Phonology - nws ... phonology: txhais, kev kawm, cov hom phiaj thiab cov me nyuam yaus

Ntawm cov ntau hom lus disciplines tshwj xeeb tshaj yog yog muab xws li ib tug seem li phonology. Nws yog ib tug science uas kawm lub suab system ntawm kev hais lus, lub realization ntawm phonemes nyob rau hauv nws. Mastering cov kev qhuab qhia nyob rau hauv thawj chav kawm specialties txuam nrog cov neeg txhais lus, lus qhia, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog Lavxias teb sab.

Peb mam li saib dab tsi phonology, nws kawm thiab hom phiaj ntawm peb nyob rau theem no ntawm cov lus. Zoo muaj cuab kav nrog cov lus ntawm tshooj no.

txhais

Peb pib peb kev sib tham nrog lub ntsiab txhais.

Phonology - ib tug seem ntawm niaj hnub lug, uas suav tias yog lub suab qauv ntawm kev hais lus, hauj lwm ntawm lub suab sib txawv nyob rau hauv nws lub cev thiab lawv tus yam ntxwv.

Nws yog hais txog mus rau lub theoretical linguistics. Cov yooj yim lus unit, uas kawm cov kev kawm - phoneme.

Nws yug los nyob rau hauv lub 70-80s ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19 nyob rau hauv Russia. Qhov tus tsim ntawm nws - Ivan Aleksandrovich Boduen de Courtenay, ib tug Lavxias teb sab neeg kawm xaij nrog Polish cov hauv paus hniav. Nyob rau hauv lub 30s ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th nws coj zoo li ib tug neeg sab nraud science. Hnub no yog ib tug ntawm lub ntsiab philological disciplines thiab Qib thawj nyob rau hauv ib tug series ntawm cov khoom ntawm theoretical qauv sau ntawv ntawm cov lus.

Cov kwv thiab lub hom phiaj

Zoo li lwm yam kev kawm, lug, seem no nws muaj nws tus kheej ua hauj lwm thiab kev kawm.

Subject phonology - lub phoneme, uas yog qhov tsawg kawg nkaus unit ntawm cov lus. Nws yog kawm phonology-zaum. Inattentive menyuam kawm ntawv tej zaum yuav xav tias hais tias qhov kev kawm yog lub suab, tab sis nws tsis yog li ntawd. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, lawv kawm lwm qhuab qhia - phonetics.

Qhov thib ob lo lus nug rau xam tau tias yog - qhov teeb meem. Cov muaj xws li:

• realization nyob rau hauv cov lus;
• lub essence ntawm tus tsom xam;
• tsim kom muaj txoj kev sib raug ntawm cov phoneme thiab lub suab;
• System piav qhia phonemes thiab lawv hloov;
• Hauj lwm phonological system;
• qhov link ntawm phoneme thiab lwm yam units cov lus - morphemes thiab lo lus cov ntaub ntawv.

Thiab hais tias yog tsis yog txhua txhua phonological paub tab. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias saum toj no feem rau tag nrho cov uas twb muaj lawm phonological tsev kawm ntawv.

Nto moo linguists phonology

Raws li sau tseg saum toj no, qhov tus tsim ntawm lub science los ua Ivan Aleksandrovich Boduen de Courtenay. Nws tsim nws lub hauv paus, muab impetus rau nws ntxiv txoj kev loj hlob.

Tsis muaj tsawg yog paub thiab nws me nyuam kawm ntawv Nikolay Sergeevich Trubetskoy, uas tau sau tus naas ej "Fundamentals ntawm phonology." Nws zoo heev txhab rau scientific apparatus kev qhuab qhia, piav qhov yooj yim lub tswv yim thiab cais.

Peb ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv seem no linguistics thiab Roman Osipovich Yakobson, Lev Vladimirovich Scherba, Avram Noam Chomsky thiab ntau lwm tus neeg.

Ib tug ntau ntawm scientific tej hauj lwm mob siab rau rau cov teeb meem ntawm seem no lug. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg rau nram qab no cov khoom thiab cov monographs, uas yuav muab ib tug kev daim duab ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev kawm, nws yooj yim hauv paus ntsiab lus:

• RI Avanesov, VN Sidorov luam tawm nyob rau hauv vim lub sij hawm lub monograph "Lub system ntawm phonemes ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus."
• Haum zoo paub ua hauj lwm ntawm S. I. Bernshteyna "Basic ntsiab ntawm phonology."
• J. Vahek "phonemes thiab phonological units".

Cov neeg uas xav nyob rau hauv keeb kwm, phau ntawv no pab tau L. R. Zinder "Basic phonological tsev kawm ntawv."

Nco ntsoov tseem ua hauj lwm:

• SV Kasevich, "Phonological teeb meem ntawm lub tuam linguistics thiab sab hnub tuaj."
• TP chunks, "Phonology ntawm Niaj hnub nimno Lavxias teb sab lus raws li nyob rau hauv cov teeb kev tshawb xav."
• VI Postovalov, "Phonology".

AA Reformed - sau ntawm peb cov ntaub ntawv, uas npog nyob rau hauv kom meej lub paus ntawm science:

• "Los ntawm cov keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab phonology".
• "Sau ntawv rau tus phonology, morphology thiab morphonology".
• "Phonological kev tshawb fawb."

phonological tsev kawm ntawv

Phonology teeb meem muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv hom lus txawv lub tsev kawm ntawv. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws lub npe hu tej hauj lwm zaum, yog ib feem ntawm lub Prague tsev kawm ntawv, uas muaj xws li Trubetskoy thiab Jakobson.

Nws lub zeem muag muaj zaum los ntawm cov Moscow Phonological tsev kawm ntawv, uas muaj xws li A. Reformed. Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm no sib kawm tus kheej ntawm lub suab week phonemes.

Leningrad tsev kawm ntawv cov neeg sawv cev, xws li lub npe nrov linguist L. Szczerba, ntseeg hais tias science, on qhov tsis tooj, yuav tsum kawm qhov txawv nruab nrab ntawm lawv.

Tab sis hais txog ntawm lub views zaum raws li ntau terminology thiab txhais cov ntsiab.

terminology

Raws li twb tau hais, phonology - lub science uas kawm cov phonemes. Zoo li lwm yam kev teb ntawm kev txawj ntse, nws muaj nws tus kheej terminological apparatus.

Los ntawm nws yooj yim lub tswv yim yog: phoneme, allophone, phoneme txoj hauj lwm giperfonema, archiphoneme thiab lwm tus neeg. Xav txog lub ntsiab sawv daws yuav.

• Phoneme - tus tsawg heev indivisible chav tsev ntawm ib yam lus. Siv rau kev tsim kho ntawm lo lus ntaub ntawv thiab cov ua ib tug yus muaj nuj nqi. DVR nrog rau cov kev pab los ntawm lub suab - haiv. Nws yog ib nqi sau cia hais tias nws yog txaus abstracted los ntawm kev hais lus suab.
• Allophone - kev siv ntawm tej yam phonemes nyob rau hauv lub phonetic ib puag ncig.
• Giperfonema - phoneme, uas combines cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub ob khub ntawm cov suab.
• Archiphoneme - phoneme muaj ib tug ua ke ntawm cov nta yog neutralized phonemes.
• Txoj hauj lwm ntawm lub phoneme - lub realization ntawm nws kev hais lus. Faib constitutive thiab combinatorial txoj hauj lwm.
• Constitutive txoj hauj lwm - Yuav ua raws li phonemes nyob rau hauv lub qhov chaw nyob rau hauv nqe lus nug. Piv txwv li, lub unstressed los yog nyuab siab lub suab yog cim.

• Combinatorial txoj hauj lwm - siv nyob rau hauv lub phonetic ib puag ncig. Piv txwv li, ntawv niam nyob rau hauv txoj haujlwm tom qab lub zog los yog mos consonants muaj ntau yam ntxwv.
• Lub zog txoj hauj lwm ntawm lub phoneme - txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv uas nws kom meej meej qhia tau hais tias nws cov khoom.
• Tsis muaj zog (thib ob lub npe - neutralization txoj hauj lwm) - txoj hauj lwm uas tus phoneme tsis ua raws li yus nta.
• Neutralization - ib tug coincidence ntawm txawv phonemes nyob rau hauv ib allophone.
• Yus nta ntawm phonemes - cov cim uas lawv txawv los ntawm txhua lwm yam.

Qhov no tsis yog ib qho exhaustive daim ntawv teev cov ntsiab lus uas ua hauj lwm phonology. Linguistics raws li ib tug tag nrho yog tseem siv ib co ntawm lawv nyob rau hauv lwm yam khej - phonetics, cov qauv sau ntawv.

Lub phonological system ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus

Txhua yam lus yog yus muaj los ntawm nws cov phonological system. Lavxias teb sab lus hnub no emit 43 phonemes. Ntawm no, 6 - thiab 37 vowels - consonants.

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, txhua yam uas lawv tsiag ntawv los ntawm muaj los yog tsis tuaj kawm ntawv ntawm ib qho ntawm cov nta.

Cim phonemes muaj nyob ze rau nram qab no haumxeeb yam ntxwv: degree ntawm sawv, qhov twg cais los ntawm lub sab sauv, nruab nrab thiab sab rov qab, hla los yog muaj labialization.

Lub consonants muaj ntau impressive tooj ntawm cov yam ntxwv. Ntawm no nco ntsoov cov nram no cov tsos mob, feem ntau ntawm uas raug muab faib ua officers. Yog li ntawd, phonemes yog:

• sonorant los yog ua pa nrov;
• lag ntseg los yog sonorous.

Los ntawm qhov xwm ntawm kev kawm ntawv:

• occlusive;
• affricate;
• kis;
• trembling;
• labial;
• kho hniav;
• Palatine;
• nyuaj los yog mos.

Cov yam ntxwv yog paub zoo rau cov neeg uas kawm Lavxias teb sab lus. Phonetics, phonology - lub science uas khiav lag luam rau cov ntaub ntawv yam ntxwv thiab Philology cov menyuam kawm ntawv yuav tsum tau tsis yog los cim lub teeb ntawm cov yam ntxwv, tab sis kuj yuav tau mus thov lawv nyob rau hauv kev xyaum, piav txog tej yam phonemes, nyob ntawm seb lawv txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lo lus.

suab transcription

Lwm txhais, uas ua hauj lwm rau hauv lub seem lug - suab transcription. Nws kuj yog ib tug ntawm cov tseem ceeb kev txawj ntse, uas yuav tsum tau lug tau sai dlua cov lus me nyuam kawm ntawv. Suab transcription - qhov no nkag lus suab kis tau tus mob los ntawm txoj kev tshwj xeeb cov cim uas sawv cev rau phonemes nyob rau hauv cov lus siv.

Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv no yog tsau xwb yooj yim phoneme allophones yog tsis teev. Rau cov ntaub ntawv siv raws li cov cim ntawm lub Cyrillic ntawv, thiab Latin, raws li zoo raws li ib tug xov tooj ntawm diacritical tias.

tshawb pom

Phonology - qhov no yog ib tug ntawm lub ntsiab seem lug. Qhov no science kawm hauj lwm ntawm phonemes, qhov tsawg kawg nkaus lus units. Nws muaj ntau tshaj li ib xyoo pua, nws tus kheej terminological system, paub tab thiab kawm ntawm txoj kev tshawb no.

Cov menyuam kawm ntawv-philologists kawm nws nyob rau hauv thawj xyoo ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv, ua ntej cov kev taw qhia rau phonetics, los yog nyob rau hauv thaum uas tig mus nrog nws. Paub txog cov kev qhia tswj ntawm cov kev qhuab qhia nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej tsis tau tsuas yog yuav pab tau kawm cov qauv sau ntawv, tab sis kuj cov kev cai ntawm spelling thiab orthoepy.