Ntaub ntawv science thiab technology ntawm cov ntaub ntawv. Technology ntawm kev tsim kho cov ntaub ntawv

Tshwj Xeeb "ntaub ntawv Science thiab Technology ntawm ntaub ntawv" yog ib tug ntawm cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws disciplines rau yuav luag tag nrho cov menyuam kawm ntawv ntawm engineering. Creation tshiab tsim uas yuav lwv nyob rau hauv lub thoob ntiaj teb kev ua lag luam, thiab nws yog tsis yooj yim sua mus nqa tawm tsis muaj ib tug meej kev txawj ntse ntawm cov kev kawm.

Kawm ntau yam sib txawv ntawm cov raw cov ntaub ntawv thiab thaj chaw ntawm cov ntaub ntawv muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm. Ntau thaj chaw ntawm cov ntaub ntawv siv los txiav txim rau hauv lub chav ntawm lawv cov kev siv nyob rau hauv cov kos duab. Lub sab hauv qauv ntawm cov hlau los yog puas hlau muaj ib tug ncaj qha feem rau cov khoom zoo.

Ntsiab zog

Ntaub ntawv science thiab technology ntawm kev tsim kho cov ntaub ntawv hais plaub tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yam ntxwv ntawm tej hlau los yog hlau. Tus thawj yog lub cev, thiab cov neeg kho tshuab cov yam ntxwv uas twv seb ua hauj lwm zoo thiab kev siv technology tshiab zoo rau yav tom ntej siv. Basic txhua yam khoom no yog lub dag lub zog - nws ncaj qha muaj feem xyuam rau cov indestructibility ntawm cov khoom tiav nyob rau hauv tus ntawm workloads. Cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm kev puas tsuaj thiab lub dag lub zog yog ib yam ntawm cov loj Cheebtsam ntawm lub hoob pib "ntaub ntawv Science thiab ntaub ntawv Technology". Qhov no science yog lub theoretical lub hauv paus rau kev nrhiav cov yam ntxwv alloys thiab yam rau qhov siv thiab ua qhov chaw nrog rau cov yuav tsum tau lub dag lub zog yam ntxwv. Technological thiab ua hauj lwm zoo nta cia rau koj twv seb tus cwj pwm ntawm cov khoom tiav nyob rau kev khiav hauj lwm thiab huab loads, xam qhov kawg lub dag lub zog, mus ntsuam xyuas cov durability ntawm tag nrho cov mechanism.

ncaj ntaub ntawv

Nyob rau lub xeem centuries, qhov yooj yim cov ntaub ntawv uas rau ua cov machinery yog hlau. Yog li ntawd kev qhuab qhia "ntaub ntawv" them zoo mloog los hlau science - qhov kev kawm ntawm cov hlau thiab lawv cov alloys. Ib tug poj koob pab mus rau nws kev loj hlob los ntawm Soviet kws tshawb fawb: Anosov P. P., Kurnakov NS, Chernov D. K. thiab lwm tus neeg.

ntaub ntawv Objectives

Fundamentals ntawm ntaub ntawv yuav tsum tau rau txoj kev tshawb no ntawm yav tom ntej engineers. Tom qab tag nrho, lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm lub xam nrog ntawm qhov kev qhuab qhia nyob rau hauv cov kev cob qhia hoob no yog los qhia cov menyuam kawm ntawv engineering ua tus xaiv txoj ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas rau cov khoom uas tsim los cuag lub sij hawm ntawm lawv lub lag luam.

Lub hom phiaj no yuav pab rau yav tom ntej engineers kom daws tau qhov nram qab no cov teeb meem:

• Zoo soj ntsuam cov kev thaj chaw ntawm ib cov khoom los ntawm Ntsuam xyuas cov tej yam kev mob ntawm siv thiab ua cov cov khoom thiab cov kev pab lub neej.
• Muaj zoo-tsim scientific kev nkag siab ntawm lub tiag tiag possibilities ntawm kev txhim kho tej hlau los yog hlau zog los hloov nws cov qauv.
• Yuav kom paub txog txhua txoj kev uas ntxiv zog cov ntaub ntawv uas yuav kom cov thiav thiab kev kawm ntawv ntawm seev thiab khoom.
• Muaj ntau kev txawj ntse tseem ceeb pab pawg ntawm cov ntaub ntawv siv, tus yam ntxwv ntawm cov pab pawg thiab ntawm daim ntawv thov.

Yuav tsum tau paub

Hoob no "ntaub ntawv Science thiab Technology ntawm kev tsim kho cov ntaub ntawv" yog tsim los rau cov menyuam kawm ntawv uas twb to taub thiab yuav piav qhia txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov yam ntxwv xws li voltage, load, yas thiab elastic deformation lub xeev ntawm teeb meem, lub atoms ntawm tus siv lead ua qauv ntawm hlau, hom tshuaj bonds, qhov yooj yim lub zog hlau. Thaum lub sij hawm txoj kev kawm no, cov tub ntxhais kawm tau txais kev yooj yim kev kawm uas lawv yuav tsum tau yuav tsum yeej xwb lub profile disciplines. Laus kawg tshuaj xyuas ntau yam muaj dab ntau lawm thiab yees, nyob rau hauv uas qhov tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm ua si los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv science thiab cov ntaub ntawv siv tshuab.

Leej twg ua hauj lwm?

Paub txog cov yam ntxwv tus yam ntxwv thiab specifications ntawm hlau thiab alloys pab technicians, engineers los yog designers ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm cov lag luam uas niaj hnub machinery. Kws txawj nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tshiab technologies yuav nrhiav tau lawv qhov chaw ntawm kev ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub engineering, automotive, aerospace, lub zog, qhov chaw kev lag luam. Tsis ntev los no, muaj ib tug tsis txaus tshwj xeeb nrog ib tug diploma ntawm "cov ntaub ntawv science thiab technology ntawm cov ntaub ntawv" nyob rau hauv tus tiv thaiv kev lag luam thiab nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm txoj kev sib txuas lus.

txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov ntaub ntawv

Raws li ib tug qhuab qhia, cov ntaub ntawv uas yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm ib tug raug applied science, uas piav txog cov muaj pes tsawg leeg, qauv thiab cov khoom sib txawv ntawm cov hlau thiab alloys ntawd nyob rau hauv txawv tej yam kev mob.

Cov muaj peev xwm yuav tsim co thiab alloys yuav tsim txawv neeg kis tau nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm expansion ntawm txheej thaum ub cov haiv neeg. Tab sis raws li ib tug nyias muaj nyias ib science ntaub ntawv science thiab technology ntawm cov ntaub ntawv pib yuav tsum tau kawm ib tug me ntsis ntau tshaj li 200 xyoo dhau los. Thaum pib ntawm lub 18th caug xyoo - lub sij hawm ntawm lub discoveries ntawm cov Fabkis tus paub txog-tus paub txog Reaumur, uas thawj sim kawm nrog cov qauv ntawm cov hlau. Zoo ib yam li cov kev tshawb fawb ua lus Askiv chaw tsim tshuaj paus Grignon, nyob rau hauv 1775 sau tau ib me ntsis lus tshwm sim los rau lawv ib tug columnar qauv, uas yog tsim los ntawm lub solidification ntawm hlau.

Nyob rau hauv lub Lavxias teb sab teb chaws Ottoman, cov thawj scientific tej hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm cov hlau koom M. V. Lomonosovu, leej twg, nyob rau hauv nws phau ntawv sim los piav saib qhov xwm los ntawm ntau yam metallurgical dab.

Ib tug poj leap rau pem hauv ntej metallurgy ua nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 19th caug xyoo, thaum tshiab kev tshawb fawb txoj kev ntawm ntau yam ntaub ntawv tau tsim. Nyob rau hauv xyoo 1831, tej hauj lwm ntawm P. P. Anosova tsom tau mus tshawb cov co nyob rau hauv lub tshuab kuaj kab mob. Tom qab ntawd, ob peb zaum los ntawm ntau lub teb chaws yam ntxwv transformations tau ncav proven co thaum nruam cua txias.

Ib tug puas xyoo tom qab lub era ntawm kho qhov muag rub kom pom loj tau ceased mus nyob ua ib ke. Technology ntawm kev tsim kho cov ntaub ntawv yuav tsis ua tshiab discoveries, siv outdated txoj kev. Nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob khoom nws yog optics. Lub cev metallurgy yog mus rau chaw uasi rau hluav taws xob txoj kev soj ntsuam, nyob rau hauv particular, neutron diffraction thiab electron diffraction. Nrog cov tshiab technologies tej zaum yuav ua rau kom seem ntawm hlau thiab alloys mus txog 1000 lub sij hawm, uas txhais tau hais tias thaj av rau scientific cov lus xaus ua ntau npaum li cas.

Theoretical cov lus qhia txog cov qauv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv

Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm kev kawm cov kev qhuab qhia, cov tub ntxhais kawm tau txais theoretical kev paub txog lub hauv qauv ntawm cov hlau thiab alloys. Tom qab ua tsab ntawv no thaum kawg me nyuam kawm ntawv hauv qab no kev txawj ntse yuav tsum tau:

• ntawm lub sab hauv crystalline qauv ntawm cov hlau ;
• lub anisotropy thiab isotropy. Yuav ua li cas tshwm sim los no cov khoom, thiab yuav ua li cas lawv yuav muaj cuam tshuam;
• qauv tsis xws luag sib txawv ntawm cov hlau thiab alloys;
• txoj kev ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav hauv cov qauv ntawm cov khoom.

Tswv yim qhia rau kev qhuab qhia ntaub ntawv

Ntaub ntawv lub rooj zaum nyob rau hauv txhua kev kawm ntawv qib siab. Thaum lub sij hawm cov zaj ntawm ib tug muab cov hoob kawm, tus me nyuam kawm ntawv yog kawm cov nram qab no cov hom kev kawm:

• Fundamentals ntawm metallurgy - keeb kwm thiab niaj hnub txoj kev ua hlau alloys. Zus tau tej cov hlau thiab hlau nyob rau hauv lub niaj hnub moj tej tawg furnaces. Lub casting ntawm hlau thiab hlau, txoj kev txhim kho qhov zoo ntawm steel khoom. Classification thiab labeling steel, nws kev thiab lub cev tus yam ntxwv. Smelting ferrous co thiab lawv alloys, txhuas, tooj liab, titanium, thiab lwm yam nonferrous hlau. Thov nrog cov khoom no.

• Ntaub ntawv Bases muaj xws li kev kawm txog foundry ntau lawm, niaj hnub nws mob, kev flowsheets tau castings.
• Lub hom phiaj ntawm yas deformation, qhov sib txawv ntawm tus mob khaub thuas thiab kub deformation, uas yog hardening, lub essence ntawm kub forging, txias forging txoj kev, daim ntawv thov ntau yam Stamping cov ntaub ntawv.
• Forging: qhov xwm ntawm tus txheej txheem thiab qhov yooj yim ua hauj lwm. Yuav ua li cas yog zus ntawm dov mills, thiab qhov chaw uas nws yog siv, dab tsi cov khoom yog yuav tsum tau kev sis thiab teeb duab. Yuav ua li cas kom tau tiav lawm cov khoom rau cov technologies, thiab qhov chaw uas nws yog siv.
• Vuam ntau lawm, nws general yam ntxwv thiab zeem muag ntawm txoj kev loj hlob, kev faib ntawm Vuam ntaub ntawv sib txawv. Physico-tshuaj dab rau zus tau welds.
• Composite cov ntaub ntawv. Yas. Txoj kev tau txais ntau zog. Txoj kev ua hauj lwm nrog puas cov ntaub ntawv. Outlook daim ntawv thov.

Niaj hnub nimno txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov ntaub ntawv

Nyob rau hauv xyoo tsis ntev los, cov ntaub ntawv science tau txais ib tug haib impetus rau txoj kev loj hlob. Qhov yuav tsum tau rau cov ntaub ntawv tshiab tau yuam zaum xav txog kev tau txais ib tug dawb huv thiab ultra-ntshiab co, yog ua hauj lwm rau lub creation ntawm ntau yam raw cov ntaub ntawv rau chiv ib tug los laij ua tau zoo. Niaj hnub nimno siv khoom technology muaj kev siv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tshiab los hloov pa hlau. Ntau mloog yog them rau cov kev siv ntawm yas, ceramics, puas cov ntaub ntawv, uas yog cov tsis muaj zog, tau tshaj cov kev kho vajtse, tab sis tsis muaj ntawm cov drawbacks.