Olfactory analyzer: qauv thiab muaj nuj nqi. Muaj hnub nyoog peculiarities ntawm lub olfactory analyzer

Nrog kev pab los ntawm ntau hom ntawm analyzers txiv neej versed nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no. Nws yog los ntawm lub xub ntiag, lub rooj sib hais, tsis hnov tsw thiab lwm yam tsis totaub peb tau perceive cov ib puag ncig, peb paub txog cov kev txaus ntshai. Txhua tus neeg yog txawv analyzers yuav tsim tsis yog tib yam. Peb yuav sim mus nrhiav tau tawm nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm, uas yog ib tug olfactory system. Qauv thiab muaj nuj nqi, cov kev kho mob tus nqi ntawm ib qho ntawm cov kev txiav txim zoo cov kabmob uas yuav xam tau tias yog nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm.

Kev txiav txim ntawm lub olfactory hloov khoom nruab nrog

Feem ntau ntawm cov lus qhia txog lub ntiaj teb no txiv neej perceives nrog kev pab los ntawm qhov hloov ntawm lub zeem muag, tab sis tsis muaj lub siab ntawm tsis hnov tsw ntawm daim duab yog tsis yog li ntawd kaj, ntshiab.

Lub olfactory system yog tsim los rau cov nrhiav kom tau ntawm yam tshuaj uas yog soluble thiab muaj volatility. Qhov no system tsim ib tug subjective duab nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm tej yam tsw. Lub ntsiab lus olfactory analyzer kuj dag nyob rau hauv lub fact tias nws muaj peev xwm sawv ntawm lub hom phiaj kev soj ntsuam ntawm huab cua tsis zoo, cov zaub mov thiab qhov ib puag ncig nyob rau hauv feem ntau.

Yog hais tias peb los sib piv qhov hloov ntawm tsis hnov tsw nyob rau hauv tib neeg thiab tsiaj txhu, nws yuav tau hais tias lub cev muaj ib tug tshwj xeeb lub ntsiab lus rau cov tsiaj. Tab sis nws yuav tsis tau tsim ntawm tag nrho cov tib. Piv txwv li, muaj cov neej cov ntaub ntawv uas muaj lawv olfactory system yog tsim tau zoo txaus. Piv txwv li, ib co hom butterflies yuav nrhiav tau koj tus khub los ntawm tsis hnov tsw ntawm ib tug deb ntawm 8 kis lus mev. Sawv daws puas paub tus aub, uas muaj peev xwm mus nyob rau hauv txoj kev ntawm ib tug txiv neej, coj los ntawm tsis hnov tsw ntawm nws tej khoom.

Lub cev tsis hnov tsw

Yog hais tias peb xav txog qhov muaj nuj nqi ntawm lub olfactory analyzer, nws yog ua tau kom paub tias cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws thiab tseem ceeb:

1. Analysis cov zaub mov nyob edible thiab txaus nyiam. Nrog rau qhov no system yog nws ua tau los mus txiav txim cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm ntsuam ntawm cov khoom.
2. Tsim ntawm kev noj mov.
3. Olfactory system yog ncaj qha mus muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv qhov chaw los ntawm cov digestive system nyob rau hauv cov zaub mov ua.
4. Lus Txhais ntawm tej yam yuav tib neeg lub cev.
5. Tsim kom muaj kev sib deev tus cwj pwm uas yuav tsum hloov nyob rau hauv tus ntawm pheromones.
6. Nrog rau kev koom tes ntawm cov analyzer yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw tib neeg orientation nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam.
7. Paub txog lwm lub ntiaj teb no yuav tsis ua yam uas tsis muaj olfactory hloov khoom nruab nrog.

Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau hais tias cov neeg uas yog deprived ntawm pom, tsis hnov tsw tej zaum yuav exacerbated, thiab lawv yog zoo npaum li cas hnov tsw los pab lawv next nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no.

Tus qauv ntawm lub olfactory analyzer

Yog hais tias peb xav txog cov qauv no piav thoob hlo hloov khoom nruab nrog, peb yuav nco ntsoov cov nram no departments:

1. Peripheral. Nws muaj lub receptor hlwb nyob rau hauv lub qhov ntswg mucosa. Lawv xaus cilia surrounded los ntawm hnoos qeev. Nws yaj thiab odorous tshuaj. Tshuaj sis tshwm sim, uas yog hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv paj impulses.
2. Neeg xyuas pib department muaj lub olfactory paj. Nyob rau hauv yog Pib ntsais koj teeb ntawm receptors nyob rau hauv lub forebrain, qhov twg lub olfactory noob. Nyob rau hauv nws muaj yog ib tug thawj tsom xam ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, ces tus pulses yuav mus rau lub tom ntej no department ntawm lub analyzer.
3. Central Division yog nyob rau hauv lub cev nqaij daim tawv frontal lobes ntawm lub cerebral cortex. Nws yog ntawm no uas tau ua rau qhov kawg isssledovanie ntaub ntawv nqa tsw paub thiab generated ib tug zaum kawg teb ntawm lub cev mus rau nws cov teebmeem.

Mus ntsib nrog cov qauv thiab cov hauj lwm ntawm cov departments nyob rau hauv ntau yam.

Lub peripheral ib feem ntawm lub analyzer

Xav cov qauv ntawm cov olfactory analyzer, nws yog tsim nyog los pib los ntawm cov thawj zaug card. Nws yog nyob rau hauv lub qhov ntswg kab noj hniav. Nyob rau hauv cov qhov chaw, hauv txheej membrane yog nyeem tas me ntsis, rau sab saum toj yog them nrog txheej kua, uas ua si ib tug tiv, tiv thaiv los ntawm qhuav tawm, thiab kuj muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv qhov kev tshem tawm ntawm qhov seem uas stimuli tom qab lawv raug.

Nws nyob ntawm no ua hu ntawm odorants thiab receptor hlwb. Lub epithelium yog ob hom hlwb:

• Reference. Lawv muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv metabolic dab.
• Olfactory. Qhov no yog receptors rau lawv tus kheej, uas muaj ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm cilia ua rau kom cov hu cheeb tsam.

Olfactory hlwb muaj ob tug txheej txheem, ib tug ntawm cov uas ncua mus rau olfactory noob, thiab lub thib ob pas nrig muaj ib tug zoo thiab xaus vesicle cilia.

neeg xyuas pib department

Qhov no division yog npaj rau nqa ntaub ntawv sawv cev Txawm li cas los paj txoj uas tsim lub olfactory paj. Nws muaj ib tug neeg bundles mus nyob rau hauv lub thalamus.

Pom kev twb kev txuas nrog cov limbic system, uas piav txog lub xub ntiag ntawm tus cwj pwm txawv nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm kev xaav ntawm tsw. Piv txwv li, ib co tsw yuav ua rau Library, lub lwm - aversion thiab thiaj li nyob.

Lub hauv paus department ntawm lub analyzer

Qhov no division muaj xws li cov olfactory noob. Qhov no kuj yog lub tuam tsev nyob rau hauv lub sab nqaij daim tawv lobes ntawm lub paj hlwb.

Tag nrho cov nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm lub txiv moj coos zoo li tus lobes ntawm lub cortex nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm lub hippocampus.

Mechanism Odour

Yuav kom zoo xaav irritants lawv molecules yuav tsum xub ntawm tag nrho cov yaj nyob rau hauv cov kua nplaum puag ncig lub receptor hlwb. Ces muaj ib tug sis raug zoo nrog tej cov nqaijrog kos nyob rau hauv lub cell daim nyias nyias.

Tej hu yog ua tau, yog hais tias tus luaj li tus stimulus hnov rau cov duab ntawm lub protein molecule. Slimy tshuaj ntawm lwm yam uas cov nyob rau ntawm qhov chaw receptors rau molecules ntawm odorous tshuaj.

Tom qab stimulus molecule tuaj mus rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog lub receptor protein, ib tug kev hloov nyob rau hauv lub caij nyoog kawg no qauv, uas lub sodium ion raws qhib nyob rau hauv daim nyias nyias. Sodium ions txeem thiab tsim zoo nqi uas ua rau daim nyias nyias depolarization.

Los ntawm cov tso neurotransmitter receptor cell, ua rau lub tsos ntawm cov paj impulse mus rau qhov chaw ntawm lub paj hlwb fibers. Yog li, raws li cov olfactory paj impulse excitation pib yuav kis tau rau lwm qhov chaw ntawm lub analyzer.

Ua hauj lwm ntawm lub olfactory system

Yog hais tias koj xav txog tej yam yuav ua li cas rau cov tib neeg olfactory analyzer, tag nrho cov ua hauj lwm yuav tsum tau muab faib mus rau hauv ob peb theem:

1. Promotion odorous stimulus rau lub receptor hlwb, uas xaus compound nrog receptor proteins.
2. Conversion tshuaj odorant rau hauv paj impulses. Nws pib no theem nrog tus accession mus rau lub receptor stimulus thiab xaus nrog ib yam khoom ntawm paj impulses.
3. Tsiv ib tug hlab ntsha lam ua rau lub sab paj chaw zov me nyuam. Nws yuav deciphered raws li ib tug lub zog nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia ntawm cov olfactory noob.
4. mem tes transformation nyob rau hauv lub olfactory noob.
5. Promotion ntawm paj impulses rau hauv ntau dua olfactory chaw zov me nyuam.
6. Siv cov kev faib ntawm voos nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib lub tsw.

Tag nrho cov theem sequentially ua raws li txhua lwm yam. Yog hais tias koj muaj teeb meem los yog mob rau ntawm ib tug ntawm lawv, peb yuav hais tias lub xaav ntawm ntxhiab tsw yog lawm.

Hom olfactory analyzer

Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tib neeg olfactory analyzer peb sib tham, tab sis nws yog tseem tsim nyog sau cia hais tias lub sensor system yog muaj peev xwm mus hloov. Qhov no tshwm sim thaum lub sij hawm heev raug rau lub stimulus.

analyzer Adaptation yuav tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ib ob peb lub vib nas this, thiab tej zaum nws yuav siv sij hawm txog li tsib feeb. Nws tag nrho cov nyob rau ib tug xov tooj ntawm lwm yam:

• Lub caij ntawm kev sib cuag nrog odorous tshuaj.
• Lub concentration ntawm cov stimulus.
• airflow.

Muaj yog txaus loj pab pawg neeg ntawm cov odorant mus rau lub olfactory system uas adapts sai sai. Nws yuav siv sij hawm heev me ntsis lub sij hawm, thiab tsis hnov tsw yog tsis muaj. Ib tug piv txwv yog lub teb adaptation mus rau lub tsis hnov tsw ntawm nws lub cev, lub chav tsev tej yam.

Ib txhia irritants hom tsim maj mam los yog tsuas yog cov. Thaum raug mus rau ib tug tsis muaj zog olfactory stimulus rau ib tug luv luv lub sij hawm yees yuav tshwm sim nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov ua lub rhiab heev ntawm lub analyzer.

Twb nws tsim hais tias tus adaptation ntawm txoj kev loj hlob tsis muab qhov chaw nyob rau hauv thawj seem ntawm lub analyzer, thiab nyob rau hauv lub caij nyoog kawg no, uas yog, lub cortex. Feem ntau, thaum lub caij nyoog raug mus rau tib odorant, nyob rau hauv lub cerebral cortex tsim pheej hotbed ntawm excitement. Nyob rau hauv cov teeb meem, kev txiav txim zoo ntawm tsis hnov tsw tej zaum yuav tshwm sim thiab thaum twg raug mus rau lwm cov stimuli. Tej zaum tus lawm yuav ua annoying thiab zoo nkaus li txawm nyob rau hauv lub qhaj ntawv ntawm stimuli. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no peb yuav hais lus ntawm hallucinations los yog delusions.

Peb tsuas hais qhov tseeb hais tias yog muaj adaptation mus rau ib txog kev tsis hnov tsw, nws tsis cuam tshuam rau kev xaav ntawm lwm stimuli, txij li thaum tag nrho cov stimuli ua rau sib txawv receptors.

Lub hom phiaj ntawm tsw xaav

Tam sim no muaj ntau tshaj li 10 txhiab odorants. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv muaj peev xwm yuav grouped rau hauv xya cov chav kawm ntawm thawj tsw:

• Paj.
• Mint.
• Musky.
• Ethereal.
• Putrid.
• Camphor.
• Corrosive.

Yog hais tias muaj yog ib tug sib tov ntawm ob peb fragrances, nws olfactory analyzer yuav pom raws li ib tug kiag li tshiab tsw. Molecules ntawm ntau yam tshuaj yog distinguished los ntawm txawv cov duab, e.g., camphor tsw muaj yeej molecule, thiab musk - ib tug disc. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lawv txawm thiab hluav taws xob xwb: ib tug yuav muaj ib tug zoo, thiab lwm yam - tsis zoo.

Muaj ntau ntau theories ua tiag piav qhia txog lub mechanism ntawm xaav ntawm tsw. Tam sim no, feem ntau yog cov stereochemical, uas hais tias daim nyias nyias receptor hlwb yog qhov chaw ntawm ntau hom. Lawv txawv nyob rau hauv lawv cov qauv thiab electrophilicity. Hais tias lawv muaj peev xwm kom paub txog cov odorous molecules ntawm ib tug tej yam zoo thiab loj.

Hom olfactory mob

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lub olfactory analyzer tsim ntawm tag nrho yog tsis tau tib yam, tshaj tej ntawm, yuav tsum tau cai ib co irregularities thiab hloov nyob rau hauv nws cov hauj lwm:

• Anosmia yog ib tug ua tiav tsis muaj peev xwm mus paub tsw.
• Hyposphresia - ib tug yuav txo tau ntawm tsis hnov tsw.
• Hyperospheresia, on qhov tsis tooj, muaj tsawg kom olfactory rhiab heev.
• Parosmiya characterizes tsis txaus xaav ntawm tsw.
• Kev ua txhaum ntawm ntau yam.
• Cov tsos ntawm olfactory hallucinations.
• Olfactory agnosia yog muab tso rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv, yog tias ib tug neeg yuav hnov, tiam sis yuav tsis paub txog nws.

Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg hais tias nrog lub hnub nyoog muaj yog ib tug gradual txo nyob rau hauv olfactory rhiab heev. Olfactory analyzer yog tsis muaj peev xwm mus paub txog ntxhiab tsw tau meej meej thiab sai sai. Zaum kwv yees tias los ntawm 50 xyoo nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm tsis hnov tsw srednestaticheskogo neeg yog txo los ntawm ib nrab piv rau cov tub ntxhais.

Olfactory analyzer thiab muaj hnub nyoog nta

Cov thawj heev thaum lub sij hawm me nyuam hauv plab kev loj hlob ntawm lub olfactory analyzer pib tsim tau ib cov peripheral seem. Qhov no tau raug mus nyob rau hauv 8 lub lim tiam ntawm txoj kev loj hlob. By kawg ntawm cev xeeb tub, yuav tsum tau pes tsawg, los ntawm tus kawg ntawm 8 lub hlis, qhov no analyzer yog twb tag nrho tsim.

Twb tam sim ntawd tom qab yug tus me nyuam muaj peev xwm soj ntsuam cov me nyuam mos cov lus teb rau kom txhob tsw. Qhov no yog manifested nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm lub ntsej muag taw, kev hloov nyob rau hauv lub plawv mob, ua pa nqi, lub cev txoj hauj lwm.

Nws yog los ntawm cov kev txiav txim zoo ntawm tsis hnov tsw tus me nyuam paub tsis hnov tsw ntawm nws niam. Qhov no piav thoob hlo hloov yog ib qho tseem ceeb feem ntawm cov tsim ntawm cov khoom noj reflexes. Maj mam, raws li cov me nyuam loj hlob, muaj yog ib qho kev nce ntawm cov analyzer tus muaj peev xwm yuav qha lub tsw. Lub fineness thiab lub dag lub zog ntawm txoj kev no tsub kom rau 4 lub hlis.

Yog hais tias koj sib piv cov muaj peev xwm mus tau perceive thiab qha tsw nyob rau hauv cov me nyuam 5-6 xyoo ntawm lub hnub nyoog thiab rau cov neeg laus, nws muaj peev xwm yuav hais tau tias tus tom kawg yog ntau dua.

Cov no yog cov muaj hnub nyoog yam ntxwv ntawm lub olfactory analyzer. Peb kuj hais tau tias raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm systematic kev kawm muaj peev xwm ho txhim kho lawv cov kev txiav txim zoo ntawm tsis hnov tsw, tab sis haus luam yeeb nyob rau ntawm lub poob sharpness ntawm xaav, raws li constituent Cheebtsam ntawm haus luam yeeb haus luam yeeb muaj ib tug tsis zoo feem nyob rau receptors. Tsis tas li ntawd heev inflammatory kab mob ntawm lub qhov ntswg kab noj hniav pab kom txo tus ntxhiab tsw.

Ntawm no yog peb maum kuaj cov olfactory system. Tus qauv thiab muaj nuj nqi nyob nrog lub utmost cuag. Peb yuav hais tseeb tias tag nrho cov tsis totaub tseem ceeb heev rau tib neeg beings. Yog hais tias muaj teeb meem nyob rau hauv tsawg kawg yog ib analyzer, ces peb yuav tau hais tias lub adequacy ntawm lub xaav ntawm lub ntiaj teb no yog txo, poob fullness ncus ntawm lub neej. Saib xyuas ntawm koj tus kheej thiab koj tsis totaub.