Crystalline qauv ntawm co. Crystalline ntxaij hlau ntawm cov hlau

Ib yam ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tshaj plaws uas tib neeg nyiam ua hauj lwm nrog yog hlau. Nyob rau hauv txhua era, qhov kev nyiam raug muab rau ntau hom kev ua yeeb yam no. Yog li, IV-III xyoo txhiab BC pom tias yog xyoo pua ntawm chalcolite, los yog tooj liab. Tom qab ntawd nws raug hloov los ntawm tooj liab, thiab tom qab ntawd ces qhov ntawd ua rau hnub no yog qhov tseeb - hlau, nkag mus rau hauv lub zog.

Hnub no, feem ntau, nws tsis yooj yim xav tias nws yog ib zaug tau ua tsis muaj cov khoom hlau, vim txhua yam, los ntawm cov khoom txhua hnub, cov khoom kho mob thiab xaus nrog cov khoom siv hnyav thiab lub teeb, muaj cov khoom siv no los yog muaj qhov chaw ntawm nws. Vim li cas cov hlau thiaj li tswj tau qhov koob npe no? Cov yam ntxwv zoo li cas thiab seb nws yog qhov tsim nyog hauv lawv cov qauv, cia peb sim nkag siab ntxiv.

General tswvyim ntawm cov hlau

"Chemistry, qib 9" yog ib phau ntawv rau cov menyuam kawm ntawv. Nws yog nyob rau hauv nws tias hlau yog kawm nyob rau hauv kom meej. Kev xav txog lawv lub cev thiab cov khoom siv tshuaj yog muab ib tshooj loj, vim lawv qhov ntau haiv neeg loj heev.

Nws yog los ntawm lub hnub nyoog no uas lawv xav kom me nyuam yaus ib lub tswv yim ntawm cov cuab yeej thiab cov khoom, vim cov tub ntxhais hluas muaj peev xwm txaus siab txaus siab rau qhov muaj nqis ntawm txoj kev paub no. Lawv txig pom tias ntau yam khoom, tsheb thiab lwm yam puag ncig lawv yog ib qho xwm txheej ntawm nws lub cev.

Dab tsi yog hlau? Los ntawm qhov kev pom ntawm Chemistry, nws yog txoj kev cai coj mus saib cov kab no cov neeg muaj:

• Ib qho tsawg ntawm electrons nyob sab nraud;
• Tuav muaj zog txo cov khoom;
• Muaj ib lub voj voog loj loj;
• Ua cov tshuaj yooj yim muaj ntau tus tshwj xeeb lub cev.

Lub hauv paus ntawm kev paub txog cov tshuaj no tuaj yeem tau txais yog tias peb xav txog atomic-crystalline structure of metals. Nws piav tag nrho cov nta thiab cov khoom ntawm cov kev sib txuas lus no.

Hauv cov txheej txheem caij nyoog, feem ntau ntawm cov lus yog tseg rau cov hlau, vim lawv tsim tag nrho cov pab pawg thiab cov ntsiab lus loj los ntawm thawj rau pab pawg thib peb. Yog li ntawd, lawv qhov kev txawj ntse superiority yog pom tseeb. Qhov ntau tshaj yog:

• Calcium;
• Sodium;
• Titanium;
• Hlau;
• Magnesium;
• Txhuas;
• Tshuaj Ntshaw.

Txhua hom hlau muaj ntau cov khoom uas cia lawv koom ua ib pawg loj loj. Nyuam qhuav, cov khoom no piav qhia cov qauv siv lead ua hlau.

Cov khoom ntawm cov hlau

Cov khoom ntawm cov tshuaj xam pom yog raws li nram no.

1. Nws yog xim hlau ci. Tag nrho cov neeg sawv cev ntawm tej yam yooj yim tshuaj muaj lawv, thiab feem ntau ntawm cov tib silvery-dawb xim. Tsuas yog qee qhov (kub, tooj liab, hlau) yog txawv.
2. Kovkost thiab yas - qhov peev xwm deform thiab rov qab tau yooj yim. Ntawm ntau tus neeg sawv cev nws tau hais txog kev ntsuas neeg tsis sib haum.
3. Hluav taws xob taug kev thiab thermal conductivity - ib qho ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb, uas txiav txim siab lub qhov ntawm cov hlau thiab nws cov phom.

Cov txheej txheem crystalline cov hlau thiab cov phom hlau piav qhia txog txhua yam ntawm cov khoom uas tau qhia thiab hais txog lawv qhov kev qhia hauv txhua tus sawv cev tshwj xeeb. Yog tias koj paub cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov qauv no, koj tuaj yeem cuam tshuam cov khoom ntawm tus qauv thiab kho kom haum rau yam tsis zoo, uas cov neeg tau ua rau ntau xyoo lawm.

Atomic-crystal qauv ntawm co

Tus qauv no yog dab tsi? Lub npe yeej qhia tau hais tias tag nrho cov hlau yog cov iav ci hauv lub cev, uas yog, hauv cov neeg mob (tshwj tsis yog mercury, uas yog kua). Thiab dab tsi yog qhov siv lead ua?

Qhov no yog ib cov qauv duab nrag, ua los ntawm kev hla kev xav txog cov kab ntawm lub atoms uas tsim lub cev. Hauv lwm lo lus, txhua tus hlau muaj cov ntsiab lus hauv tsev. Lawv nyob rau hauv nws tsis yog chaotic, tab sis heev kom raug thiab xwm yeem. Yog li, yog tias koj lub hlwb txuas tag nrho cov khoom no hauv ib tus qauv, koj yuav tau txais ib daim duab zoo nkauj nyob hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib lub cev tsis tu ncua ntawm ib daim ntawv.

Qhov no feem ntau hu ua cov kab ua siv lead ua hlau. Nws yog ib qho nyuaj heev thiab muaj lub cev tsis muaj zog, yog li ntawd, rau kev simplicity, tsis yog tag nrho ntawm nws, tab sis tsuas yog ib feem ntawm nws, yog qhia raws li ib qho kev kawm ntawm qib qis. Tus sau los ntawm xws hlwb sib sau ua ke thiab thaws rov los nyob rau hauv lub peb-dimensional qhov chaw, thiab ntaub ntawv ib tug siv lead ua ntxaij ntoo. Chemistry, physics thiab metallurgy yog kev ywj pheej uas kawm txog yam ntxwv ntawm cov qauv.

Hauv chav tsev ntau heev yog txheej txheej atoms uas nyob rau ntawm ib qho chaw sib txawv thiab sib zog ua hauj lwm rau lawv kom lawv muaj cov xov tooj ntawm lwm yam. Nws yog tus cwj pwm ntawm qhov ntim, qhov sib txawv nruab nrab ntawm cov kab ke nruab nrab, tus lej ua ke. Feem ntau, tag nrho cov ciaj ciam no yog cov cwj pwm ntawm tag nrho cov siv lead ua, thiab yog li cuam tshuam cov khoom tshwm ntawm cov hlau.

Muaj ob peb hom uas siv lead ua lattices. Tag nrho lawv muaj ib qho khoom - muaj cov atoms nyob rau hauv lub pob, thiab sab hauv yog ib cov huab ntawm hluav taws xob roj, uas yog tsim los ntawm free txav ntawm electrons hauv lub Crystal.

Hom kev siv lead ua lathices

Kaum plaub tus qauv ntawm cov qauv ntoo ntxig yog feem ntau ua ke rau hauv peb lub ntsiab hom. Lawv muaj raws li nram no:

1. Qhov chaw sau ua qhov cubic.
2. Hexagonal ze-packed.
3. Ntsej muag-ntse cubic.

Lub crystalline qauv ntawm cov hlau tau raug kawm tsuas yog los ntawm electron microscopy, thaum nws los ua tau rau ua loj nce nyob rau hauv cov duab. Thiab qhov kev cais ntawm hom kev lattices yog thawj coj los ntawm Fabkis tus kws tshawb fawb Brava, uas nws lub npe tias lawv raug hu ua.

Qhov chaw ntawm qhov chaw grating

Cov qauv ntawm cov kab ua siv lead ua ntawm cov hlau ntawm hom no yog cov qauv hauv qab no. Qhov no yog ib lub voos xwmfab nrog yim atoms hauv nws cov ntshav. Lwm tus yog nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm lub dawb qhov chaw ntawm lub cell, uas piav qhia lub npe "ntim-nruab nrab".

Qhov no yog ib qho ntawm cov kab txawv ntawm cov qauv nyuaj ntawm ib qib qis, thiab li ntawm tag nrho cov kab kos ua ib qho lej. Hom tshuaj no muaj cov co hauv qab no:

• Molybdenum;
• Vanadium;
• Chrome;
• Manganese;
• Alpha-hlau;
• Betta-hlau thiab lwm tus.

Cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov neeg sawv cev - ib qib siab ntawm ductility thiab plasticity, hardness thiab lub zog.

Ntsej muag lub ntsej muag

Cov qauv siv lead ua hlau uas muaj lub ntsej muag rau hauv lub ntsej muag yog cov qauv hauv qab no. Qhov no yog ib lub voos xwmfab uas muaj kaum plaub atoms. Yim ntawm lawv daim ntxig rau qhov chaw, thiab rau ntau dua nyob rau ntawm txhua lub ntsej muag.

Ib qho qauv zoo sib xws:

• Txhuas;
• Nickel;
• Lead;
• Gamma-hlau;
• Tooj liab.

Qhov txawv qhov txawv ntawm cov khoom - ci ntawm cov xim sib txawv, ci ntsa iab, lub zog, kev txav mus los, muaj zog tiv thaiv kom corrosion.

Hexagonal grating

Cov siv lead ua qauv ntawm co muaj no hom ntawm grating nram qab no. Ntawm lub plawv ntawm lub xovtooj ntawm lub xovtooj yog ib yam ua tau zoo. Ntawm nws cov ntshav muaj 12 atoms, ob qho ntxiv ntawm cov hauv paus thiab peb qhov atoms freely dag hauv qhov chaw hauv nruab nrab ntawm tus qauv. Tsuas yog kaum xees atoms.

Xws li txoj kev teebmeem muaj xws li co xws li:

• Alpha-titanium;
• Magnesium;
• Alpha-cobalt;
• Zinc.

Lub ntsiab zog - ib theem siab ntawm lub zog, muaj zog nyiaj ci.

Defects ntawm cov qauv siv lead ua hlau

Txawm li cas los xij, txhua hom ntawm lub hlwb xav tau muaj qhov tsis xws luag, los yog hu ua qhov tsis xws luag. Qhov no tuaj yeem yog vim muaj ntau yam hauv qab no: txawv teb chaws thiab lwm yam khoom hauv ntiaj teb, cov paib sab nraud thiab cov zoo li.

Yog li no, nws muaj ib qho kev faib tawm uas tsis pom muaj xws li cov kev siv lead ua siv tau. Chemistry raws li kev tshawb fawb txog science ntawm txhua tus ntawm lawv thiaj li paub qhov kev tsim thiab txoj kev tshem tawm kom tsis txhob hloov cov khoom ntawm cov khoom. Yog li, cov kev tsis raws cai yog raws li hauv qab no.

1. Taw qhia. Lawv yog peb hom kev ua haujlwm: cov neeg ua haujlwm, cov khoom tsis haum lossis cov neeg tawg nthe. Lawv ua rau lub deterioration ntawm cov khoom sib nqus hlau, cov hluav taws xob thiab thermal conductivity.
2. Tawm, lossis dislocation. Tseg marginal thiab hau ntswj. Worsen lub zog thiab qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom.
3. Deg tsis xws luag. Cuam tshuam cov tsos thiab cov qauv ntawm cov hlau.

Tam sim no, txoj kev tshem tawm qhov tsis xws luag thiab tau txais cov qhab nia dawb tau tsim. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv tsis tuaj yeem raug eradicated, yog tsis muaj cov ntxaij lim dej zoo zoo nkauj.

Tseem ceeb ntawm kev paub ntawm cov qauv siv lead ua hlau

Los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv saum toj no nws yog pom tseeb hais tias kev paub txog kev nplua thiab qauv tsim kom twv qhov khoom ntawm cov khoom thiab cuam tshuam rau lawv. Thiab nws tso cai rau koj ua cov science ntawm chemistry. Lub 9th ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv muaj kev kawm ntau txog kev kawm kom txhim kho lub tswvyim ntawm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm txoj kev tsim cov logic: composition - structure - properties - application.

Rau cov lus qhia txog lub crystalline qauv ntawm co yog kom meej meej heev illustrates no kev sib raug zoo thiab tso cai rau tus kws qhia ntawv kom meej meej piav qhia thiab qhia cov me nyuam yuav ua li cas ib qho tseem ceeb nws yog los paub cov nplua qauv kom raug thiab nraaj siv tag nrho cov zog.