal Nrab Hnub nyoog. Maj mam, Russia yog muab faib ua ob peb de facto ywj siab principalities nrog ntau sawv, kab lis kev cai thiab lub Rurik dynasty. Nws pib nyob rau hauv 1132, thaum nws tuag Mstislav Veliky tseem ceeb rau lub teb chaws. Qhov ntawd yog qhov hnub ntawm pib ntawm lub kawg historians ntseeg tam sim no nom tswv fragmentation. Nyob rau hauv lub xeev no, Russia lasted kom txog thaum lub nruab nrab ntawm lub XIII xyoo pua, thaum nws paub txog qhov ntxeem tau ntawm Mongol-Tatar pab tub rog.

Kiev av

Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo, lub nqi zog ntawm ancient Russia tau muab faib, merged, hloov cov kev cai ntawm cov ceg ntawm cov Rurik dynasty , thiab hais txog. D. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv kev phem ntawm lub feeb tsis meej txog cov txheej xwm, muaj ntau ntau tseem ceeb feem, uas ua si rau cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub neej ntawm lub teb chaws. Txawm tias tom qab lub sij cev qhuav dej ntawm lub tsib jure nws suav hais tias ib tug senior Tub Vaj Ntxwv ntawm Kiev.

Control ntawm lub "niam ntawm Lavxias teb sab lub zos" sim mus nrhiav kom tau ib tug ntau yam ntawm tej rulers. Yog li ntawd, yog hais tias tus fiefdoms ntawm ancient Russia tau lawv tus kheej raws roj ntsha dynasty, lub Kiev feem ntau dhau los ntawm txhais tes mus rau tes. Tom qab kev tuag ntawm Mstislav Vladimirovich nyob rau hauv 1132 lub nroog los ua cov cuab yeej luv luv Chernigov Rurik. Nws tsis nplua lwm mej zeej ntawm lub dynasty. Vim hais tias ntawm ensuing kev tsov kev rog Kiev nres thawj tswj Pereyaslav, Turov thiab Vladimir-Volyn nqi zog, thiab ces (nyob rau hauv 1169) thiab nyob tag nrho twb looted pab tub rog Andreya Bogolyubskogo thiab thaum kawg poob nws kev nom kev tswv tseem ceeb.

Chernihiv

Fiefdoms ntawm ancient Russia nyob rau hauv lub Chernigov av tau koom rau cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm Svyatoslav Yaroslavovych. Lawv tau ntev tau nyob rau hauv tej teeb meem nrog Kiev. Chernihiv dynasty rau ob peb xyoo lawm twb tau muab faib ua ob ceg: lub xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm Oleg thiab Davidovich. Nrog txhua tiam tshwm sim ntau tshiab fiefdoms, chips los ntawm Chernigov (Sivers'k-Novgorod, Bryanskoye, Kurskoe thiab t. D.).

Cov feem ntau cov tawm uas kav lub cheeb tsam historians ntseeg Svyatoslava Olgovicha. Nws yog ib tug ally ntawm Yuriya Dolgorukogo. Nrog lawv phooj ywg tsiab peb caug nyob rau hauv Moscow nyob rau hauv 1147 nws pib paub tseeb hais tias keeb kwm keeb kwm ntawm lub Lavxias teb sab capital. Thaum lub Duchy ntawm ancient Russia koom nyob rau hauv sib ntaus tawm tsam tus Mongols nyob rau hauv lub sab hnub tuaj, cov kev rulers Chernigov pawg neeg thaj av ua nrog rau tus so ntawm Ruric thiab tua yeej rau lub Kalka River. Ntxeem tau ntawm lub steppe tau cuam tshuam tsis yog txhua txhua nqi zog, thiab tsuas yog nws cov sab hnub tuaj ib feem. Cuaj kaum, nws muaj leej twg paub nws tus kheej ib tug vassal ntawm lub Golden Horde (tom qab ib tug mob tuag Michael ntawm Chernigov). Nyob rau hauv lub XIV xyoo pua Chernihiv ua ke nrog ib tug xov tooj ntawm neighboring zos tau annexed mus Lithuania.

Polotsk Thaj av

Polotsk kav Izyaslavich (xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv Iziaslav V.). Qhov no ceg ntawm lub Rurik sawv tawm ua ntej ntawm lwm leej lwm tus. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, cov thawj Polotsk pib ib armed tawm tsam rau kev ywj pheej los ntawm Kiev. Lub earliest xws li ib tug tsov rog tshwm sim nyob rau hauv thaum pib ntawm XI caug xyoo.

Zoo li lwm cov principalities ntawm ancient Rus nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm fragmentation, Polotsk nws thiaj li phua rau hauv ob peb me me principalities (Vitebsk, Minsk, Drutskiy kuv T. D.). Ib txhia ntawm cov zos raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm kev tsov kev rog thiab dynastic kev sib yuav kis mus rau Smolensk Rurikovich. Tab sis lub feem ntau txaus ntshai tw ntawm Polotsk, tsis muaj tsis ntseeg, twb Lithuanians. Chiv, Baltic pab pawg neeg staged predatory raids nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab teb chaws. Ces lawv tsiv mus nyob rau lub gains. Nyob rau hauv 1307 Polotsk thaum kawg los ua ib feem ntawm lub fledgling Lithuanian lub hwj chim.

Volyn

Nyob rau hauv lub Volyn cheeb tsam (southwest ntawm tam sim no-hnub Ukraine) kom paub qhov txawv ob tug loj nom tswv chaw - Vladimir-Volyn thiab Galich. Tom qab ua ywj siab los ntawm Kiev, cov Principality pib los lwv nrog txhua lwm yam rau cov coj noj coj ua nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam. Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua XII Roman Mstislavovich koom ob lub zos. Nws twb hu ua lub Principality ntawm Galicia-Volyn. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub huab tais yog li ntawd zoo kawg hais tias nws Tiv raug ntiab tawm hauv lub Crusaders los ntawm Constantinople ntawm lub Byzantine huab tais Alexios III.

Tub Daniel Roman nws lub koob meej eclipsed nws txiv txoj kev vam meej. Nws ntse tawm tsam tus Tug, Hungarians thiab Mongols los ntawm lub sij hawm rau lub sij hawm mus rau hauv ib qho kev pab pawg nrog ib tug neeg los ntawm cov neeg zej zog. Nyob rau hauv 1254 Daniel txawm coj los ntawm cov Pope lub npe ntawm King ntawm Russia, hoping pab Western teb chaws Europe nyob rau hauv sib ntaus tawm tsam tus steppe. Tom qab nws tuag, tus Galicia-Volyn nqi zog poob mus rau hauv disrepair. Thaum xub thawj, nws twb muab faib ua ob peb feem, thiab ces twb annexed los ntawm Poland. Lub fragmentation ntawm ancient Russia, qhov chaw uas lub nqi zog lossi nyob rau txawv nrog txhua lwm yam, tiv thaiv nws sib ntaus tawm tsam lwm ntshai heev txawm.

Smolensk

Smolensk nqi zog nyob rau hauv lub thaj chaw ntawm Russia. Nws ua ywj siab thaum tus tub Mstislava Velikogo Rostislav. Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua XII lub nqi zog ntawm ancient Russia rov pib ib tug iab tawm tsam rau Kiev. Lub ntsiab contenders rau lub hwj chim nyob rau hauv lub ancient capital ntawm Smolensk thiab Chernigov twb rulers.

Lub sab saum toj ntawm lub hwj chim Rostislav xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv mus txog ntawm Mstislav Romanovich. Nyob rau hauv 1214-1223 gg. nws kav tsis tau tsuas yog Smolensk, tab sis Kiev. Nws yog ib qhov None yog tus initiator ntawm cov thawj antimongolskoy coalition yeej nyob rau Kalka. Tom qab Smolensk tsawg tshaj li lwm leej lwm tus raug mob thaum lub sij hawm qhov ntxeem tau. Cuaj kaum, nws rulers them tribute mus rau lub Golden Horde. Maj mam Principality squeezed ntawm nkag mus rau hauv cawv Lithuania thiab Moscow. Independence nyob rau hauv tej yam yuav tsis tau ntev. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, nyob rau hauv 1404 lub Lithuanian None Vytautas Smolensk lawm txuas mus rau nws cov khoom ntiag.

Outpost nyob rau hauv qhov muag

Ryazan nqi zog nyob teb chaws nyob rau hauv lub Middle Oka. Nws sawv tawm los ntawm lub realms of Chernigov rulers. Nyob rau hauv 1160-ies ntawm Ryazan tsoo Moore. Mongol ntxeem tau painfully ntaus rau ntawm ntug. Cov neeg nyob, princes, principalities ntawm ancient Russia tsis to taub cov kev hem thawj nyiag ua los ntawm sab hnub tuaj invaders. Nyob rau hauv 1237 lub thawj Lavxias teb sab Ryazan nroog twb puas steppe dwellers. Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, lub nqi zog yog tawm tsam nrog lub loj hlob hwj chim ntawm Moscow. Piv txwv li, tus tswv xeev ntawm Ryazan Oleg Ivanovich ntev lawm ib tug nrog sib ntaus Dmitriya Donskogo. Ryazan maj poob hauv av. Nws twb annexed los ntawm Moscow nyob rau hauv 1521.

Novgorod koom pheej

Keeb kwm cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov principalities ntawm ancient Rus tsis tau tiav tsis muaj ib tug mention ntawm lub Novgorod koom pheej. Lub xeev no nyob raws li nws tej kev nom kev tswv thiab kev sib raug zoo tej yam kev mob. Ntawm no nws tsim ib aristocratic koom pheej nrog ib tug muaj zog cawv ntawm qhov nrov Chamber. Princes tau raug xaiv captains (lawv tau caw los ntawm lwm Lavxias teb sab pawg neeg thaj av).

Ib tug zoo xws li cov nom tswv system tau tsim nyob rau hauv Pskov, uas yog hu ua "cov kwv yau ntawm Novgorod." Cov ob lub zos nyob rau hauv lub chaw zov me nyuam ntawm thoob ntiaj teb pauv. Piv rau lwm Lavxias teb sab nom tswv cov chaw lawv muaj feem ntau cov muaj mob nrog Western teb chaws Europe. Tom qab lub Baltic States coj tub rog Catholic monastic kev txiav txim, ntawm lub Knights thiab Novgorod pib loj tsis sib haum xeeb. Qhov no nriaj mus txog rau nws climax nyob rau hauv 1240-ies. Nws yog ces hais tias lub Swedes thiab cov Germans nyob rau hauv lem yeej tub huabtais Alexander Nevsky. Thaum yuav luag tas cov keeb kwm txoj kev ntawm lub Ancient Russia rau cov neeg pej xeem Duchy ntawm Moscow, lub koom pheej twb nyob ib leeg nrog Ivan III. Nws tau kov yeej Novgorod nyob rau hauv 1478.

Northeast Russia

Tus thawj nom tswv cov chaw ntawm cov North-Eastern Russia nyob rau hauv lub XI-XII centuries. twb Rostov, Suzdal thiab Vladimir. Nws kav lub xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm Monomakh thiab nws tus tub Yuriya Dolgorukogo. Cov successors ntawm txiv Andrew Bogolyubskii thiab Vsevolod lub loj zes ntxiv dag zog rau txoj cai ntawm Vladimir nqi zog, uas ua rau nws lub loj tshaj plaws thiab muaj zog nyob rau hauv lub fragmented Rus.

Thaum cov me nyuam Vsevolod loj Jack pib ib tug loj civil tsov rog. Lawv pib tshwm thawj zaug fiefdoms. Tab sis qhov tiag kev puas tsuaj tuaj nyob rau hauv lub North-Eastern Russia, ua ke nrog lub Mongols. Nomads tau ravaged cov cheeb tsam no, hlawv ntau ntawm nws lub nroog. Thaum lub sij hawm lub Tartar khans txoj cai pom tau hais tias Vladimir Princes cov laus thoob plaws Russia. Kho kom raug neeg staged rau cov neeg uas tau txais ib tug tshwj xeeb daim ntawv lo.

Nyob rau hauv lub tawm tsam rau Vladimir faib ob tug tshiab yeeb ncuab: Tver thiab Moscow. Lub ncov ntawm lawv confrontation tuaj thaum pib ntawm lub XIV caug xyoo. Nyob rau hauv qhov kev sib txeeb tus khiav yog Moscow. Maj mam nws princes tuaj koom lub North-Eastern Russia, overthrew lub Mongol-Tatar quab thiab nws thiaj li tsim ib tug unified Lavxias teb sab xeev (thawj ntawm nws huab tais nyob rau hauv 1547 los ua Ivan Grozny).