Lub cev ntawm tus txiv neej. Anatomy thiab physiology ntawm qhov hloov ntawm lub zeem muag

Peb lub cev ua num ua ke nrog cov ib puag ncig los ntawm cov tsis totaub, los yog analyzers. Nrog lawv pab, cov neeg no tsis tsuas muaj peev xwm "xav tias" sab nraum lub ntiaj teb no, nyob rau lub hauv paus ntawm cov yaam puab paub, nws muaj ib tug tshwj xeeb daim ntawv ntawm thiaj - self-khiav, muaj tswv yim, muaj peev xwm xav tias yuav cov txheej xwm, thiab lwm yam ...

Yuav ua li cas yog ib tug parser?

Raws li I. P. Pavlovu, txhua analyzer (thiab txawm lub nruab nrog cev uas tsis pom kev) - tsis yog hais tias lwm yam, raws li ib tug complex "mechanism". Nws yog tau tsis tsuas ntes cov ambient puag ncig Pib ntsais koj teeb thiab hloov lawv mus rau hauv ib tug mem tes zog, tab sis ua siab tsom xam thiab synthesis.

Puas pom kev, raws li tau zoo raws li lwm yam analyzer muaj 3 ib qhov chaw:

- peripheral ib feem uas yog lub luag hauj lwm rau lub xaav ntawm lwm stimulus zog thiab nws kev mus rau hauv paj impulses;

- lub txoj los ntawm cov uas ib tug hlab ntsha lam ua mus ncaj qha mus rau lub paj center;

- cortical kawg ntawm lub analyzer (los sis kov center), nyob ncaj qha rau hauv lub hlwb.

Tag nrho cov paj impulses los ntawm lub analyzer mus ncaj qha mus rau hauv lub central tshee system, qhov twg tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv tiav. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm tag nrho cov kev ua, thiab muaj ib tug xaav - lub peev xwm los hnov, pom, kov, thiab thiaj li nyob ..

Raws li piav thoob hlo hloov khoom nruab nrog lub zeem muag yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ib qho tseem ceeb, vim hais tias tsis muaj txoj kev kaj lug duab, lub neej ua boring thiab uninteresting. Nws muab 90% ntawm cov ib puag ncig ntaub ntawv.

Qhov muag - cov hloov khoom nruab nrog ntawm lub xub ntiag, uas yog tseem tsis to taub, tab sis tseem muaj lub tswv yim ntawm nws nyob rau hauv lub cev muaj. Thiab qhov no yog dab tsi yuav mus rau hauv nws nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm.

Anatomy thiab physiology ntawm qhov hloov ntawm lub zeem muag

Cia saib txhua yam nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim.

Hloov khoom nruab nrog ntawm pom yog lub ceev ceev nrog optic paj thiab tej chaw hauj lwm lub cev. Lub ceev ceev muaj ib tug kheej kheej zoo lawm, feem ntau loj nyob rau hauv loj (nws cov nuj nqis nyob rau hauv cov neeg laus ~ 7.5 cubic centimeters). Nws muaj ob tug: rau pem hauv ntej thiab nram qab lub. Nws muaj ib tug ntxhais uas yog tsim los ntawm peb cov neeg zoo li: lub fibrous liner thiab cov retina vasculature (los yog intima). Qhov no yog qhov lub cev ntawm qhov hloov ntawm lub zeem muag. Tam sim no rau txhua feem nyob rau hauv kom meej.

Fibrous txheej ntawm lub qhov muag

Lub plhaub ntawm lub nucleus muaj cov sclera, rear card, tuab connective week thiab lub cornea, ib pob tshab convex feem ob lub qhov muag devoid ntawm cov hlab ntsha. Lub cornea kwv yees li 1 hli nyob rau hauv thickness thiab txog 12 hli nyob rau hauv txoj kab uas hla.

Hauv qab no yog ib daim duab uas qhia tau hais tias ib tug sectional saib ntawm lub cev. Yog xav paub ntxiv koj yuav saib tau qhov chaw uas muaj ib tug los yog lwm ib feem ntawm lub ceev ceev.

choroid

Qhov thib ob lub npe ntawm lub plhaub ntawm lub nucleus - lub choroid. Nws yog nyob ncaj qha rau hauv qab lub sclera, nws yog tag nrho ntawm cov hlab ntsha thiab muaj 3 qhov chaw: feem ntau ntawm cov choroid thiab iris thiab ciliary lub cev ntawm lub qhov muag.

Cov choroid yog ib tug tuab network ntawm cov hlab ntsha thiab cov leeg, intertwined. Nruab nrab ntawm lawv yog xoob fibrous connective ntaub so ntswg uas yog nplua nuj nyob rau hauv loj xim hlwb.

Pem hauv ntej choroid ntseeg nkaws mus rau hauv lub ciliary lub cev ib tug nyeem tas annular zoo. Nws npaj lub hom phiaj - kev pab ntawm lub qhov muag. Nws txhawb lub ciliary lub cev, lub lens captures thiab stretches. Nws muaj ob qhov chaw: hauv (ciliary yas) thiab txheej (ciliary lub voj voog).

Los ntawm cov Pars plana mus rau lub lens 70 cuag ciliary dab ntev txog 2 hli. K-spikes txuas Zinn fiber bundles (ciliary nws daim siv sia) tuaj mus rau lub qhov muag lens.

Ciliary band yog yuav luag tag nrho cov ntawm cov ciliary nqaij. Thaum nws muaj ntawv cog lus, lub lens yog straightened thiab npawv tawm, tom qab uas nws su (thiab nrog nws lub refractive hwj chim) yog nce, thiab muaj kev pab.

Vim lub fact tias lub hlwb ntawm lub ciliary nqaij Atrophy rau cov laus muaj hnub nyoog thiab nyob rau hauv lawv qhov chaw muaj connective cov ntaub so ntswg hlwb, kev pab worsens thiab npaj farsightedness. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub cev phem copes nrog nws zog, thaum ib tug neeg nws xav txog dab tsi nyob ze.

iris

Lub iris yog ib puag ncig disk zoo nrog ib tug qhov nyob rau hauv qhov chaw - cov menyuam. Nws yog nyob nruab nrab ntawm lub lens thiab cov cornea.

Nyob rau hauv lub vascular txheej ntawm cov iris yog ob leeg. Tus thawj ntaub ntawv suzhivatel (sphincter) ntawm tus menyuam kawm ntawv; thib ob, on qhov tsis tooj, cov menyuam kawm ntawv expands.

Qhov ntawd yog tus nqi ntawm cov melanin nyob rau hauv lub iris yog nyob ntawm cov xim ntawm nws ob lub qhov muag. Photo kev xaiv txuas hauv qab no.

Cov tsawg xim nyob rau hauv lub iris - lub sib zog cov xim ntawm lub qhov muag. Authority ntawm nqa tawm nws zog tib yam hais txog ntawm cov xim ntawm cov iris.

Grey-ntsuab qhov muag kuj txhais tau tias tsuas yog ib lub me me ntawm melanin.

Qhov tsaus ntuj nti xim ntawm lub qhov muag, tus yees duab yog saum toj no, yuav qhia tau tias cov theem ntawm melanin nyob rau hauv lub iris siab.

Internal (photosensitive) plhaub

Lub retina yog kiag li adherent mus rau lub choroid. Nws yog tsim los ntawm ob daim: ib tug txheej (xim) thiab puab (photosensitive).

Lub photosensitive desyatisloynoy plhaub cais trehneyronnye sawv cev photoreceptor txheej txheej radially oriented saw associative ganglion nruab nrab thiab puab khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg.

Sab nraum daim ntawv mus rau lub choroid txheej ntawm xim epithelial hlwb, uas yog zoo nyob rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog lub txheej ntawm rods thiab cones. Cov thiab lwm yam - tsis tsuas cov peripheral dab (los yog axon) ntawm photoreceptor hlwb (neuron I).

Cov rods yog muaj li ntawm puab thiab txheej feem. Cov yav tas yog tsim los ntawm txoj kev muab ob npaug rau daim nyias nyias discs, uas yog ib tug ntshav membrane folds. Lub cones yog distinguished los ntawm cov kom muaj nuj nqis (lawv yog loj) thiab qhov xwm ntawm drives.

Nyob rau hauv lub retina, muaj peb hom cones, thiab tsuas yog ib hom ntawm sticks. Cov nab npawb ntawm cov rods yuav mus txog 70 lab, los yog txawm ntau, thaum lub khob hliav qab - tsuas yog 5-7 lab.

Raws li twb tau hais, nws muaj peb hom cones. Txhua yam ntawm lawv yuav siv sij hawm ib tug txawv xim: xiav, liab los yog daj.

Sticks kuj yuav tsum paub cov lus qhia txog yam khoom zoo thiab brightness ntawm koj chav tsev.

Los ntawm txhua tus ntawm cov photoreceptor hlwb ncaim nyias appendix uas ntaub ntawv synapse (qhov chaw uas ob tug neurons yog hu) nrog lwm appendage bipolar neurons (neuron II). Tsis ntev los no kis excitation twb loj ganglion hlwb (neuron III). Axons (dab) lub hlwb rau optic paj.

lens

Qhov no tshab siv lead ua biconvex lens 7-10 hli nyob rau hauv txoj kab uas hla. Nws twb tsis muaj qab haus huv los yog cov hlab ntsha. Nyob rau hauv tus ntawm lub ciliary nqaij lens yog yuav hloov nws zoo lawm. Nws yog ib cov kev hloov nyob rau hauv tus duab ntawm lub lens thiab yog hu ua cov kev pab ntawm lub qhov muag. Thaum ntsia rau ib tug nyob deb tsis pom kev lens yog flattened, thiab nyob rau hauv nyob ze lub zeem muag - yuav tsub kom.

Ua ke nrog vitreous lens ntaub ntawv ib lub teeb-refracting nruab nrab qhov muag.

vitreous lub cev

Lawv sau tag nrho cov muaj chaw seem ntawm lub retina thiab lub lens. Nws muaj ib tug jelly zoo li crystalline qauv.

Tus qauv ntawm lub cev ntawm lub koob yees duab yog zoo ib yam li lub hauv paus ntsiab ntawm lub ntaus ntawv. Cov menyuam kawm ntawv plays lub luag hauj lwm ntawm lub diaphragm, narrowing los yog expanding nyob rau hauv lub teeb pom kev zoo. Raws li cov lens - vitreous thiab lens. Lub teeb rays poob rau hauv retina, tab sis cov duab flipped tawm.

Vim photorefractive xov xwm (li lens thiab vitreous lub cev) beam ntawm lub teeb ntog rau hauv daj chaw nyob rau retina, uas yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws tsis pom cheeb tsam. Cones thiab rods teeb tsis mus txog tsuas yog tom qab kis tau rau tag nrho cov retinal thickness.

locomotion

Locomotion qhov muag ua striated 4 rectus nqaij (sab, sab sauv, sab thiab nrub nrab) thiab ob oblique (sab sauv thiab sab). Rectus nqaij yog lub luag hauj lwm rau lub lem ntawm lub ceev ceev nyob rau hauv lub tsim nyog cov kev taw qhia, thiab oblique - rau txoj siav nyob ib ncig ntawm lub sagittal axis. Zog ntawm ob eyeballs synchronous xwb vim hais tias cov nqaij.

tawv muag daj

Ntawm daim tawv nqaij quav lub hom phiaj - kom tsis txhob muaj palpebral fissure thiab kaw nws thaum lub sij hawm kaw, tiv thaiv pem hauv ntej ntawm lub ceev ceev. Nyob rau txhua txhua lub hnub nyoog yog hais txog 75 lashes, uas nws lub hom phiaj - los tiv thaiv cov ceev ceev los ntawm kev sib cuag nrog txawv teb chaws cov khoom.

Hais txog ib zaug txhua txhua 5-10 vib nas this ib tug neeg blinks.

lacrimal apparatus

Nws muaj lub lacrimal caj pas thiab lacrimal system. Kua muag neutralize kab mob thiab muaj peev xwm moisten conjunctiva. Tearless qhov muag conjunctiva thiab lub cornea yuav tau tsuas qhuav li, thiab tus txiv neej yuav tau ncaim qhov muag tsis pom.

Lub lacrimal qog tsim txhua hnub txog ib puas milliliters ntawm cov kua muag. Nthuav fact: cov poj niam quaj ntau zaus dua cov txiv neej, vim hais tias qhov kev tso tawm ntawm tsim kua muag kua txhawb hormone prolactin (uas cov ntxhais ib tug ntau ntau).

Yeej tsim kua muag muaj dej muaj txog 0.5% albumin, 1.5% sodium chloride, ib tug me ntsis hnoos qeev thiab lysozyme, uas muaj ib tug bactericidal kev txiav txim. Nws muaj ib tug me ntsis alkaline ras txog.

Tus qauv ntawm tus tib neeg qhov muag: lub tswvyim

Cia wb mus ze zog saib lub cev ntawm qhov hloov ntawm lub zeem muag los ntawm txoj kev kos duab.

Tus naj npawb qhia tau hais tias schematically rau sab saum toj yog ib feem ntawm lub cev nyob rau hauv ib tug kab rov tav sectional saib. nyob ntawm no:

1 - txog leeg nruab nrab rectus nqaij;

2 - rov qab lub koob yees duab;

3 - cornea;

4 - tus tub ntxhais kawm;

5 - lub lens;

6 - pem hauv ntej lub koob yees duab;

7 - iris;

8 - conjunctiva;

9 - txog leeg direct sab nqaij;

10 - vitreous;

11 - lub sclera;

12 - choroid;

13 - lub retina;

14 - daj chaw;

15 - lub optic paj;

16 - cov hlab ntsha ntawm lub retina.

Qhov no xam pom tias ib tug schematic qauv ntawm cov retina. Lub xub qhia tau hais tias cov kev coj ntawm lub teeb beam. Nuj nqis cim:

1 - sclera;

2 - choroid;

3 - pigmented hlwb ntawm lub retina;

4 - sticks;

5 - cones;

6 - kab rov tav hlwb;

7 - bipolar hlwb;

8 - amacrine hlwb;

9 - ganglion hlwb;

10 - fiber optic paj.

Tus naj npawb qhia tau hais tias ib daim duab ntawm ib tug kho qhov muag axis ntawm lub qhov muag:

1 - yam khoom;

2 - cornea;

3 - tus tub ntxhais kawm;

4 - iris;

5 - lub lens;

6 - central taw tes;

7 - Image.

Dab tsi rau hauv lub cev?

Raws li twb tau hais, ib tug neeg lub zeem muag xa yuav luag 90% ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hais txog lub ntiaj teb no nyob ib ncig ntawm peb. Yog tsis muaj nws, lub ntiaj teb no yuav tsum yog tib yam hom thiab uninteresting.

Hloov khoom nruab nrog uas tsis pom kev yog heev thiab tsis to taub los ntawm cov parser. Txawm niaj hnub no, zaum tej zaum muaj lus nug txog cov qauv thiab lub hom phiaj ntawm no lub cev.

Lub ntsiab functions ntawm lub khoom hauv nrog cev ntawm lub zeem muag - lub teeb xaav, cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub ntiaj teb no, yam khoom uas txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv qhov chaw, thiab thiaj li nyob ..

Lub teeb yuav ua rau txoj kev hloov nyob rau hauv lub retina, thiab yog li, ib tug txaus stimulus rau lub nruab nrog cev uas tsis pom kev. Nws yog ntseeg hais tias cov thawj ntaus nqi voos rhodopsin.

Feem ntau cov zoo nrig txog kev pom kev xaav yog muab hais tias cov duab ntawm tus kwv yuav poob rau thaj tsam ntawm lub retina, dua li nyob rau hauv nws cov central qhov. Lub farther los ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub projection duab ntawm tus kwv, ces nws yog tsawg ntshiab. Xws li yog cov physiology ntawm qhov hloov ntawm lub zeem muag.

Qhov muag cov kab mob

Cia saib ib co ntawm cov feem ntau lub qhov muag kab mob.

1. Hyperopia. Qhov thib ob lub npe ntawm tus kab mob - hyperopia. Ib tug neeg uas tus kab mob no muaj teeb meem pom tej yam khoom uas nyob ze. Feem ntau nyuaj rau kev nyeem ntawv, ua hauj lwm nrog me me khoom. Feem ntau muaj nyob rau hauv cov neeg, tab sis muaj peev xwm kuj tshwm sim nyob rau hauv tub ntxhais hluas. Tshab plaws kho hyperopia tsuas siv tau lub opretsionnogo kev cuam tshuam.
2. Myopia (kuj hu ua myopia). Tus kab mob yog tsiag ntawv los ntawm lub cev tsis pom zoo tej yam khoom uas yog deb txaus tam sim ntawd.
3. GLAUCOMA - nce intraocular siab. Nws tshwm sim vim cov kua ncig mob nyob rau hauv lub qhov muag. Nws yog kho nrog tshuaj, tab sis phais yuav tsum nyob rau hauv tej rooj plaub.
4. Cataract - tsis yog hais tias lwm yam, raws li ib tug ua txhaum ntawm lub transparency ntawm lub qhov muag lens. Pab tau tshem ntawm cov kab mob ua tau tsuas yog ophthalmologist. Nws yuav tsum tau muab hlais tawm lawm, nyob rau hauv uas ib tug neeg lub zeem muag yuav tsum tau rov qab.
5. Inflammatory kab mob. Cov no muaj xws conjunctivitis, keratitis, blepharitis, thiab lwm tus neeg. Txhua yam ntawm lawv nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej txoj kev yog txaus ntshai thiab nyias muaj nyias kev kho mob: tej yuav kho nrog tshuaj, thiab ib co thaum lub nyem ua hauj lwm.

kab mob tiv thaiv

Tus thawj tshaj plaws yuav tsum nco ntsoov yog tias koj lub qhov muag kuj yuav tsum so, thiab ntau ce mus dab tsi zoo yuav tsis raug.

Siv tsuas high-zoo teeb pom kev zoo ib lub teeb hwj chim ntawm 60 mus rau 100 watts.

Kev ntau ce rau lub qhov muag, thiab thaum kawg dhau qhov kev xeem los ntawm ib tug ophthalmologist ib xyoos ib zaug.

Nco ntsoov hais tias qhov muag mob lub cev - yog ib tug loj kev hem thawj rau qhov zoo tshaj ntawm koj lub neej.