Organic los yog mineral compound. Ib suam ntawm organic tebchaw

Substance muaj ob los yog ntau tshaj lub Cheebtsam, yog ib tug complex organic los yog inorganic compound. Nyob rau hauv lub accessories yog txiav txim los ntawm nws tus yam ntxwv, muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab lwm yam kev ntsuas. Cov tshuaj tebchaw tuaj nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam nyob rau hauv loj qhov ntau. Ib txhia ntawm lawv muaj ib tug nyhuv lig, thiab ib co - ib tug raug ntaus rau muaj sia nyob. Cov mineral tebchaw yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv inorganic xwm. Cov no muaj xws, nyob rau hauv particular, muaj xws li leej faj, graphite, xuab zeb thiab lwm yam. Muaj ntau ntau nta, uas yog txhais los ntawm ib tug organic los yog mineral compound.

keeb kwm ntaub ntawv

Lub sij hawm "organic compound" muaj nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov ua sawv ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov tshuaj science. Qhov no hauv chav kawm ntawv muaj xws li cov tshuaj uas yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv nyob tus yeees ntawm cov pa roj carbon (tsis suav carbonic acid cyanides, carbides, carbonates, carbon monoxide). Nyob rau ib lub sij hawm thaum yeej los ntawm vitalistic outlook, txuas ntxiv qhov kev lig kev cai ntawm Aristotle thiab Pliny lub Txwj Laug rau lub division ntawm tag nrho cov ntiaj teb no nyob rau hauv lub tswg thiab nyob yam sib cais nyob rau yog lub nceeg vaj lawv koom: tsiaj thiab zaub los yog mineral. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws twb xav hais tias rau lub synthesis ntawm cov thawj yuav tsum tau tshwj xeeb "lub neej quab yuam." Nyob rau hauv no hais txog, npaj los ntawm inorganic organic tshuaj nws yog tsis yooj yim sua. Txawm li cas los, qhov no assumption yog refuted nyob rau hauv 1828 los ntawm Wohler. Nws tsim inorganic ammonium cyanate organic urea. Hais tias kev sib cais, txawm li cas los, yog fwm nyob rau hauv lub terminology rau tam sim no lub sij hawm. Los ntawm dab tsi kev txiav txim los ntawm ib tug organic los yog mineral compound? Hais txog qhov no tom qab nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm.

Txheej txheem cej luam

Qhov tseem kim heev hauv chav kawm ntawv ntawm cov organic tebchaw no yog hnub no. Ntawm uas muaj tam sim no ntau tshaj li kaum lab. Xws li ib tug manifold yog tshwm sim los tsim ib tug tshwj xeeb cov khoom teejtug uas cov pa roj carbon atom saw. Qhov no, nyob rau hauv lem, yog vim lub stability ntawm kev sib txuas lus. Carbon-carbon saw tej zaum yuav ib los yog ntau yam - triple, muab ob npaug rau. Los ua lub multiplicity nce thiab lub zog (stability) kev twb kev txuas, thiab qhov ntev, vice versa, yog txo. Vim lub high valency ntawm cov pa roj carbon thiab tau ua dimension qauv tsim daim ntawv xws chains (peb-dimensional, tiaj tus, linear). Mineral zoo xa mus rau tebchaw pom nyob rau hauv cov xwm. Cov tshuaj muaj kev muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab qauv, lub cev tus yam ntxwv. Cov kev qauv ntawm cov tib hom li cov inorganic tshuaj. Muaj pes tsawg leeg tej zaum yuav txawv tsis pub dhau tej yam kev txwv. Ib tug feature ntawm lub tebchaw yog ib tug natural mineral thiab qhov tseeb kev kho ntawm lub atoms. Fundamentals ntawm taxonomy ntawm cov tshuaj tso rau hauv 1814 los ntawm Berzelius.

Muaj pes tsawg leeg raws li ib tug ntawm lub ntsiab qhov txawv nta ntawm tshuaj

Teej tug mus rau lwm yam hom ntawm txhais Cheebtsam ntawm lub formulation. Substance - yog ib tug organic los yog mineral compound muaj ib lub qauv thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg. Neeg tseem ceeb ntawm tebchaw lom keeb kwm xws li cov nqaijrog, carbohydrates, lipids. Muaj nyob rau hauv cov hoob kawm no ntawm nucleic acids advantageously muaj dua li cov, nitrogen, hydrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, oxygen. Cov ntsiab yog ib feem ntawm lub 'classical' organic tebchaw li yooj yim raws li txoj cai. Yog li cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw yuav comprise ntau yam ntawm Cheebtsam. Yog li, lub ntsiab feature, raws li uas yog txiav txim ib yam khoom uas sawv cev - ib tug organic los yog mineral compound - yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv cov pa roj carbon muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab qhov yooj yim hais sau tseg saum toj no.

Lub tswvyim ntawm mineral tebchaw yuav kawm los ntawm kev xav ntau yam ntawm tej yam ntuj tso tshuaj - garnets. Lawv muaj sib txawv lub cev tus yam ntxwv. Lawv nyob ntawm seb muaj pes tsawg leeg, nyob rau hauv cov kev phem ntawm cov kev hloov uas tus qauv tseem zoo li qub. Koj muaj peev xwm tsuas hais txog qhov sib txawv nyob rau hauv lub chaw ntawm cov tej atoms thiab ib tug xov tooj-spacings.

Ib suam ntawm organic tebchaw

Rau hnub tim, lub IUPAC nomenclature yog siv. Ib suam ntawm organic tebchaw raws li no system yog ua rau ib tug tseem ceeb hauv paus ntsiab lus. Nyob rau hauv raws li cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw nyob rau hauv thawj approximation yog txiav txim los ntawm ob lub ntsiab kev. Thawj - ib tug carbon lub cev pob txha (cov qauv ntawm cov organic tebchaw), thiab lub thib ob - nws functional pawg. Nyob rau hauv raws li qhov xwm ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov teeb meem yog sib cais rau hauv cyclic thiab acyclic. Cov yav tas, nyob rau hauv lem, xws li unsaturated thiab limiting. Cov pab pawg neeg ntawm cyclic tebchaw yog carbocyclic thiab heterocyclic. Ib txhia organic sib txuas ntawm mis:

- CH3CH2CH2COOH - butyric acid.

- CH3COCH3 - acetone.

- CH3COOC2H5 - ethyl acetate.

- CH3CH (OH) COOH - lactic acid.

yam ntxwv tsom xam

Niaj hnub no, organic tshuaj tebchaw yog yus muaj los ntawm kev siv ntau txoj kev. Nws yog suav hais tias yog feem ntau muaj tseeb X-ray tsom xam (crystallography). Txawm li cas los, qhov no txoj kev yuav tsum muaj ib tug high-zoo siv lead ua luaj yuav tsum tau ua kom tiav high kev daws teeb meem. Nyob rau hauv no hais txog, crystallography yog siv tsawg zaus. Elemental tsom xam yog ib tug puas txoj kev uas yog siv rau cov quantitative kev txiav txim ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm Cheebtsam nyob rau hauv lub molecule. Los ua pov thawj hauv lub qhaj ntawv los yog muaj cov kev haumxeeb pawg neeg ua ntawv thov infrared spectroscopy. Pawg spectrometry yog ib tug txiav txim ntawm lub molecular ceeb thawj los ntawm tshuaj thiab cov hau kev ntawm fragmentation.

Cov tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm organic tebchaw. carboxylic acids

tib neeg lub neej yog zoo txuas nrog cov tshuaj. Muaj ntau lub npe hu npe xws li acetic, formic, citric acid. Cov tebchaw yog siv nyob rau hauv qhov siv thiab ua medicaments (acetylsalicylic acid), nyob rau hauv cov zaub mov kev lag luam raws li zoo raws li rau soaps thiab hluavtaws detergents. Tej yam tebchaw ua los ntawm kab (ntsaum, piv txwv li) thiab ua hauj lwm raws li kev tiv thaiv txhais tau tias. Txuas ntawm lub cellular theem biochemical dab txuam nrog pyruvic acid thiab oxidized thaum ntau yam tob tob mus rau hauv tib neeg lub cev, tsim acetic acid los yog lactic acid. Thaum xav txog cov qauv ntawm cov carboxyl pab pawg neeg yuav tsum nco ntsoov hauv lub xub ntiag nyob rau hauv nws ob npaug rau C = O daim ntawv cog lus. Nyob rau hauv no hais txog, nws yuav tsum raug xa mus rau unsaturated functional pawg. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, tej tam sim no nyob rau hauv cov qauv ntawm cov O-H daim ntawv cog lus - lub mobile hydrogen atom. Common thaj chaw ntawm cov tebchaw cai nyob rau hauv stearic, acetic, acrylic acid thiab formic acid combines tsis tau tsuas yog yooj yim yam ntxwv acids, tab sis kuj aldehydes. Nyob rau hauv lub radical uas muaj ib tug carboxyl pab pawg neeg, paub qhov txawv uas muaj ntxhiab, unsaturated, nyeem thiab lwm yam. Nyob rau hauv raws li tus xov tooj ntawm cov pab pawg nyob rau hauv lub molecule yog raug rho tawm dibasic, monobasic thiab lwm tus neeg. Thaum xaiv cov yam ntxwv ntawm ib co ntaub ntawv yuav nco ntsoov ib co zoo sib xws inorganic thiab organic acids. Piv txwv li, ob leeg tshuaj muaj peev xwm ntawm reacting nrog co, bases.

uas muaj ntxhiab hydrocarbons

Cov organic tebchaw uas yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv nyob tus yeees ntawm hydrogen, carbon, thiab cov benzene nucleus. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj thiab "classical" cov neeg sawv cev ntawm no pab pawg neeg yog benzene (I) thiab homologs (dimethylbenzene, methylbenzene). Muaj ntau ntau uas muaj ntxhiab hydrocarbons benzene rings. Cov no muaj xws, piv txwv li, xws li diphenyl C6H5-C6H5, saib ib tug qauv uas, ib tug yuav tau yooj yim to taub yuav ua li cas no substance - organic los yog mineral compound. Lub hom qhov chaw ntawm aromatics khoom ntawm coking thee siv. Piv txwv li, ib tug ton ntawm cov thee ib tau nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ib tug thiab ib tug ib nrab kilograms ntawm toluene, 3.5 kg ntawm benzene, naphthalene ob kilograms.

Main yam ntxwv ntawm muaj ntxhiab hydrocarbons

Raws li lawv tshuaj cov khoom uas muaj ntxhiab hydrocarbons sib txawv ntawm cov alicyclic unsaturated ester tebchaw. Nyob rau hauv no hais txog nws yog txiav txim los ntawm ib tug nyias muaj nyias ib pab pawg neeg rau lawv. Nyob rau hauv tus ntawm nitric acid, sulfuric acid, halides thiab lwm yam reactant nyob rau hauv uas muaj ntxhiab hydrocarbons, muaj ib tug kev hloov ntawm hydrogen atoms. Cov no ib tug sulfonic acid, thiab lwm yam galogenobenzoly. Tag nrho cov tshuaj yog intermediates siv nyob rau hauv qhuav ntawm dyes, tshuaj.

alkanes

Qhov no pab pawg neeg ntawm complex tshuaj, uas muaj xws li lub kawg active sib txuas. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv tam sim no nyob rau hauv lub C-H thiab C-C yog ib. Qhov no ua rau lub cev tsis muaj alkanes mus koom nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd tshua. Chlorination ntawm cov complex tshuaj pib los ntawm hluav taws roj zeb, 1 tshuaj atom yuav hloov hydrogen atoms yog cov sib txawv. Cov kev taw qhia ntawm tus txheej txheem no yuav yog nyob ntawm seb lub zog ntawm cov C-H daim ntawv cog lus. Cov weaker lub saw, tus ceev kev hloov ntawm kev atom. Nyob rau hauv no hais txog, cov thawj feem ntau muaj ntau dua lub zog, theem nrab, tertiary, thiab lwm yam ruaj khov

Koom nyob rau hauv tshua

Lub sib txawv reactivity yuav ua tau kom hais tias ntawm lub tau cov khoom no yuav ua tau yeej los ntawm tsuas yog ib qho. Thaum ib tug kub ntawm 25 degrees chlorination ntawm ob Circuit Court yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw nyob rau hauv plaub thiab ib tug ib nrab lub sij hawm sai tshaj li tus thawj. Lub fluorination ntawm alkanes muaj tsev, feem ntau heev ceev. Qhov no ua ntau yam poliftorproizvodnye starting khoom. Hais tias lub zog uas yog tso tawm thaum lub sij hawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog li ntawd siab hais tias nyob rau hauv tej zaum provoked decomposition rau hauv radicals khoom molecules. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tus nqi avalanche nce, uas ua rau yus explosions txawm nyob rau hauv haum uas tsis muaj peevxwm. Ib tug feature ntawm lub fluorination ntawm alkanes ib tug tau ntawm kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov fluorine atoms ntawm cov pa roj carbon lub cev pob txha thiab tsim ntawm CF4 - khoom zaum kawg.