Seljuk Turks. Keeb kwm ntawm cov teb chaws Asia

Ib qho ntawm feem formidable medieval Neeg Esxias conquerors yog cov Seljuk Turks. Lawv muaj ib tug ob peb xyoo lawm yuav tsim ib tug loj faj tim teb chaws ntawm nws lub sij hawm, uas, li cas los xij, tsis ntev poob sib nrug. Tab sis cov no tawg tsam ntawm faj tim teb chaws muab lub neej txawm ntau haib lub xeev. Cia peb kawm saib ua li cas yuav muab lub Seljuk Turks, lawv yog leej twg thiab nyob qhov twg.

ethnogenesis Seljuk

Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, peb yuav tsum tau los mus txiav txim qhov twg puas tau lub Seljuk Turks. Lawv zoo li tseem muaj ntau mysteries rau historians.

Raws li feem ntau version, lawv yog ib tug ntawm cov ceg ntawm cov Oguz Turkic haiv neeg. Oguz koj tus kheej, feem ntau yuav, nws yog ib lub txiaj ntsim uas tsim kev ntxhov rau lub teb chaws ntawm Central Asia, lub zos Ugric thiab Sarmatian pab pawg neeg los ntawm outsiders Turks, nrog rau cov zauv thiab kev cai predominance ntawm lub yav tas. Zoo li tus so ntawm lub Turkic haiv neeg, Oguz koom nyob rau hauv nomadic tsiaj husbandry, raws li zoo raws li raids nyob rau lwm pab pawg neeg. Chiv, lawv vassals ntawm cov haib Khazar Khanate, tab sis tom qab ua raug rho tawm los thiab txhim tsa lawv tus kheej lub xeev rau ob tog ntawm lub Syr Darya, nrog nws capital nyob rau hauv Yangikent, uas tau tsav Yabgu.

Kev Kawm Ntawv Seljuk State

Nyob rau hauv lub IX xyoo pua noble Oguz Tokak Ibn Luqman pawg neeg Kınık tsiv ua ke nrog subordinate neeg nyob rau hauv cov kev pab cuam ntawm lub Khazar Khanate. Tiam sis nrog lub poob ntawm lub hwj chim ntawm lub Khazars, nws rov qab mus rau Central Asia, qhov twg nws yog mus ua hauj lwm Oguz Yabgu Ali, li no ua lub thib ob feem ntau tseem ceeb tus neeg nyob rau hauv lub xeev ntawm cov Oguz.

Tokak muaj ib tug tub los ntawm lub npe ntawm Selcuk, uas nyob rau ib lub sij hawm ua hauj lwm nrog nws txiv los ntawm lub Khazars. Tom qab kev tuag ntawm Tokak Selcuk tau txais los ntawm Yabgu title syubashi (tub rog commander). Tab sis lub sij hawm lub kev sib raug zoo ntawm tus kav thiab cov Seljuk xeev Oguz ntshawv siab. Hwm thiab paub ntshai rau nws lub neej thiab lub neej ntawm cov txheeb uas sawv daws, Selcuk twb yuam kom so num lawm nrog rau cov tswv cuab ntawm nws pawg neeg mus rau sab qab teb nyob rau hauv lub Muslim pawg neeg thaj av nyob rau hauv 985, qhov chaw uas nws hloov dua siab tshiab rau Islam. Nws nkag mus hauv cov kev pab cuam ntawm lub Samanids, uas nominally xam tau tias yog governors Khalifa nyob rau hauv Central Asia, tab sis nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb tag nrho ywj siab rulers.

Ces nrhiav neeg, Selcuk nyob rau hauv lub banner ntawm cov tshiab txoj kev ntseeg rov qab mus rau lub xeev ntawm cov Oghuz, coj lub sib ntaus tawm tsam Yabgu. Yog li, koj tus kheej ua yeebncuab ntawm Ali thiab Selcuk muab rau hauv ib tug Muslim jihad. Tsis ntev, tus tub hluas commander tswj mus ntes ib lub nroog loj Jenda thiab khom ntawm no. Nws muaj peev xwm muab lwm yam Turkic haiv neeg, yog li tsim kom muaj lawv tus kheej me me lub xeev tsis tau. Lub capital yog lub nroog ntawm Jenda. Thiab tag nrho cov ntawm cov uas tuaj nyob rau hauv lub banner ntawm cov Seljuk pab pawg neeg los ua lub npe hu nyob rau hauv keeb kwm raws li lub Seljuk Turks.

strengthening ntawm lub xeev

Meanwhile, nyob rau hauv thaum pib ntawm XI xyoo pua Samanid lub xeev poob nyob rau hauv lub onslaught ntawm lwm haib Turkic Union - Karakhanids. Chiv txhawb cov Seljuks nyob rau hauv sib ntaus tawm tsam lawv overlords - Samanids, rau cov uas lawv tau txais kev pab cuam thiab autonomy nyob rau hauv cov kev tswj ntawm lawv pawg neeg thaj av, tab sis tom qab lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm cov kev pab cuam tsiv mus rau Karakhanids.

Tom qab kev tuag ntawm Seljuk xeev kav los ntawm nws tsib tug tub: Israil (Turkic lub npe ntawm Arslan), Mikail, Musa Yusuf thiab Yunus. Chief yog tus hlob tus tub ntawm Israil. Nws ntxiv ntxiv dag zog rau lub hwj chim ntawm lub Seljuks nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam.

Israil yuav txiv rau tus ntxhais ntawm tus pas ntsuas Karakhanids Ali Tegin. Nws xa mus rau hauv lub capital nroog ntawm Bukhara nyob rau hauv cov kev pab cuam ntawm Ali tegin nws ob tug tub xeebntxwv, tus tub ntawm Mikail - Togrul thiab Daud (Chagry Bey), tus poj conquests uas peb yuav sib tham txog hauv qab no.

Thaum lub sij hawm no, nyob rau hauv tej teeb meem nrog rau cov Qarakhanids kev txhawb los ntawm lub Seljuks, tuaj lub mighty kav Gazny Mahmud. Nws ua tau zoo nyob rau hauv lub 1025 capture ntawm Ixayees, uas kaw thiab tuag xya xyoo tom qab ntawd. Qhov kev tshwm sim cim pib ntawm lub nriaj ntawm lub Ghaznavids thiab Seljuks, uas tau los ua lub taub hau ntawm Mikail, entrenched nyob rau hauv Bukhara.

zoo tau

Tom qab kev tuag ntawm Mikail hwj chim pub los ntawm nws cov tub - thiab Togrul thov Chagry, Hmoob cov uas twb ua ntej lawm. Cov teeb meem nruab nrab ntawm lawv thiab cov Ghaznavids tag nrho compounded kom txog thaum daws sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Dandakane nyob rau hauv uas lub Seljuk Turks yeej ib landslide yeej nyob rau hauv 1040. Tom qab kev sib haum xeeb daim ntawv cog lus uas lawv tau txais nyob rau hauv lub muaj ntawm tag nrho cov ntawm Khorasan, noj tam sim ntawd los ntawm cov Ghaznavids, thiab Togrul rightfully yog tam sim no yuav tsum tau hu ua Sultan.

Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo tom ntej, lub Seljuk Turks kov yeej tag nrho ntawm Iran thiab Khorezm. Nyob rau hauv 1055 nws twb ntes lub peev ntawm tus caliphate - lub nroog ntawm Baghdad. Tab sis Togrul, ua ncaj ncees Muslim, tshuav ib tug ntawm sab ntsuj plig cai ntawm lub caliph, thiab rov qab los ntawm nws tau txais lub siab tshaj plaws sab nqaij daim tawv lub hwj chim thiab tus huab tais ntawm cov sab hnub tuaj thiab sab hnub poob title.

Tom qab ntawd, Seljuks pib lawv raids nyob rau South Caucasus thiab cov teb chaws Asia muaj hnub nyoog, thaum lub sij hawm sawv daws khoom ib mus rau lub Byzantine Empire. Ib thaj tsam Togrul yog ncaj qha mus txuas mus rau lawv lub xeev, nyob rau hauv lwm yam cog rau lub zwm txwv ntawm cov txheeb ze, nyob rau hauv lub thib peb - tawm hauv hwj chim rau lub zos rulers, noj los ntawm lawv homage.

Seljuk faj tim teb chaws

Los ntawm kawg ntawm lub neej ntawm Togrul tsim tiag tiag Seljuk faj tim teb chaws, ncav us txog ntawm lub Aral Hiav txwv nyob rau hauv lub sab hnub tuaj mus rau lub Caucasus thiab Asia muaj hnub nyoog txwv rau sab hnub poob. Great commander tuag nyob rau hauv 1063, dua cov zoo tshaj plaws hwj chim rau nws lawm tub Alp Arslan, uas yog tus tub Chagry Bey.

Txawm li cas los, Alp Arslan tsis tau nres rau ntawm lub achievements ntawm nws tus txiv ntxawm, thiab txuas ntxiv mus nthuav lub teb chaws Ottoman. Nws muaj kev tswj yuav tsum yeej xwb Georgia thiab Armenia, thiab nyob rau hauv 1071, tsis tsuas inflicted ib crushing Byzantine yeej ntawm Manzikert, tab sis kuj yog tej nws tus huab tais. Tsis ntev tom qab ntawd, yuav luag tag nrho cov ntawm Malaya Aziya tau koom rau cov Seljuk Turks.

Nyob rau hauv 1072, thaum Alp Arslan xa nws cov tub rog tiv thaiv Karakhanids, ib qho los twb ua rau nws. Txhab Sultan sai tuag, bequeathing lub zwm txwv rau nws me tub Malik Shah.

Dua li ntawm qhov kiag, tus tshiab Sultan mus suppress cov ntxeev siab tsoo tawm. Nws muaj peev xwm noj tam sim ntawd Syria thiab Palestine los ntawm lub Fatimid xeev, uas tsis paub txog txoj cai ntawm Khalifa, thiab yuam kom txais vassalage Karakhanids. Thaum nws nce mus txog nws tshaj plaws lub xeev Seljuk lub hwj chim.

Cov poob ntawm lub Seljuk faj tim teb chaws

Tom qab nws tuag nyob rau hauv 1092, Malik Shah pib poob ntawm ib tug zoo kawg faj tim teb chaws, uas yog ua tau faib nruab nrab ntawm cov tub Sultan, lossi muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv internecine kev tsov kev rog. Qhov teeb meem no twb aggravated thaum pib ntawm lub Crusades Western Knights nrog 1096, raws li zoo raws li lub strengthening ntawm lub Byzantine Empire nyob rau hauv Comnenus dynasty. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, ntog tawm los ntawm faj tim teb chaws steel cheeb tsam nyob rau hauv uas txoj cai sab ceg Seljukids.

Nyob rau hauv lub kawg, tom qab kev tuag ntawm lwm cov kwv tij remnants ntawm faj tim teb chaws nyob rau hauv 1118 nyob rau hauv lub ob txhais tes ntawm Ahmad Sanjar. Nws yog qhov kawg Supreme Sultan, uas pom tau hais tias cov Seljuk Turks. Keeb kwm ntawm lub Seljuk faj tim teb chaws, xaus nyob rau hauv 1153 nrog nws txoj kev tuag.

Qhov kawg disintegration ntawm lub Seljuk hwj chim

Ntev ua ntej qhov kev tuag ntawm Sanjar lub faj tim teb chaws tau ncaim tag nrho lub teb chaws, uas tau txiav txim los ntawm lub Seljuk dynasty sab ceg. Yog li, nyob rau hauv 1041 nws tau nrhiav tau Karmansky Sultanate nyob rau hauv southwestern Iran, uas ntawd kub ntev li kom txog thaum 1187. Nyob rau hauv 1094 cais Syria Sultanate. Txawm li cas los, nws lub neej twb tag rau 23 xyoo. Nyob rau hauv 1118 nyiaj rau lub hauv paus ntawm lub Iraqi sultanate, uas nws lub caij nplooj zeeg yog sau hnub tim 1194 xyoo.

Tab sis ntawm tag nrho cov tawg tsam ntawm lub Seljuk faj tim teb chaws, tus coos ntawd kub ntev li Sultanate ntawm Rum (los yog Rum), nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Asia muaj hnub nyoog. Qhov tus tsim ntawm lub xeev no yog cov tub Alp Arslan Suleiman ibn Qutulmish, uas pib nrog cov 1077 txoj cai.

Lub qub txeeg qub teg ntawm tus pas ntsuas kom ntxiv dag zog thiab nthuav lub sultanate, uas mus txog nws siab tshaj plaws hwj chim thaum pib ntawm lub XIII xyoo pua. Tab sis qhov ntxeem tau ntawm lub Mongols nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua, nyuam qhuav tawg lawm lub Seljuk lub xeev. Nyob rau hauv lub kawg, nws disintegrated mus rau hauv ntau beyliks (cheeb tsam), tsuas yog thawm xyoo subordinate mus rau lub Sultan. Sultanate ntawm Rum thaum kawg mus nyob qhovtwg li nyob rau hauv 1307.

Lub sij hawm tuaj txog ntawm cov Ottomans

Txawm tias ua ntej lub kawg puas tsuaj ntawm Sultanate ntawm Rum, ib tug ntawm nws rulers, Kay Kubad nyob rau hauv 1227 nws tau tso cai rau tsiv mus nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm lub xeev mus rau ib lub ntawm cov Oguz pab pawg neeg - coj los Kaya Ertogrul. Ua ntej ntawd, cov pawg neeg no nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws ntawm tam sim no-hnub Iran.

Tub Ertogrul Osman nrhiav tau nyob rau hauv Asia muaj hnub nyoog lub tshiab Turkish xeev, uas tom qab tau txais lub npe ntawm tus Ottoman Empire. Nrog nws successors uas fais fab captures loj qhov chaw ntawm Asia, Africa thiab cov teb chaws Europe, ib thaj nyuag tshaj qhov loj ntawm lub Seljuk faj tim teb chaws. Raws li koj tau pom, lub Seljuk Turks thiab cov Ottomans - mus nyob rau hauv ib cov saw ntawm successive pej xeem chaw.

Tus nqi ntawm cov nreg ntawm Seljuks

Seljuk Turks conquest yog qho tseem ceeb heev rau lub keeb kwm. Lawv qhib lub sij hawm uas nws kim heev allergic ntawm Turkic pab pawg neeg nyob rau hauv thaj teb chaws Asia. Lawv tau muaj ib tug tseem ceeb cawv rau cov tsim ntawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov niaj hnub haiv neeg: Azeris, Turks, qizilbash thiab ib tug xov tooj ntawm lwm haiv neeg.

Tsis tas li ntawd, tsis txhob hnov qab tias cov de facto successor ntawm lub Seljuk lub xeev los ua tus great Ottoman Empire, uas muaj ib tug yawm cawv rau keeb kwm dab, tsis tsuas nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Asia tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv teb chaws Europe.